The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California,  Berkeley 


REEF  POINT  GARDENS 
LIBRARY 


WEST   COAST   BOTANY, 


AN 


ANALYTICAL   KEY 


TO    THE 


FLORA    OF    THE    PACIFIC    COAST, 

IN 'WHICH   ARE  DESCRIBED   OVER 

EIGHTEEN   HUNDRED  SPECIES  OF  FLOWERING  PLANTS  GROWING 

WEST  OF  THE   SIERRA  NEVADA  AND  CASCADE  CRESTS, 

FROM  SAN  DIEGO  TO  PUGET  SOUND. 


BY 

YOLNEY    RATTAN, 

TEACHER   OF  BOTANY   IN   THE   STATE  NORMAL   SCHOOL,  SAN   JOSE,  CALIFORNIA. 


SAN  FRANCISCO, 
THE  WHITAKER  &  RAY  CO., 

1898. 


Copyrighted  1898, 

By  THE  WHITAKER  &  RAY  CO., 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


UANDSCAPE 


•R3 


LANDSCAPE 

ARCH. 

LIBRARY 


PREFACE. 


The  skeleton  of  this  book  has  for  eleven  years  formed  a  supplement  to  the 
"  California  Flora,"  which  describes  only  the  plants  of  the  coast  region  between 
Monterey  and  Ukiah.  Since  it  is  not  practicable  to  fill  out  this  skeleton  in  the 
way  originally  intended,  it  has  been  put  into  the  improved  form  here  described. 
The  "Flora"  of  the  old  manual  has  been  replaced  by  descriptions  of  all  the 
orders  whose  species  on  this  coast  have  conspicuous  flowers.  This  part  of  the 
book  also  contains  descriptions  of  near  two  hundred  and  fifty  species  which  are 
mostly  new,  and  over  fifty  generic  names  which  in  Greene's  "Botany  of  the  San 
Francisco  Bay  Region"  displace  names  used  in  this  book.  These  synonyms  will 
be  very  helpful  to  those  who  use  the  former  manual  with  this  or  other  floras. 
A  complete  glossary  of  the  botanical  terms  and  specific  names  found  in  this  book, 
and  a  glossary  of  generic  names  in  connection  with  the  index  will  materially  aid 
students.  An  analytical  key  leads  the  student  to  a  description  of  the  order  to 
which  the  plant  in  hand  belongs.  At  the  close  of  that  description  he  is  referred 
to  the  page  of  the  second  part  where  keys  lead  to  the  genus  and  species.  Return- 
ing to  the  first  part,  the'  new  matter  there  is  consulted  before  making  a  final 
decision.  This  seemingly  awkward  prominence  of  addenda  is  perhaps  advanta- 
geous to  the  student,  who  is  thus  led  to  realize  the  progress  of  botanical  work. 
Moreover  there  is  encouragement  in  the  thought  that  the  discovery  of  so  many 
new  plants  in  the  ten  years  just  ended  proves  that  there  are  species  yet  unde- 
scribed  which  sharp-eyed  seekers  may  find. 

Since  the  descriptions  here  given  are  for  the  most  part  abbreviations  of  the 
originals,  their  shortcomings  should  be  charged  to  the  compiler  of  this  book.  In 
some  cases,  particularly  in  difficult  genera,  new  species  have  not  been  given. 
Many  of  Prof.  Greene's  new  species  are  placed  under  generic  names  which  he 
does  not  approve.  Most  of  these,  however,  were  described  by  him  under  the 
discarded  names,  and  it  is  proper  that  his  name  should  follow  that  of  the  species 


4  PREFACE. 

as  author.  In  the  other  cases  his  name,  according  to  present  usage,  should 
appear  in  parenthesis.  Since  this  is  a  matter  of  little  importance  to  beginners 
and  one  difficult  to  manage  it  has  not  been  attended  to. 

Because  of  the  unsettled  condition  of  plant  names  the  present  time  is  unfavorable 
for  the  preparation  of  a  flora  of  any  country.  More  than  ever  before  systematic 
botanists  are  investigating  the  history  of  names,  and,  like  other  historians,  they  do 
not  agree.  There  are  therefore  added  to  the  ever  present  questions  concerning  the 
limitations  of  genera  and  species,  questions  concerning  the  priority  of  names. 
The  former  never  will  be  settled,  and  authorities  are  not  likely  to  agree  upon  the 
latter  for  some  years  to  come.  Meanwhile  we  must  learn  several  names  for  each  of 
a  score  or  more  of  the  plants  we  yearly  greet  in  our  country  rambles.  For  example : 
In  the  collections  of  plants  made  in  the  United  States  last  year  the  shrub  com- 
monly known  as  Nine-Bark  doubtless  bears  five  different  names.  Those  using 
"Gray's  Manual "  or  "Wood's  Class  Book'*  have  labeled  it  Spiraea  opulifolia; 
according  to  "  Bergen's  Botany"  and  "Behr's  Flora"  it  is  Neillia  opulifolia;  in 
the  "  Key  to  West  Coast  Botany"  it  is  Physocarpus  opulifolia;  in  Greene's  "Flora 
Franciscana"  it  is  Ne.dlia  capitata,  and  in  the  same  author's  "  Botany  of  the  Bay 
Kegion"  it  is  called  Opulaster  capitatus.  Five  plants — so  common  that  they  may 
be  found  on  one  hillside — will,  by  those  who  use  the  "Bay  Region  Botany,"  be 
given  each  a  separate  generic  name,  yet  most  botanists  call  them  all  Gilias.  A 
common  wild  cherry  is  Prunus  emarginata  in  "Behr'fc  Flora,"  Cerasus  emar- 
ginata in  "  Bay  Region  Botany,"  and  Cerasus  California  in  "Flora  Franciscana." 
Some  idea  of  the  number  of  plants  known  by  more  than  one  name  may  be  gained 
from  the  fact  that  over  two  hundred  of  the  thirteen  hundred  species  described 
in  the  "  Bay  Region  Botany"  appear  under  generic  and  sometimes  specific  names 
different  from  those  given  them  in  the  "  Botany  of  the  Geological  Survey."  But 
it  must  be  remembered  that,  even  in  its  present  chaotic  condition,  botanical 
nomenclature  is  incomparably  better  than  that  of  so-called  common  names. 
Most  of  our  noticeable  native  plants  are  each  known  by  a  dozen  or  more  locai 
names.  V.  R. 

SAN  JOSE,  Feb.  8, 1898. 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


NAMES  OF  PLANTS:   CLASSIFICATION. 

In  a  general  way  we  designate  the  objects  around  us  by  single  names.  We  speak 
of  a  stone,  a  wolf,  or  a  pine;  but  to  distinguish  the  kinds  we  naturally  use  two  names, 
as  lime  stone,  sand  stone;  grey  wolf,  prairie  wolf;  nut  pine,  yellow  pine,  etc.  This  is 
one  step  in  classification,  and  the  only  one  commonly  taken.  This  natural  plan  of 
double  names  was  adopted  by  the  great  naturalist,  Linnseus,  who  gave  names  to  most 
European  plants,  as  well  as  to  many  of  this  continent.  He  wisely  gave  the  Latin  form 
to  his  names,  since  that  language  (being  the  base  of  most  languages  spoken  in  civilized 
countries)  is  the  natural  source  of  cosmopolitan  names — those  truly  common  to  all 
people.  Botanical  names,  then,  differ  from  so-called  common  names  principally  iu 
form,  and  they  have  these  decided  advantages:  they  more  exactly  represent  the  rela- 
tions between  kinds  of  plants,  and  they  are  names  that  are  common  to  people  of  all 
languages.  In  short,  they  are  the  true  common  names. 

It  is  not  true  that  botanical  names  are  harder  than  local  names.  The  most  com- 
mon of  our  ornamental  plants  are  well  known  by  their  scientific  names.  No  one  thinks 
of  calling  the  following  botanical  names  hard:  Geranium,  Aster,  Verbena,  Petunia, 
Portulaca,  Crocus,  Phlox,  Fuchsia,  Iris,  Magnolia,  Oxalis,  Azalea,  Dahlia,  Lobelia, 
Arnica,  etc.  Most  people  talk  familiarly  of  Camellias,  Callas,  Begonias,  Acacias,  etc.; 
while  our  beautiful  California  plants,  Clarkia,  Collinsia,  Eschscholtzia,  Nemophila,  etc., 
are  well  known  by  their  proper  names — at  least,  in  other  countries. 

Generic  names  correspond  to  the  second  parts  of  the  compound  common  names,  as 
oak,  pine,  rose,  etc.  Some  of  these  are  the  old  Greek  or  Latin  names  of  the  plant. 
Most  generic  names  are  either  derived  from  Greek  or  Latin  words  descriptive  of  some 
peculiarity  of  the  plant,  or  they  are  commemorative  of  some  botanist,  as  Thysanocarpus, 
from  Greek  words  meaning  fringe  and  pod;  Kelloggia,  in  honor  of  Dr.  A.  Kellogg,  a 
veteran  botanist  of  this  coast.  Sometimes  genera  are  named  in  honor  of  those  who  are 
not  botanists,  as  Fremontia,  Hollisteria,  Stanfordia,  etc. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  the  examples  given  a  generic  name  in  honor  of  a  man  is 
formed  by  adding  "ia"  to  his  name.  Sometimes  "a"  only  is  added,  asBolaudra. 

Specific  names  correspond  to  the  first  part  of  common  names,  but  are  written 
after  the  generic  names.  Thus  Oregon  Oxalis  is  labeled  Oxalis  Oregona.  Most  specific 
names  are  descriptive,  as  Gilia  tricolor,  Tricolored  Gilia.  Frequently  a  species  is  n^med 
for  the  discoverer,  as  Eriogonum  Nortoni,  Norton's  Eriogonum;  or  in  honor  of  some  one, 


8  SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 

cabbage,  radish.  But  you  can  do  nothing  with  double  flowers.  A  sweet  pea  could  be 
made  to  tell  its  proper  or  generic  name  in  this  way: 

The  sepals  and  petals  together  more  than  six,  and  petals  not  all  united,  brings 
us  again  to  Division  1.  This  time  "A.  STAMENS  MORE  THAN  TEN" 
is  wrong.  We  take  "B.  STAMENS  TEN  OB  LESS."  "Ovary  or  ovaries 
superior,"  etc.,  is  right,  but  *  "pistils,  more  than  one,  not  united"  is  wrong.  We 
therefore  look  under  "*  *  Pistil  only  one,  simple  or  compound."  The  line  marked 
"a"  is  wrong;  so,  also,  is  "6,"  but  "c.  Herbs:  leaves  alternate"  describes  our 
plant.  "Corolla  regular  (petals  alike)  or  nearly  so"  is  wrong,  so  we  take  the  next 
long  line  "  corolla  irregular,"  etc.  Reading  under  that  the  five  lines  beginning  with 
the  word  "stamens,  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  first  one,  leading  to  the  order 
Leguminosse,  is  the  right  one.  Turning  to  that  order  and  onward,  as  before,  we 
find  a  key  in  which  the  following  leading  lines  are  correct:  "§  2.  Stamens  all  united 
or  one  above  distinct:  herbs  (except  some  in  3  and  7).  *  *  *  *  Leaves  pinnate, 
finding  in  a  bristle,  imperfect  leaflet  or  a  tendril  Style  flattened,  usually  twisted  half 
around,  one  side  hairy,  13."  Seven  pages  further  on  we  find:  "13.  Lathyrus, 
Linnaeus."  Since  this  plant  is  not  a  native  of  our  country,  we  do  not  look  further  than 
to  note  that  there  are  about  a  dozen  kinds  which  are  natives. 

When  you  think  you  have  correctly  determined  the  name  of  a  plant,  turn  back 
to  the  description  of  the  order,  and  read  it  carefully  once  more,  so  as  to  be  doubly 
sure.  Then  if  there  is  any  new  matter  under  the  order  heading  read  that  also.  If,  for 
example,  you  have  traced  a  very  common  plant  to  the  genus  Phacelia,  §  Euphacelia, 
and  have  concluded  that  it  is  the  tenth  species  described  on  p.  150,  turn  back  to  the 
order  Hydrophyllaceae,  on  page  54.  Under  the  same  genus  and  section  there,  near 
the  bottom  of  page  55,  you  find  statements  which  may  change  your  first  decision. 
What  you  have  taken  for  Phacelia  tanacetifolia  may  be  Phacelia  distans  or  Phacelia 
leptostachya. 

Your  labels  should  be  written  on  slips  of  paper  three  inches  long,  and  half  as 
wide.  Let  the  name  occupy  the  upper  half,  and  on  the  lower  half  write  in  small  letters 
where  the  specimen  grew  and  when  you  collected  it.  The  label  should  be  fastened  in 
the  lower  right-hand  corner  of  the  sheet  on  which  you  mount  the  plant.  Only  the  left 
hand  end  should  be  pasted  down.  Paper  17  x  22,  cut  crosswise,  and  folded  to  the  size 
S|  x  11,  is  a  suitable  size  fora  school  herbarium.  The  plant  should  be  mounted  on  the 
third  page  of  the  folded  half-sheet. 


KEY  TO  WEST  COAST  BOTANY. 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 

***  Figures  in  the  margin  refer  to  pages.    When  names  are  not  followed  by  figures  the  genus 
or  order  indicated  is  not  elsewhere  described  in  this  book.    Generic  names  are  in  italic. 

Calyx  and  corolla  together  of  either  more  or  less  than  six  parts CLASS  I,       9 

Calyx  and  corolla  together  of  just  six  parts:  petals  never  five. 

Stamens  six  or  three } 

Stamens  many:  sepals  three,  green. . .    >  CLASS  II,     16 

Stamens  one  or  two  united ~to  the  style:  ovary  inferior j 

Stamens  many:  flowers  solitary  on  long  peduncles Papaveracese,     19 

Stamens  ten:  petal  one:  a  shrub Leguminosae,     30 

Stamens  nine,  flowers  apetalous,  small. 

An  aromatic  tree;  flowers  greenish Umbettularia.     (Laurel.)     71 

Herbs  with  several  or  many  flowers  in  involucral  cups Eriogonum,     70 

Herbs  with  one  to  three  flowers  in  awned  involucral  cups.  Cliorizanthe,     70 


CLASS  I.— EXOGENS  OB  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Calyx  and  Corolla  both  present. 

Petals  not  all  united  (distinct) DIVISION  1,  9 

Petals  more  or  less  united  (cohering) .DIVISION  2,  13 

Calyx  and  corolla  one  or  both  wanting DIVISION  3,  15 


DIVISION  l.-POLYPETAL^;. 

A.     STAMENS  MORE  THAN  10. 

1.     Stamens  not  adhering  to  the  sepals  or  petals  (ovary  not  inferior). 

*   Pistils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels. 

Calyx  deciduous,  sepals  5:  no  stipules Ranunculaceae,     17 

[9] 


10  POLYPETAL^E. 

Calyx  persistent,  sepals  3  or  4:  growing  iu  water Nymphaeaceae,  18 

Calyx  persistent,  sepals  5  or  10:  leaves  with  stipules Rosaceas,  35 

Calyx  of  petal-like  sepals:  corolla  often  wanting Ranuneulaceae,  17 


*  Pistil  compound,  of  %  or  more  united  carpels  as  shown  by  more  than  one  stigma-lobe, 
stigma,  style  or  cell  in  the  ovary;  or  by  its  not  being  at  all  one-sided. 

Petals  more  numerous  than  the  sepals: 

Indefinitely  numerous,  slender,  persistent.     Aquatic  plants .  Nymphaeaceae,  18 

Just  twice  as  many  (4  or  6):  sepals  caducous Papaveraceae,  19 

Five  to  sixteen:  style  3-8  cleft:  fleshy  herbs Portulacaceae,  26 

Petals  of  the  same  number  (5)  as  the  persistent  sepals. 

Leaves  opposite:  sepals  equal Hypericacese,  25 

Leaves  alternate:  sepals  unequal Cistaceae,  23 

Leaves  radical,  hollow,  2-appendaged  at  hooded  top Sarraceniaceae,  19 

2.  Stamens  and  petals  on  the  free  or  adnate  calyx. 

Leafless,  thorny,  fleshy  plants:  ovary  prickly,  inferior Cactaceae,  43 

Leaves  mostly  opposite,  very  fleshy:  ovary  inferior Ficoideae,  43 

Leaves  opposite.     Shrub:  sepals  and  petals  numerous Calycanthaceas,  36 

Shrubs:  sepals  4  to  7:  flowers  white Saxifragaceae,  36 

Leaves  alternate  or  radical:  herbs  (ovary  not  inferior)  or  shrubs Rosaceee,  35 

Leaves  alternate;  no  stipules:  rough  herbs:  ovary  inferior Loasaeeae,  42 

3.     Stamens  on  the  claws  of  the  petals. 

Stamens  many,  distinct,  anthers  long:  calyx  a  conical  cap:  petals  4 . Papaveracese,  19 

Stamens  many,  united  into  a  tube:  anthers  small:  petals  5 Malvaceae,  27 

Stamens  10  to  16,  united  at  base  or  half  way:  shrub Styracaceae,  50 

B.     STAMENS  10  O*B  LESS. 

1.     Ovary  or  ovaries  superior  (i.e.,  free  from  the  calyx)  or  mainly  so,  but 
sometimes  included  in  the  calyx-tube. 

*  Pistils  more  than  one,  not  united. 

Pistils  of  the  same  number  as  petals  and  sepals. 

Leaves  simple,  entire,  fleshy Crassulaceae,  38 

Leaves  pinnate:  styles  united,  globular  ovaries  distinct ...  Geraniaceae,  28 


POLYPETAL^E.  11 

Pistils  not  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals  and  petals. 

Two  or  three.     Shrubs  or  trees:  leaves  opposite,  compound. .  .Sapindaceae,  30 

Herbs;  leaves  simple Saxifragaceae,  36 

Two  to  ten.         Herbs;  leaves  pinnate:  calyx  10-lobed ,Rosaceae,  35 

Many.     Stamens  on  the  receptacle Ranunculaceae,  17 

Stamens  on  the  calyx:  leaves  compound,  mostly  radical.. Rosaceae,  35 

*  *  Pistil  only  one,  simple  or  compound. 

a.     Shrubs,  trees  or  woody  climbers. 
Style  and  stigma  one. 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  6  each,  opposite  each  other Berberidaceae,  18 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  4  or  5  each  (or  stamens  8  in  1st.) 

Strongly  aromatic  or  heavy-scented Rutaceae,  29 

Not  aromatic;  leaves  simple,  opposite Celastraceae,  29 

A  vine  climbing  by  tendrils Vitaceae,  29 

Calyx  2-lipped:  petals  unequal:  stamens  5-8,  exserted   Sapindaceae,  30 

Calyx  4-toothed:  petals  2:  stamens  2  to  4:  fruit  winged Oleaceae.  50 

Calyx  4-cleft:  petals  4:  stamens  6:  ovary  long-stiped Capparidaceae,  23 

Calyx  4-5  toothed:  petals  5:  unequal  or  1:  stamens  10 Leguminosae,  30 

Calyx  5-lobed:  petals  5,  orbicular:  stamens  10-15 Rosaceae,  35 

Sepals  3  or  5,  unequal:  stamens  4  to  8,  united  below Poly galaceae,  24 

Styles  or  Stigmas  more  than  one. 

Styles  2  or  3:  fruit:  2-wiuged  or  inflated:  leaves  opposite Sapindaceae,  30 

Styles  3-cleft:  stamens  5,  opposite  small  petals Rhamnaceae.  29 

Stigmas  3:  leaves  alternate,  3-foliolate  or  simple Anacardiaceae,  30 

Stigmas  4  or  5:  prostrate  steins  hardly  woody Saxifragaceae,  3G 

Stigma  5-lobed:  small  shrub:  leaves  opposite  or  whorled Ericaceae,  48 

b.     Herbs:  leave*  mostly  or  all  radical. 

Stamens  1  or  3:  sepals  2:  petals  2  to  5:  stigmas  2  or  3 Portulacaceae,  26 

Stamens  5,  anthers  united:  lower  petal  spurred:  style  1 Violaceae,  23 

Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals.     Sepals  2:  style  3-cleft Portulacaceae,  26 

Sepals  colored,  united:  styles  5. .  Plumbaginaceae,  49 

Stamens,  sepals  and  petals  5  each:  styles  3  or  6:  very  glandular  .Droseraceae,  38 

Stamens  5  or  10,  on  the  calyx:  styles  2  or  3 Saxifragaceae,  36 

Stamens  8  or  10,  on  the  receptacle:  stigma  5-lobed Ericaceae,  48 

Stamens  10,  styles  5:  leaves  3  foliolate Oxalis  in  Geraniaceae,  28 

Stamens  6  united  in  3's:  sepals  2:  petals  4  in  unequal  pairs. . Fumariaceae,  20 

Stamens  6:  flowers  nodding  on  a  scape — Vancouveria  in  Berberidaceae,  18 


12  POLYPETAL^E. 

c.     Herbs:  leaves  alternate. 
Corolla  regular  (petals  alike)  or  nearly  so. 

Stigma  1,  often  2-lobed:  stamens  6  (2  and  4)  rarely  4 Cruciferae,  21 

stamens  6,  equal:  ovary  on  a  stipe Capparidacese,  23 

stamens  4  to  7  and  as  many  petals  on  the  calyx Lythracese,  38 

Stigma  2-lobed:  stamens  4:  petals  2:  sepals  2,  white   Liliaceae,  73 

Stigmas  5:  sepals  5:  petals  5:  stamens  10 Geraniaceae,  28 

Styles  2  or  3:  sepals  5:  petals  5:  stamens  5  or  10:  leaves  /  «       .,.  „,, 

petioled ) 

Styles  2  to  5:  sepals  5:  petals  5:  stamens  5:  leaves  sessile Innaceae,  28 

Style  2-3  cleft:  sepals  2:  petals  5  (rarely  2  or  4) :  fleshy  leaves .  Portulacaceae,  26 
Corolla  irregular  (petals  not  all  alike):  style  one. 

Stamens  10,  included  by  the  cohering  lower  pair  of  petals. .  .Leguminosae,  30 

Stamens  5,  anthers  united:  lower  petal  spurred Violacese,  23 

Stamens  6,  united  in  3's:  petals  4 Fumariaceae,  20 

Stamens  6,  unequal,  distinct  or  2  united Cruciferae,  21 

Stamens  6  to  8,  united:  ovary  2-celled:  leaves  entire Polygalaceae,  24 

d.     Herbs:  leaves  opposite,  simple  except  in  the  last. 

Style  3-cleft:  stamens  3  to  5:  leaves  a  single  pair Portulacaceae,  26 

Style  none,  stigmas  3:  stamens  10  to  12:  petals  6:  leaves  in  3's . Papaveraceae,  19 

Styles  3:  flowers  sessile;  stamens  4  to  7:  leaves  revolute ..  .Frankeniaceae.  24 

Styles  3:  flowers  in  axillary  clusters:  stamens  3  to  5 Ficoideae,  43 

Styles  or  stigmas  2  to  5:  capsule  1-celled:  stamens  10  or  5 .  Caryophyllaceae,  24 

Styles  2:  capsule  4-celled:  stamens  5 Linaceae,  28 

Styles  4  or  5:  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  clusters Saxifragaceae,  36 

Style  1:  stamens  on  the  slightly  cohering  rotate  petals Primulaceae,  49 

Styles  and  other  flower  parts  each  2  to  5  (stamens  rarely  )  ^,    .•  2p 

twice  as  many) f 

Styles  or  stigmas  5:  5  akenes  separating  when  ripe Geraniaceae,  28 

2.     Ovary  and  fruit  inferior  or  mainly  so. 

Shrubs:  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  each  4  or  5:  leaves  simple. 

Stamens  opposite  the  small  clawed  petals:  style  3-cleft ..Bh.amna.ceae,  29 

Sepals  petaloid:  ovary  globose:  styles  or  stigmas  2 Saxifragaceae,  36 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  4  each:  the  flowers  in  cymes  or  in  Icornaceae  44 

heads  with  a  white  involucre i 

Herbs.     Sepals  5:  petals  5:  styles  2  to  5:  leaves  simple Saxifragaceae,  36 

Flowers  or  flower  clusters  axillary 

Flower  parts  in  2'sor  4's,  small:  aquatic:  leaves  whorleJ.Halorageae,  38 


GAMOPETAL.E.  ]  3 

Flower  parts  in  4's  (rarely  in  2's  or  6's):  style  1 Onagraceae,  39 

Flowers  monoecious:  climbing  by  tendrils Cucurbitaceae,  43 

Flowers  with  2  sepals  and  5  petals:  fleshy  herbs Portulacaceae,  26 

Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads  not  axillary 

Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads:  petals  5:  stamens  5. 

Styles  2:  fruit  dry Umbelliferse,  44 

Styles  2  to  5:  fruit  juicy Araliaceae,  43 

Flowers  in  a  head  with  involucre  of  4  white  leaves Cornaceae,  44 


DIVISION  2.-GAMOPETAL^E. 

A.  OVARY  INFERIOR  (adherent  to  the  calyx)  or  mainly  so. 

Stamens  8  or  10:  corolla-lobes  4  or  5:  shrubs Ericaceae,  48 

Stamens  10,  those  alternate  with  small  corolla-lobes  sterile,  inflexed Samoht*,  142 

Stamens  5  (rarely  4)  united  into  a  tube. 

Style  2-cleft:  flowers  in  a  flower-like  head Compositae,  46 

Style  and  stigma  entire:  flowers  irregular Lobeliaceae,  47 

Stamens  4  or  5,  distinct,  growing  at  the  base  of  the  corolla Campanulacees,  48 

Stamens  on  the  corolla-tube:  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Leaves  connate;  corolla  4-lobed;  stiff,  prickly  herbs Dipsacw,  46 

Leaves  opposite,  corolla  mostly  5-lobed Caprifoliaceae,  45 

Leaves  whorled  or  sometimes  opposite:  corolla  4-lobed   ......  .Rubiaceae,  45 

Leaves  unequal:  prostrate:  calyx  corolla-like Abronia,  69 

Stamens  only  3:  corolla  5-6  lobed;  calyx-lobes  minute  or  none.     Herbs. 

Leaves  opposite;  stamens  distinct:  erect  herbs Valerianaceae,  46 

Leaves  palmately  nerved,  alternate:  tendril-bearing  vines.  ..Cucurbitaceae,  43 

Stamens  apparently  1,  really  3  united:  flowers  monoecious Cucurbitaceae,  43 

B.  OVARY  SUPERIOR  (free  from  the  calyx)  or  nearly  so. 

1.     Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

*  Stamens  many,  united,  and  adherent  to  the  petals Malvaceae,  27 

**  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Corolla  bell-shaped  or  inflated  ovoid Ericaceae,  48 

Corolla  deeply  5-8  cleft,  the  base  united  with  the  filaments Styracaceae,  50 

Corolla  5-cleft:  pistils  or  styles  5;  fleshy  herbs ...  .  Crassulaceae,  38 


14  GAMOPETAL^E. 

*  *  *  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 

a.  Style  1,  stigma  1:  leafless,  root-parasite. Pholisma,  140 

b.  Style  1,  stigma  1:  leaves  entire  (lobed  in  thejirst  and  last.) 

Leaves  mostly  radical,  reniform:  stamens  unequal Romanzoffia,  152 

Leaves  radical  or  crowned  on  roots  tocks:  flowers  salverform.  . .    .  Primulaceae,  49 

Leaves  all  radical;  flowers  spicate,  colorless,  scarious Plantaginaceae,  67 

corolla  reflexed:  anthers  purple-black. Dodecatheon,  50 

Leaves  alternate.     Spikes  coiled:  ovary  in  4  parts Borraginaceae,  57 

Flowers  rotate  to  funnelform  or  tubular Solanaceae,  60 

Tall  shrub:  3  to  5  calyx-like  bracts:  flowers  yellow.  .Fremonlia,  100 

Tall  shrub:  slightly  irregular,  nearly  white  or  rose  )  -«  ;cac  gg  40 

flowers > 

Small  herb:  minute  axillary  flowers,  the  parts  in  )  .„.        , 

>•  or  riiniiiaceaB,  "ly 

fours ; ' 

Leaves  opposite  (at  least  below)  entire:  juice  milky:  ovaries  2;  stigmas  united. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish  in  terminal  cymose  clusters Apocynacese,  50 

Flowers  in  umbels:  sepals  and  petals  reflexed  or  rotate Asclepiadaceae,  51 

Leaves  oppposite,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  rotate,  axillary .  Primulaceae,  49 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  bracts  below:  corolla  rotate . Primulaceae,  49 

e.     Style  one  or  none,  stigmas  two. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  entire Gentianaceae,  51 

Leaves  opposite,  lobed :  flowers  small  in  spikes Verbenaceae,  67 

Leaves  alternate  or  radical,  3-foliolate:  corolla  bearded Menyanthes,  145 

Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  not  axillary Hydropyllaceae,  54 

Flowers  in  a  head  with  acerose  bracts Gilia,  145 

Flowers  funnelform:  twining  or  creeping  vines Convolvulus.  156 

Leaves  radical:  flowers  solitary  on  scapes Hesperochiron,  152 

d.  Style  1,  stigmas  3 Polemoniaceae,  51 

e.  Style  2  deft Hydrophyllaceae.  54 

/.     Styles  2:  leaves  simple  and  alternate  or  none  (i.  e.  Parasite). 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  white:  leaves  silky Cressa,  156 

Flowers  clustered  on  filiform,  leafless  orange  or  yellow  twining  stems Cuscuta,  156 

Flowers  5  or  6  lines  long:  shrubs  or  wood-based  herbs Hydropliyllaceae,  54 

g.     Styles  5:  calyx  not  green,  petals  nearly  distinct . , Plumbaginaceae,  49 

*  Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  regular  or  slightly  irregular  corolla. 

Stamens  4:  flowers  in  slender  spikes:  leaves  opposite,  lobed Verbenaceae,  67 

Stamens  3:  style  3-cleft:  sepals  2:  leaves  opposite,  entire Montia,  97 


APETAL^E.  15 

Stamens  2  or  4:  ovary  2-celled Scrophulariaceae,  60 

Stamens  2  or  3:  scarious  corolla,  4-lobed Plantaginaceae,  67 

2.    Flowers  irregular:  style  1;  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed. 

Leaves  or  scales  not  opposite. 

Corolla  flattened,  heart  shaped:  stamens  6,  united  in  3's Dicentra,  84 

Corolla  curved;  leafless  root- parasites:  stamens  4 Orobanchaceae.  65 

Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped:  ovary  2-celled:  stamens  2-5 .  Scrophulariace®,  60 

Ovary  inferior,  stemlike Lobeliaceae,  47 

Corolla  2-lipped,  spurred:  ovary  1-celled:  stamens  2:  aquatic. . Lentibulariaceae,  65 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled:  stamens  2  or  4. 

Ovary  2-celled Scrophulariaceae,  60 

Ovary  4-parted,  forming  4  seed-like  nutlets Labiatae,  65 

Ovary  2-4  lobed:  small  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads Verbenacese,  67 

DIVISION  a-APETAL^E.     ,       ,  i< 

A.  OVARY  INFERIOR  (calyx  adherent)  or  apparently  so. 

Leaves  cordate:  calyx  3-lobed:  ovury  6-celled Aristolochiacese,  68 

Leaves  palmately  lobed:  tendril-bearing  vines Cucurbitaceae,  43 

Leaves  pinnate:  calyx- tube  3-4  angled,  prickly Rosaceae,  35 

Leaves  unequally  pinnatifid:  calyx-tube  in  fertile  flowers  3-toothed Datisca,  43 

Leaves  glaucous:  white  flowers  in  clustered  umbels Comandra. 

Leaves  small,  crenate:  capsule  axillary,  obcordate Chrysosplenium,  121 

Leaves  opposite.     Calyx  salverform:  capsule  1-seeded Nyctaginaceae,  68 

Calyx  4-lobed:  stamens  4:  flowers  axillary Ludwigia,  125 

Calyx  (corolla)  tubular  to  rotate Caprifoliaceae,  45 

Leaves  in  whorls.  Calyx  4-lobed  or  entire.     Aquatic Halorageae,  38 

B.  OVARY  SUPERIOR  (free  from  the  calyx). 

a.     Herbs:  leaves  alternate,  radical  or  in  a  whorl. 

Sepals  petaloid,  persistent;  akene  1,  3-sided  or  flat , Polygonaceaa,  69 

persistent:   fleshy  root  parasite,  waxy- white   bracts Allotropa,  139 

deciduous:  carpels  several  or  many Rammculaceae,  17 

Sepals  green:  racemes  close:  capsules  flat:  1-2  celled Crucifereae,  21 

minute  flowers  opposite  the  leaves A  Ichemilla,  117 

Sepals  green,  3  larger,  spine-tipped;  short  style,  bifid Illecebraceae,  25 

Sepals  none:  dense  oblong  spike  with  petaloid  involucre Anemopsis,  71 

spike  naked:  radical  leaf,  3-foliate , Achlys,  82 


16  ENDOGENS   OR    MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

b.     Herbs:  leaves  opposite,  entire:  capsule  1-celled  except  in  the  last. 

Stems  square:  calyx  4-toothed,  with  smaller  teeth  between,  axillary   Ammania,  124 

Involucre  calyx-like  or  surrounding  a  head  of  flowers Nyctaginacese,  68 

Flowers  small,  axillary,  sessile,  white:  stigma  1 Glaux,  141 

Flowers  green,  terminal:  stigmas  3  to  5 Caryophyllaceae,  24 

Flowers  purplish,  in  axillary  clusters,  minute. .  r Illecebracese,  25 

Flowers  axillary:  capsule  3-5  celled Ficoideae,  43 

c.     Shrubs  or  trees:  leaves  alternate,  entire  (except  in  the  laxt):  flowers  perfect. 

Calyx  tubular,  bearing  the  stamens:  akene  plumose-tailed Cerocarpus,  115 

Calyx  6-parted,  yellowish:  leaves  very  aromatic Liauracese,  71 

Calyx  4-5  cleft,  greenish:  fruit  berry-like,  2-4  seeded Rhamnaceae,  29 

Calyx  3-4  lobed,  yellow:  stamens  6  to  12,  exserted Dirca  pahistris. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  large,  yellow:  stamens  5,  united , Sterculiaceae,  28 

d>     Trees  or  woody  climbers  ivith  opposite  pinnate  leaves. 

Trees:  flowers  dioacious,  winged  fruit  in  drooping  panicles Oleaceas,  50 

flowers  perfect:  fruit  2-winged,  2-seeded Sapindacese,  30 

Climbers:  sepals  4:  stamens  and  pistils  many,  akenes  tailed Clematis,  79 

e.  Diozcious  shrubs  with  drooping  silky  grey  aments Garrya,  131 


CLASS  II— ENDOGENS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

A.  OVARY  SUPERIOR. 

Pistils  8  to  many  distinct  or  united  carpels;  flowers  in  whorls Alismaceae,  72 

Pistil  3-carpeled,  ovary  3-celled,  or  at  least  3-sided, Liliaceee,  73 

Pistil  2-celled:  red  flowers  in  an  umbel J Clintonia,  ]  88 

small  perianth,  4-parted:  stamens  4 Maianthemum,  184 

B.  OVARY  INFERIOR. 

Flowers  irregular:  anthers  1  or  2  on  the  pistil Orcliidacese,     72 

Flowers  regular:  anthers  3,  extrorse , , Iridaceae,     73 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  ORDERS 


OP 


WEST     COAST     PLANTS 


SPECIES  ^AMED  SEtfCE  1886. 


DIVISION  I.    POLYPETAL^E. 

R  ANUNCUL,  ACE  JE . 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  colorless  juice:  foliage  various:  stipules  none:  organs  of  the 
flower  free  and  distinct;  sepals,  petals  and  carpels,  few  or  many,  not  united:  stamens 
numerous:  petals  sometimes  wanting,  then  the  sepals  are  usually  petaloiJ;  anther5* 
short  and  adnate;  seeds  with  minute  embryos  in  fleshy  albumen.  Key  to  genera  and 
species,  p.  79. 

Anemone  nemorosa  of  the  Atlantic  slope  differs  from 
the  Pacitic  form,  which  is  considered  worthy  to  be  called  a 
separate  species  by  some  botanists,  viz:  A.  Grayi. 

Ranunculus  maximus,  Greene,  has  akenes,  with 
nearly  straight  long  beaks  like  those  of  R.  orthorhyncus, 
of  which  species  it  may  be  a  variety. 

Thalictrum  hesperium,  Greene,  is  distinguished  from 
T.  polycarpum  by  an  ill-scented,  not  aromatic,  odor. 

T.  Csesium,  Greene,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  foot-hills,  is        Delphinium  nudtcaule. 
odorless. 

Botany  —2 


18  NYMPHS  ACKffi. 

DELPHINIUM. 

D.  hesperium,  Gray.  •  Stem  slender:  herbage  canescent:  leaves  small,  much  dis- 
sected into  linear  obtuse  lobes:  racemes  long,  dense:  spur  of  the  deep  blue  or  pinkish 
flowers,  stout,  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals:  carpels  hairy.  Flowering  in  June. 

D.  Hanseni.  Greene.     Distinguished  by  white  burr-like  seeds. 

D.  Blochmanae,  Greene.  A  foot  high:  large  flowers  in  a  strict  short  raceme,  the 
inner  light  blue  sepals,  and  the  white  petals  with  conspicuously  crisped  margins.  San 
Luis  Obispo  Co. 

D.  distichum,  Geyer.  Flowers  somewhat  2-ranked:  spur  9  lines  long,  straight, 
twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Northern  Coast. 

D.  ulignosum,  Cnrran.  Leaves  fan-shaped,  3-cleft,  the  segments  3- toothed:  the 
rather  large  deep  blue  flowers  with  straight  spurs  equaling  the  sepals.  Wet  ground^ 
Lake  Co. 

COPTIS. 

C.  laciniata,  Gray.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  ovate,  nearly  3-parted,  the.  segments 
incised:  sepals  and  petals  linear-attenuate.  Rare  from  Huinboldt  Bay  northward. 


BERBERID  ACE^JE . 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  compound  alternate  exstipnlate  leaves;  flowers  remarkable  for 
having  the  bracts,  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  before  each  other,  instead  of  alternating. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  82. 

Our  species  of  Berberis  are  very  different  in  appearance  from  the  scarlet-fruited 
Barberry  of  Europe  and  the  Atlantic  States,  which  is  often  cultivated. 

Vancouveria  parviflora,  Greene,  may  be  considered  a  variety  of  V.  hexandra. 


Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  peltate  or  deeply  cordate  leaves;  solitary  axillary 
perfect  flowers  on  long  peduncles.  Stamens  numerous. 

Water- Shield  (Brasenia  peltata,  Pursh.)  May  be  found  in  ponds.  .  Its  elliptical, 
peltate,  floating  leaves  (green  above  and  brownish-red  beneath)  and  its  jelly-coated 
stems  characterize  it  quite  well  enough. 

The  Yellow  Pond  Lily  (NupJiar  pofysepalum)  Engl.)  is  more  common.  It  is  Nym- 
pb-sea  polysepala,  of  the  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  82. 


PAPAVERACE.E. 

SARACENIACE^E. 


19 


A  small  order  of  bog  plants,  remarkable  for  their  pitcher-shaped,  tabular  and  hooded 
leaves  which  entrap  insects.     Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  83. 


On  the  left  above  is  represented 

an  opening  bud  of  Eschscholtzia. 

The  cap-like  calyx  has  been  split 

at  the  bottom  and  shoved  upward 

by  the  expanding  petals.     Next 

to  this  bud  is  an  open  flower  of 
Meconopsis  and  one  of  its  nodding  buds.  Behind  the  flower,  and  projecting  above  it  to 
the  right,  is  a  stem  from  which  the  petals  have  just  fallen.  The  slender  filaments  bend- 
ing to  one  side,  as  they  often  do,  show  the  curious  pistil,  which  in  time  becomes  the 
pretty  fluted  capsule  seen  below.  To  the  right  of  the  Meconopsis  pod  is  the  three 
sided  capsule  of  Platystigma  lineare.  The  stem  should  have  a  few  hairs  upon  it.  The 
two  flowers  with  hairy  steins,  the  nodding  buds  below,  and  the  rough  seed  pod  above, 
belong  to  Platystemon.  Observe  the  three  caducous  sepals,  just  ready  to  drop  from  the 
opening  bud.  The  smooth  plant  on  the  right  is  Platystigma  Californicum.  If  you 
choose  you  may  call  this  the  Smooth  Piatystigma,  and  the  other  species,  with  the  tri- 


20  FUMARIACE.E. 

angular  pod,  Hairy  Platystigraa.  The  exceedingly  prickly  Bristly  Argemone  is  repre- 
sented on  the  right,  below,  by  a  bud  and  a  couple  of  bracts.  A  pistil  with  its  whit^ 
prickles  is  imperfectly  shown  against  one  of  the  bracts. 

The  Order  Papaveracese  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  2  or  3  caducous  sepals, 
twice  as  many  free  petals  in  two  sets,  indefinite,  usually  numerous,  free  stamens,  and  a 
compound  pistil.  In  Eschscholtzia  the  sepals  are  united,  and  the  stamens  adhere  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals. 

This  small  but  interesting  order  of  plants,  with  the  exception  of  one  species,  is  con- 
fined to  the  northern  hemisphere.  Fifteen  species,  belonging  to  eleven  genera,  are 
natives  of  the  United  States,  and  several  European  species  have  become  naturalized. 
Eschscholtzia  and  Platystemon  are  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the  California 
genera.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  83. 

PAP  AVER  and  MECONOPSIS. 

Our  species  of  Meeonopsis  is  put  by  Greene  with  the  true  poppies  in  the  genus 
Papaver.  He  thinks  with  Bentham  that  the  small  erect  flowering  form  is  a  separate 
species,  viz:  P.  crassifolium. 

Two  more  species  of  Papaver  may  be  added. 

P.  Californicum,  Gray.  1-2^  feet  high;  leafy  below:  peduncles  long:  corolla  2 
inches  broad,  brick  red  with  green  spots  at  the  base:  stigmas  sessile  and  radiating. 

P.  liemmoni,  Greene.  Larger:  stigmas  7-10,  their  lower  half  sessile  and  radiant 
upon  the  pod,  the  upper  half  coherent  and  forming  a  conical  apiculation. 

PLATYSTEMON,   PLATYSTIGMA   and    ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

Prof.  Greene  unites  the  genus  Platystigma  with  Platystemon  and  adds  a  new 
species. 

P.  Torreyi,  Greene.  Glabrous:  the  three  carpels  united  to  form  a  slender,  twisted 
pod. 

Botanists  will  probably  never  agree  about  the  number  of  species  of  Eschscholtzia. 


Tender  herbs  with  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  irregular  hypogynous  flowers,  the 
parts  in  twos,  except  the  6  diadelphous  stamens. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  84. 
Dicentra  is  Capnorchis  in  Greene's  Bay  Region  Botany. 


CRUCIFERE^. 

CRUCIFER^E. 


21 


UPPER  FIG. — a,  iudehiscent  pod  of  Raphanus 
Raphauistrum;  6,  pod  (silicic)  of  Capsella 
Bursa-pastoris;  c,  pod  of  Capsella  divaricata; 
d,  pod  (silique)  of  Tropidocarpum,  flattened 
contrary  to  the  partition;  e,  pod  of  Cardamine 
paucisecta,  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition 
(septum);  f,  two  pods  (silicle)  of  Lepidium 
nitidurn,  and  two  partitions  from  which  the  valves  have  fallen,  showing  that  there  was 
one  seed  in  each  cell;  g,  pod  of  Lepidium  latipes,  showing  the  broad  pedicel  which 
suggested  the  specific  name;  /*,  a  branch  of  Thysanocarpns  pnsillus,  with  four  of  its 
1 -seeded  pods;  i,  one  of  the  pods  magnified  to  show  the  hooked  hairs;  j,  pod  of  Thys- 
anocarpus  curvipes.  RIGHT-HAND  FIG. — Cardamine  paucisecta. 

Herbs  with  pungent  watery  juice.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  with  blade  narrowed  into  a 
claw,  the  lamina  spreading  to  form  a  cross,  sometimes  unequal,  rarely  wanting. 
Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  on  the  receptacle,  and  usually  shorter 


22  CRUCIFEILE. 

than  the  other  four,  rarely  only  4  or  2.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a  thin  partition,  rarely  1- 
celled.  Leaves  alternate,  and  flowers  usually  in  racemes  without  bracts. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  fruit  is  usually  necessary  for  a  determination  of  the 
species  in  this  difficult  order.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  84. 

In  Tropidocarpum  only  are  the  flowers  solitary  and  axillary. 

T.  capparideum,  Greene,  is  distinguished  by  inflated  pods  ranch  shorter  than 
represented  at  d  in  the  figure,  and  opening  from  above.  Perhaps  only  a  variety. 

Under  Thelypodium  the  following  species  may  be  added:— T.  Hookeri,  Greene. 
Distinguished  from  T.  flavescens  by  broader  sepals  which  with  the  pedicils  are  smooth; 
broader  claw  and  narrower  blade  of  petals  and  longer  pods:  perhaps  only  the  Monte 
Diablo  form  of  the  latter  species.  T.  rigidum,  Greene.  Stout  and  very  rigid,  1-3  feet 
high;  pods  nearly  sessile,  1|  inch  long,  rigid,  sharply  tipped  with  the  short  style. 
Monte  Diablo. 

The  perennial  species  of  Cardamine  in  Bay  Region  Botany  may  be  considered 
forms  of  C.  paucisecta.  The  species  of  Streptanthus  are  so  variable  that  botanists  differ 
widely  as  to  their  limits.  Their  irregular  flowers  make  them  worthy  of  the  special 
attention  of  students  who  are  interested  in  the  relations  between  flowers  and  insects. 
What  insects  are  accommodated  by  this  irregularity?  The  flowers  vary  from  white  to 
nearly  black  in  color.  Are  these  forms — for  they  certainly  were  one  form  and  color 
not  long  ago — found  growing  together?  Are  they  visited  by  different  insects? 

Prof.  Greene  adds  in  Bay- Reg.  Bot.  seven  species,  viz: 

S.  barbigef.  Stem  leaves  linear,  entire;  sepals  equal,  greenish,  the  acuminate  tips 
whitish  and  recurved:  petals  white:  filaments  dark  purple.  Near  St.  Helena. 

S.  suffrutescens.  Perennial  steins  with  a  stout  leafy  persistent  trunk,  bearing 
longer  flowering  branches:  stem-leaves  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  serrate;  floral  leaves, 
round  cordate  or  narrower.  Collected  by  Bioletti  on  Hood's  Peak,  Sonoma  Co. 

S.  albidus.  Distinguished  from  S.  niger  by  white  not  dark  purple  sepals,  the 
anthers  of  the  united  pair  of  stamens  bearing  pollen.  Found  only  on  Oak  Hills  near 
San  Jose. 

S.  Mildredae.  Slender,  less  than  two  feet  high:  small  flowers,  very  dark  metallic, 
purple:  slender  petals,  white-margined.  Mt.  Hamilton. 

S.  Biolettii.  Similar  to  S.  glandulosus:  more  slender  racemes,  not  one-sided:  sepals 
darker,  smaller.  Hood's  Peak. 

S.  pulchellus.  A  foot  or  less  in  height,  much  branched:  slender  leaves  with  a  few 
coarse  teeth:  calyx  lilac  purple,  the  sepals  nearly  equal.  Mt.  Tamalpais,  on  south  side. 

S.  secundus.  Lower  leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  toothed:  racemes  of  flesh -colored 
flowers,  one-sided:  lower  sepal  clawed.  North  side  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

These,  excepting  possibly  the  first  two,  may  be  considered  as  forms  of  S.  Glandu- 
losus. 


VIOLACE.E.  23 

Common  water-cress,  naturalized  everywhere,  is  Nasturtium  oSficinale.  The 
yellow-flowered  species  of  that  genus  are  put  in  Gesner's  genus,  Roripa,  by  Greene  in 
his  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  and  one  species  is  added,  viz: 

R.  dictyota.  Two  to  four  feet  high:  pods  ovate  lanceolate.  Marshes  of  the  lower 
Sacramento. 

R.  lyrata  may  be  a  variety  of  N.  curvisilequa. 

High  authority  enables  us  to  shorten  the- cumbrous  name,  Capsella  Bursa-Pastoris  into 
Bursa  pastor  i*,  which  exactly  means  shepherd's  purse. 

Ch.eirautb.us  asper,  C.  &  S.,  is  Erysimum  asperum  of  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  but  there 
confined  to  the  tall  form  with  usually  orange  flowers.  According  to  Greene  (Pittonia, 
Vol.  Ill,  Part  15,  p,  131)  the  low  perennial  common,  along  the  coast  with  cream-colored 
to  sulphur-yellow  flowers  is  C.  capitatus,  Douglas. 

C.  angustatus,  Greene.  Slender  perennial  2  feet  high,  or  more;  leaves  narrow  entire 
or  nearly  so.  Corolla  large,  yellow,  a  little  one-sided.  San  Joaquin  River, 

C.    Calfornicus,    Greene.      Stout,    biennial,    strongly  angled;    leaves    runcinately 
toothed;  pods  sharply  4-angled. 
'     C.  Occidentalis,  Watson.     A  low  annual  with  winged  seeds.     Or.  and  Washington. 

Our  species  of  VE  SIC  ARIA  may  now  bear  the  generic  name  LESQUERELLA. 

Caulanthus  Iiemmoni,  Wat.,  Glaucous,  1  or  2  feet  high:  sepals  brownish  purple, 
spreading  or  reflexed;  narrow  petals  undulate  6  to  8  lines  long,  white,  brown  veined 
pods  2|  to  5  inches  long:  stigmas  spreading. 


CAPPARIDACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves:  differing  from  Cruciferse  in  equal  stamens,  pods 
on  stipes  and  pedicils  commonly  bracteate.  Plants  of  this  order  are  mostly  in  the 
warm- temperate  and  tropical  regions,  while  the  Cruciferse  are  mostly  found  in  the  cool, 
temperate  and  polar  regions.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  90. 


CISTACEJE. 

Flowers  perfect  and  regular.  Sepals  5,  persistent;  and  two  of  them  smaller,  wholly 
exterior,  and  bract-like.  Petals  5,  usually  ephemeral.  Stamens  indefinite,  with  fili- 
form filaments;  anthers  short.  Style  one.  Capsule  3- valved.  Seep.  91. 


VIOLACE^E. 

Herbs  distinguiohed  by  the  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  five  petals,  5  stamens, 
adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  which  has  a  club-shaped  style  with  a 


24  CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

one-aided  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary,  forming  a  capsule,  which  splits  at  maturity  into 
three  parts.     Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  91. 

Add  after  the  third  species  of  Viola  V.  Howellii,  Gray.  A  blue  violet  with  a  very 
short,  thick  spur.  Oregon. 

POLYGALACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  remarkable  for  the  flowers 
which  appear  like  those  of  the  Pea  family,  but  the  structure  is  very  different. — Leaves 
simple,  entire:  stamens  less  than  ten:  pistil  2-carpelled.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  91. 


FRANKENIACEJE. 

Sessile,  small,  opposite  leaves:  small  flowers,  sessile,  in  the  axils  of    the    numerous 
branches:  ribbed  calyx,  tubular.     See  p.  92. 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

Herbs  with  regular  and  mostly  perfect  flowers,  persistent  calyx,  its  parts  and  the 
petals  4  or  5  and  imbricated,  or  the  latter  sometimes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  distinct 
stamens  commonly  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  ovary  1-celled  with  a  free  central 
placenta.  Stems  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite,  often  united  at  the 
base  by  a  transverse  line,  in  one  group,  with  interposed  scarious  stipules.  Styles  2  to  5, 
mostly  distinct.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by  teeth  at  the  summit.  Flowers 
terminal,  or  in  the  forks,  or  in  cymes.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  92. 

SILENE. 

Silene  racemosa,  Otto,  an  annual,  has  deeply  bifid  white  petals:  fragrant.  Intro- 
duced. Berkeley.  1 

S.  multinervis,  Watson.  Ovoid  calyx  conspicuously  20-25  nerved:  small  purplish 
petals,  not  appendaged. 

S.  inflata,  Smith.  Slender  perennial:  calyx  ovoid:  large  white  petals,  bifid.  Nat- 
uralized. Vallejo. 

S.  liuisana,  Wat.  Perennial,  glandular-pubescent:  calyx  teeth,  with  membranous 
ciliate  margin:  white  petals,  bifid.  San  Luis  Obispo,  Monterey. 

S.  Bernardina,  Wat.  Perennial,  glandular-pubescent:  petals  greenish,  cleft  into 
4  equal  narrow  lodes,  appendages  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  blade,  2-parted,  the 
inner  segment  lacerate.  Long  Meadow,  Tulare  Co. 


HYPERICACE.E.  25 

S.  Suksdorfii,  Robinson.  Low,  densely  matted,  alpine,  stem  leaves  usually  2  pairs, 
linear,  3-7  lines  long,  a  line  wide:  radical  leaves,  crowded:  petals  white,  slightly  bifid. 

POLYCARPON. 

Polycarpon  tetraphyllum,  Linn.  Lower  leaves  nearly  in  whorls  of  4:  branches 
3-7  inches  long.  Naturalized. 

LYCHNIS. 

Lychnis  Githago,  Lam.  (Agrostemma  Bay- Reg.  Bot.)  Corn-Cockle.  Erect  2-4 
feet  high:  slender  leaves,  united  at  base:  calyx  over  an  inch  long,  the  slender  lobes  sur- 
passing the  purple  uuappendaged  petals.  A  naturalized  weed. 

Saponaria  Vaccaria  is  Vaccaria  vulgaris;  Stellaria  is  Alsine;  Sagina  is 
Alsinella;  and  Lepigonum  is  Tissa  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Prof.  Greene  describes  nine 
species  of  the  last  growing  in  Bay  region.  All  these,  with  Li.  gracile,  may  be  con- 
sidered varieties  of  two  species,  or  even  of  one.  Authorities  have  not  decided  whether 
Tissa  or  Buda  shall  take  the  place  of  Lepigonum  as**the  generic  name  of  these 
interesting  plants. 

ILLECEBRACE^E. 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  pungent,  small:  flowers  inconspicuous,  axillary;  petals 
wanting  or  rudimentary:  style  undivided  or  2-cleft:  fruit  l-.seeded^.  Key  to  genera  and 
species,  p.  96. 

Add:  Paronychia  Chilensis,  D.  C.  Leaves  opposite,  on  tough,  short-jointed,  suf- 
frutescent  stems:  purplish  calyx,  minute.  Presidio,  San  Francisco. 

Herniaria  cineria,  D.  C.  Slender  annual:  ashy  leaves  and  flowers,  minute. 
Introduced.  Monte  Diablo. 

HYPERICACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  entire,  punctate  leaves,  no  stipules  and  perfect 
flowers  with  4  or  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  septicidal  many-seeded 
capsule.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent  sepals.  Filaments  mostly  in  3  sets.  Styles  2  to  5, 
usually  distinct.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  98. 

HYPEBICUM. 

Hypericum  mutilum,  Linn.,  has  been  found  in  Solano  County  by  Jepson. 
Stamens  only  5-12,  distinct. 


26 


ELATINACE^E. 


P  O  RTUJL  AC  ACE^E . 

Succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves, 
and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  perfect  flowers; 
the  sepals  only  2,  the  petals  2  to  5  or  more;  the 
stamens  opposite  the  petals  when  of  the  same 
number:  the  ovary  1-celled.  Stamens  sometimes 
indefinitely  numerous,  commonly  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  petals,  these  sometimes  united  at  the 
base.  Style  2-8  cleft.  Stipules  none.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  96. 

CALANDBINIA. 

Calandrinia  Howellii,  Wat.,  is  distinguished 
from  C.  cotyledon  by  narrower  leaves,  with  sca- 
rious  margin  crisped.  ••' 

Calandrinia  elegans,  Spach.,  is  the  larger, 
stouter  form  of  C.  Menziesii,  Hooker.  Greene 
confines  the  latter  to  the  very  small-flowered 
dwarf  form. 

CLAYTONIA. 

Claytonia  spathulata  is  equivalent  to  C. 
gypsophiloides  of  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  It  has  rose- 
purple  petals,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
C.  exigua  is  probably  C.  spathulata  of  Prof. 
Greene's  book.  He  adds  C.  nubigena,  which 
is  described  as  similar  to  C.  perfoliata,  but 
smaller,  with  linear  radical  leaves. 

C.  Hallii.  Gray,  comes  next  to  C.  Chamissonis.     Leaves,  2  or  3  pairs:  seeds  1  or  2. 

For  C.  Nevadensis  substitute  C.  asarifolia,  Bongard. 

Perhaps  Claytonia  and  Montia  will  be  united  under  the  latter  (older)  name. 

Spraguea,  too,  for  a  similar  reason  may  be  merged  in  Calyptrideum.     C.  tetra- 
petatum  of  Bay -Reg.  Bot.  is  C.  quadripetalum  of  this  book. 

Montia  parvifolia,  Greene,   has  petioled  leaves  and  larger  flowers  than  M.  fon- 
tana. 


Low  annuals  growing  in  water  or  wet  ground, 
genera  and  species,  p.  98. 


ELATINACEJE. 

Flowers  minute,  axillary.     Key  to 


MALVACE^:. 


27 


MALVACEAE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves;  dis- 
tinguished by  the  valvate  calyx,  convolute  petals,  their 
bases  or  short  claws  united  with  the  base  of  a  column 
of  many  united  stamens,  these  with  reniform  anthers. 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  parted,  persistent,  with  sometimes  a 
calyx-like  involucel  of  bracts.  Petals  4,  usually  with- 
ering without  falling  off.  Pistil  usually  either  a  ring 
of  ovaries  around  a  projecting  receptacle  or  a  3-10 
celled  ovary:  styles  united  at  least  at  the  base.  Leaves 
usually  palmately  ribbed.  Flowers  axillary. 

Cotton  is  the  most  notable  plant  in  this  order.  Key 
to  genera  and  species,  p.  98. 


LOWER  FIG.— a.  Fruit  of  Malva 
borealis.  6.  Same,  showing  the 
bracts  of  the  persistent  calyx, 
c.  Kellogg's  Lav&tera.  (L.  assur- 
gentiflora.) 


MALVA. 

Malva  parvifiora,  Linn.,  is  distinguished  from  M- 
borealis  by  the  calyx  lobes  spreading  away  from  the 
fruit  and  the  smaller  flowers. 

Malva  r otundifolia ,  Linn.,  is   distinguished  from    these    two   species    by  akenes 
rounded  on  the  back,  so  as  to  make  the  fruit  somewhat  scalloped. 

The  so-called  Marsh  mallow  is  not  a  Malva,  and  would  better  be  called  Marsh  Holly- 
hock.    It  probably  does  not  grow  on  this  coast. 


SIDALCEA. 

S.  Henderson!,  Wat.  Simple  stems,  3-4  feet  high,  glabrous:  flowers  9-12  lines 
long:  carpels  smooth  and  beaked.  Oregon. 

S.  Hickmanii,  Greene.  Rough  with  stellate  hairs:  stem  leaves  round  fan-shaped: 
racemes  numerous,  axillary  and  terminal,  few  flowered:  short  pedicels,  subtended  by  3 
slender  bractlets,  5  lines  long:  corolla  an  inch  broad:  akenes  nearly  orbicular.  Canyons, 
of  Salinas  Valley. 

S.  secundiflora,  Greene,  is  var.  minor  of  S.  diploscypha,  in  this  book. 


MALVASTRTJM. 

M.  Parryi,  Greene.  Annual:  purplish  and  rough  hairy  branches,  1-2  feet  long: 
hoary  with  stellate  hairs:  flowers  mostly  solitary  on  peduncles  1-4  inches  long:  involucel 
of  3  slender  bracts:  petals  deep  purple,  5-9  lines  long:  carpels  15-20. 


28  GERANIACE^E, 

M.  arcuatum,  Greene,  similar  to  M.  Thurberi,  but  the  leaves  with  rounded,  not 
angular  lobes,  and  only  half  as  large. 

Malvastrum  is  put  under  Malveopsis  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Malveopsis  fascicula- 
tum  of  that  book  is  Malvastrum  Thurberi  of  this. 

Abutilon  Theophrasti,  Medic,  a  large  weed,  native  of  India,  is  reported  as  intro- 
duced about  Santa  Rosa.  It  has  large  velvety  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

MODIOLA. 

M.  multifida,  Moench.  Calyx  bracts  3:  leaves  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  toothed: 
corolla  a  half  inch  broad,  rose  color.  Streets  of  San  Jose.  Chas.  Jared. 


STE  BCUL.I  A  CEJE . 

Fremontia  grows  on  Mt.  St.  Helena,  near  the  Great  Western  mine.  Specimens  an  I 
description  furnished  by  Miss  L.  A.  Martin  show  the  form  there  to  be  smaller  and  much 
less  beautiful  than  the  Sierra  Nevada  form.  See  key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  100. 


LJNACEJE. 

Parts  of  the  flower  5,  except  sometimes  in  the  pistil.  Filaments  united  at  the  base, 
with  commonly  alternating  teeth.  Styles  5,  or  sometimes  only  2  or  3,  distinct  or  united. 
Stigmas  capitate  or  oblong:  ovary  globose.  Seeds  twice  as  many  as  the  styles.  Herbs 
with  sessile  entire  leaves  without  stipules,  and  cymose  or  panicled  flowers.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p,  100. 

Lin  urn.  perenne  is  It.  Lewisii,  in  Bay- Reg.  Bot. 


GERANIACEJE. 

Flowers  perfect  on  axillary  peduncles,  regular  (in  our  species)  and  symmetrical,  the 
parts  in  fives.  Stamens  mostly  in  two  sets,  those  alternate  wfth  the  petals  sometimes 
sterile.  Ovary  deeply  lobed,  with  a  prolonged  axis,  or  5-celled.  Key  to  geuera  and 
species,  p.  101. 

According  to  Greene  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  the  following  geraniums  of  the  Old  World  have 
become  established. 

G.  dissectum,  Linn.  Over  a  foot  high,  distinguished  from  G.  Carolinianum  by 
larger  red-purple  flowers,  the  petals  more  deeply  emarginate. 

G.  molle,   Linn.     Soft  hairy,  slender:   flowers  small,  rose-red. 

G.  retrorsum,  L'Her.     Perennial,  very  small  flowers. 


VITACE.E.  29 

Greene  makes  a  new  native  species  of  Erodium  (E.  Californicum)  distinguished 
from  E.  macrophyllum  by  deep  rose-red  flowers,  instead  of  dull-white. 

Limnanthes  is  Fleer kea  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  and  Oxalis  is  Oxys. 

Oxalis  Oregana  has  usually  solitary  flowers  on  2-bracteate  scapes.  O.  trillifolia 
has  flowers  in  bracteate  umbels. 

RUTACEJE. 

Pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic  leaves,  along  with  definite  hypogynous  stamens 
characterize  this  order,  although  some  of  the  orange-tribe  have  many  stamens.  Shrubs 
or  trees.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  101 . 


CELASTRACE^E. 

Shrubs  with  simple  undivided  leaves  and   dull-colored   or  white  flowers.      Sepals, 
petals  and  stamens  4  or  5:  stamens  on  a  disk.     Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  102. 


RHAMNACE^E. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often  caducous  stipules, 
and  small  regular  flowers,  the  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx  aud  alternate  with  its  lobes: 
ovary  2  to  4-celled.  Flowers  often  apetalous:  a  conspicuous  disk  adnate  to  the  short 
tube  of  the  calyx:  petals  often  clawed:  style  or  stigma  2-4  lobed:  fruit  berry-like  or 
dry,  containing  2  to  4  seed-like  nutlets.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  102. 

According  to  Greene,  Bhamnus  ilicifolia,  Kellogg,  may  be  distinguished  from  B. 
crocea  by  its  greater  size,  the  latter  only  2  or  3  feet  high,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower 
in  5's,  not  4's. 

Bhamnus  Purshiana  is  Cascara  sagrada,  by  far  the  most  notable  medicinal  plant 
of  this  coast. 

B.  Californica  is  absurdly  called  California  Coffee. 


VITACE^E. 

This  small  order  is  represented  on  this  coast  by  one  species,  Vitis  Californica, 
known  as  the  California  grape.  In  the  Atlantic  states  there  are  half  a  dozen  species. 
In  Europe  probably  no  native  species.  Virginia  Creeper,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  com- 
monly cultivated,  belongs  to  this  order.  Botanists  think  all  the  wine  and  raisin  grapes 
cultivated  in  Europe  are  varieties  of  one  or  two  species.  Isabella,  Catawba  and  other 


30 


LEGUMINOS^E. 


cultivated   grapes,   known   as   American   grapes,   are   varieties  of     V.  labrusca  of    the 
Atlantic  States. 


In  the  figure  a  represents  the  fruit  of 
Ac:r  macrophyllum,  b  the  wider  spread 
ing  samara  of  Acer  cercinatum,  and  c 
the  closer  wings  of  Negundo  Californi- 
cum.  The  first  has  hairy  carpels;  the 
second  is  smooth,  and  the  last  slightly 
hairy. 


SAPINDACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  compound  or 
palmately  lobed  leaves:  sepals  5:  petals  4  or  5: 
pistil  2-3  carpelled. 

The  flowers  and  fruit  of  our  common  Buckeye 
are  very  interesting.  A  bunch  of  several  hun- 
dred flowers  usually  produces  but  one  fruit;  and 
this,  formed  of  three  carpels  containing  six  ovules, 
rarely  ripens  more  than  one  seed.  The  genus 
Negundo  is  united  wifh  Acer  in  Bay-Reg.  Bof., 
and  -ffisculus  is  Hippocastanum.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  103. 

ANARCARDIACEJE. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  resinous  and  often  poison- 
ous juice,  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers. 
Rhus  diversiloba  (Poison  Oak)  is  the  most  com- 
mon species.  A  poisonous  species  in  Japan  fur- 
nishes the  remarkable  Japan  varnish.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  104. 


LEGUMINOS^E. 

The  single  and  simple  free  pistil  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit,  the  alternate  leaves  with 
stipules,  and  in  our  genera,  the  papilionaceous  corolla  with  10  stamens,  mark  this  order, 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Flowers  irregular.  Calyx  3-4  cleft  or  toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  the 
upper  large  and  always  external,  covering  the  lateral  pair  in  the  bud,  and  these  cover- 
ing the  lower  pair  which  are  more  or  less  united,  forming  a  keel  which  incloses  the 
stamens  and  pistil.  Filaments  10,  rarely  5,  commonly  united  around  the  pistil,  either 
all  united  or  nine  and  the  upper  one  free.  Ovary  forming  a  pod  with  a  single  row  of 
seeds  attached  to  one  side:  style  usually  inflexed  or  curved.  In  Cercis  the  upper  petal 
?s  small  and  enclosed  by  the  wings.  In  Amorpha  there  is  but  one  petal. 

Suborder  CaesalpinSB  is  marked  by  the  upper  petal  enclosed  and  distinct  stamens. 

Suborder  Mimosese  has  regular  flowers  and  usually  many  conspicuous  stamens. 


LEGUMINOS.E. 


31 


Fie.  A.  On  the  left  is  Homckia 
siibpinnala,  showing  a  full-grown 
pod  and  a  flower  as  seen  from  above. 
On  the  right  is  a  pod  and  flowers 
of  Hosackia  Purshiana.  At  a  is  a 
single  flower  with  its  bract  as  seen 
from  the  front.  The  lower  leaves 
and  bracts  are  larger. 

FIG.  B.    A  head  of  Trifoliumfuca- 

A  £im,with  all  but  three  of  the  flowers 

removed,  showing  the  common  receptacle  and  the  involucre. 

FIG.  C.  An  axillary  spike  of  Astragalus  didymocarpus,  with  ripe  fruit.  Below 
is  one  of  the  pods  magnified. 

This  order  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  useful  and  beautiful  plants 
which  belong  to  it.  Pease,  beans,  lentils,  peanuts,  clover,  alfalfa,  etc., 
furnish  food  for  man  and  domestic  animals.  Tropical  plants  of  this 
order  supply,  among  others,  the  following  articles  of  commerce:  Gum 
arabic,  gum  Senegal,  gum  copal,  dragon's  blood,  indigo,  logwood,  brazil- 
wood, rosewood,  tamarind.  Many  species  have  medical  value,  as  senna, 
catchu,  copaiba,  etc. 

There  are  over  6,000  species  of  leguminous  plants,  mostly  tropical. 
About  350  species  are  natives  of  the  United  States,  more  than  half  of 
which  are  found  in  California.  Only  4  or  5  species  are  common  to  this 
coast  and  the  Atlantic  States,  and  these  have  forms  peculiar  to  each 
coast.  Our  180  species  are  grouped  under  14  genera,  while  the  150  species 
of  the  East  (/.  <?.,  the  Mississippi  States  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic), 
represent  50  genera.  There  are  about  40  species  of  lupine,  and  the  same 
number  belonging  to  the  genus  Astragalus,  growing  within  the  limits  of 
this  State.  Only  2  kinds  of  the  former  and  4  of  the  latter  grow  east 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  latter  is  the  largest  American  genus  of  the 


32  LUPINUS. 

order,  the  species  within  the  United  States  numbering  about  150,  nearly  all  of  which 
belong  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  We.have  about  25  kinds  of  clover;  only  3  or  4 
species  are  natives  of  the  East.  Hosackia,  numbering  28  species  in  our  whole  country. 
25  of  which  grow  here,  is  not  represented  in  the  East  at  all.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
large  genus  Desmodium,  numbering  in  the  East  19  species,  has  no  representative  west 
of  the  Rocky  mountains.  Pickeringia  is  probably  not  found  beyond  the  boundary  of 
California.  The  great  Australian  genus  Acacia,  numbering  there  nearly  300  species,  is 
represented  in  Southern  California  by  a  small  tree  (A.  Greygii),  and  in  the  East  by  an 
herb.  Possibly  30  species  are  cultivated  for  shade  trees.  Honey  Mesquit,  or  Algaroba 
(Prosopis  juliflora]  and  Screw-pod  Mesquit,  or  Tornilla  (P.  pube*cens),  are  small  trees  of 
Southern  California.  Prosopis  and  Acacia  belong  to  the  suborder  Mimosse.  All  the 
plants  here  described  (except  Cercis)  belong  to  the  suborder  Papilionaceae,  which  is 
distinguished  by  flowers,  like  those  of  the  pea,  as  before  described. 

The  devices  for  securing  cross-fertilization  in  this  order  are  often  very  remarkable. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  104. 


LUPINUS. 

A.     Perennials,  more  or  less  shrubby. 

Li.  jucundus,  Greene.  Long  peduncled  racemes:  keel  naked,  banner  notably  smaller 
than  the  other  petals. 

L.  eminens,  Greene.  Almost  arborescent:  short  and  dense  racemes,  short  ped- 
uucled:  pods  villous,  nearly  erect,  about  4-seeded. 

L.  variicolor,  Steud.  Woody  basal  branches  short,  slender:  raceme  short:  flowers 
large:  keel  ciliate,  pods  large. 

The  above,  with  L.  albifrons,  Benth.,  may  be  considered  as  varieties  of  Li.  Cham- 
issousis,  of  which  Greene  says,  "Apparently  confined  to  the  sand  dunes  of  the  San 
Francisco  peninsula  and  Pt.  Reyes. 

Li.  propinquus,  Greene.  Near  L.  arboreus,  but  small:  racemes  short:  petals 
violet.  A  seaboard  species. 

B.     Perennial  herbs:  flowers  large. 

Li.  formosus,  Greene.  Leaflets  7-9,  linear -lanceolate,  very  acute:  flowers  rich 
violet:  keel  naked.  Common  in  fields. 

Li.  sericatus,  Kellogg,  A  foot  or  less  in  height,  silky-canescent,  leafy;  leaflets  7, 
spatulate  oblong:  keel  slender,  pointed,  lightly  ciliolate.  In  the  Mt.  Helena  region: 

Li.  latifolius,  Agardh.  Erect,  2-4  feet  high,  the  stem  dark  green  and  shining* 
leaflets  5-7,  broadly  oblanceolate,  thin,  ciliolate:  blue  flowers  changing  to  dull  brown. 
Has  been  considered  a  form  of  L.  rivularis. 


LUPIN  US.  33 

E.     Annuals:  flowers  verticillate,  small,  deep-Hue. 

Jj.  polycarpus,  Greene.  Distinguished  from  L.  mxranthus  by  stoute.-,  rather  suc- 
culent stem:  upper  calyx-lip  with  teeth  not  divergent,  lower  slightly  notched:  corolla 
smaller:  base  of  the  keel  exposed:  ridged  pods,  slightly  falcate,  7-9  seeded. 

L.  pachylobus,  Greene.  Stout,  ridged,  barely  a  foot  high,  hairy:  petioles  long  and 
slender:  leaflets  5-7,  9  lines  long:  whorls  2-4  on  stout  peduncles:  very  hairy  pod,  4-6 
seeded. 

L.  carnosolus,  Greene.  Stout  and  succulent  stem,  usually  simple:  raceme  loose: 
keel  hairy  in  the  middle. 

TBIFOL.IUM. 

Greene  makes  five  species  of  T.  Macrcei  and  its  varieties,  viz: 

T.  Macraei,  H.  &  A.  Much  branched,  decumbent  or  almost  prostrate,  more  or  less 
hairy:  leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  denticulate  above  the  middle:  heads  nearly  or  quite 
sessile,  6  lines,  or  less,  long:  calyx  teeth  densely  plumose,  hairy,  nearly  equaling  the 
purplish  corolla:  pod  1 -seeded.  A  variety  with  smaller  heads  on  very  long  peduncles. 
Variable. 

T.  dichotomum,  H.  &  A.  Stouter,  often  erect,  flex  nous  and  dichotomous:  heads 
long  peduncled:  calyx  teeth  equaling  the  red-purple  corolla. 

T.  amcenum,  Greene.  Erect,  taller:  heads  18  lines  long:  plumose  calyx  teeth, 
much  shorter  than  the  conspicuous  light  rose-purple  corolla. 

T.  columbinum,  Greene.  Erect,  rather  silky:  silky  plumose  dove-colored  calyx 
teeth,  concealing  the  minute  corolla. 

T.  olivaceum,  Greene.  Olive-green  heads,  in  which  the  corollas  are  concealed  by 
the  calyx  teeth,  which  are  nearly  naked  at  the  setaceous  tips. 

The  clovers  with  flat  laciniately-cleft  involucres,  are  put  under  the  following  names 
in  Bay-Reg.  BoL: 

T.  Wormskjoldii,  Lehm.  Perennial:  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  denticulate:  heads 
hemispherical,  an  inch  or  more  broad,  the  involucre  half  as  broad:  10-striate  calyx 
tube.  The  teeth  much  longer  and  sometimes  cut  into  setaceous  divisions.  [This  is 
T.  involucratum,  var.  heterodon,  of  this  book.] 

T.  variegatum,  Nutt.  Annual:  leaflets  obcordate  to  obovate-oblong:  calyx-tube 
about  15-nerved,  the  teeth  broader  than  in  the  last.  [A  form  of  T.  involucratum, 
but  the  var.  melauthum  seems  to  be  T.  tridentatum,  var.  melanthum,  and  var. 
major  is  var.  obtusifl  orum.  ] 

T.  appendiculatum,  Loja.     Flaccid,  diffuse:  keel  of  the  corolla  rostrate-attenuate. 

T.  oliganthum,  Steud.,  and  the  varieties,  are  in  this  book  under  T.  paucijlorum. 

T.  roscidum,  Greene.     Erect  purple  stems,  flexuose:  leaves  soft,  hairy,   and  very 
clammy.     [This,   with   T.    obtusiflorum,   have  heretofore    been    by  good  authorities 
considered  as  varieties  or  forms  of  T.  tridentatum.] 
Botany  — 3 


34  LUPINUS. 

To  the  cup  clovers,  with  concave  involucres  and  usually  inflated,  corollas  in  fruit, 
Prof.  Greene  has  added  these  species. 

T.  Grayi,  Loja,  which  is  T.  barbigerum,  var.  Andre wsii,  Gr.  Seemingly  a  good 
species. 

[T.  flavulum,  Greene;  T.  virescens,  Greene,  and  T.  Grambelii,  Nutt.,  are  forms 
of  T.  fucatum,  Lindl.,  which  varies  from  wet  meadow-land  forms,  a  foot  or  more 
high,  with  heads  of  20  flowers,  2  inches  broad,  to  the  upland  form  T.  Gambelii,  Nutt., 
scarcely  half  as  high,  bearing  heads  with  only  3  or  4  flowers.] 

T.  hydrophyllum,  Greene.  Flaccid  branches  1-2  feet  long:  stipules  ovate,  entire: 
leaflets  linear  to  oblong,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  narrowest:  peduncles  short:  involucre 
of  about  5  bracts:  calyx-teeth  very  long.  Apparently  a  good  species  hitherto  called 
T.  amplectens  or  a  variety  of  T.  depauperatum,  to  which  the  following  may  ba 
referred.  ;.'->  '  .  .u—***,-" •-*•  —  -  -.,  «qj 

T.  laciniatum,  Greene.  Upper  leaves  broad  truncate,  3  dentate  at  apex,  lacin- 
iately  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

HOSACKIA. 

In  Bay- Reg.  Bot.  Lotus  Americanus  is  H.  Purshiana  of  this  book;  L.  Wran- 
gelianus  is  H.  subpinnata;  L.  humistratus,  Greene,  is  H.  brachycarpa;  ~L. 
denticulatus,  Greene,  is  H.  subpinnata,  var.  major,  which  seems  to  be  a  good 
species;  L.  micranthus  is  H.  parviflora;  L.  rubellus  and  L.  nudiflorus  are  H. 
Strigosa — the  former  a  coast  form,  the  latter  of  the  interior.  L.  hirtellus,  Greene, 
is  also  probably  only  a  form  of  the  same  species.  It.  formissimus,  Greene,  is  H. 
gracilis;  L.  pinnatus  is  H.  bicolor.  L.  eriophorus,  Greene,  is  H.  tomentosa. 
Ij.  leucophseus,  Greene,  is  distinguished  from  Bentham's  H.  grandiflora  by  velvety 
instead  of  nearly  glabrous  leaves  and  smaller  flowers;  perhaps  better  considered  as 
Hosackia  grandiflora,  Benth.,  var.  anthylloides.  Gray.  L.  Benthami,  Greene, 
is  H.  cytisoides. 

!L.  Bioletti,  Greene.     Slender,  wiry  branches,  2  feet  long,  prostrate,  canescent,  with 
short  oppressed  hairs:    leaflets  usually  4,  cuneate-obovate:  umbels  pedunculate,  brac- 
teate,  6-10  flowered:  calyx-teeth  triangular,  erect:  corolla  2  lines  long. 
,    We  would  label  this  H.  Bioletii  (Greene). 

LATHYRUS. 

Ii.  Jepsonii,  Greene.  Nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  stem  5-8  feet  long,  strongly  winged: 
leaflets  8-12,  linear  lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  inches  long:  stipules  small,  setaceously 
acuminate:  peduncles  about  equaling  leaves:  flowers  rose-purple:  calyx  teeth  ovate 
lanceolate,  nearly  equal  in  length:  pod  12-16  seeded. 


ROSACES.  35 

Ij.  puberulus,  White.  Low,  or  sometimes  8-15  feet  high  and  shrubby  at  the  base, 
soft,  hairy,  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  stems  angled;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to 
linear,  cuspidate:  flowers  purplish. 

VICIA. 

V.  Hassei,  Watson.     Like  V.  exigua,  but  leaflets  deeply  notched:  pods  5-8  seeded. 

CEBCIS  and  PICKEBINGIA. 

Siliquastrum,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  is  Cercis,  and  Xylothermia  is  Pickeringia. 

AMORPHA. 

A.  hispidula,  Greene,  differs  from  A.  Calif ornica  in  more  numerous  leaflets  (17- 
25)  which  are  retuse  or  emarginate.  This,  according  to  Greene,  is  the  species  from 
Monterey  northward. 

ROSACES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident  stipules,  mostly  numer- 
ous stamens  borne  on  the  calyx;  distinct  free  pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  in  one  sub- 
order few  and  coherent  with  each  other  and  adherent  to  the  calyx  forming  a  2-several 
celled  inferior  ovary. 

Nearly  all  the  cultivated  fruits  of  the  temperate  zones  belong  to  this  order.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  113. 

In  Bay  Reg.  Bot.  all  but  two  of  the  genus  Prunus  are  put  under  Cerasus,  with  the 
same  specific  names.  Osmaronia,  Greene,  is  Nuttallia,  Gray;  Opulaster  capita- 
tus,  Greene,  is  Physocarpus  opulifolia,  Max.  Malus  in  Greene's  book  is  Pirus  in 
this.  Cercocarpus  betulaefolius  is  C.  parvifolius.  Rubus  parviflorus  is  R. 
Nutkanus;  R.  vitifolius  is  R.  ursinus. 

HOLODISCUS. 

There  are  probably  two  species,  as  given  in  the  Bay- Reg.  Bot. : 

H.  discolor,  Max.  Shrub,  2-6  feet  high,  branches  ridged:  leaves  ovate,  narrowed 
to  a  short  petiole:  panicles  erect. 

H.  ariaefolius,  Greene.  Shrub,  8-18  feet  high,  with  spreading  or  recurved  branches 
bearing  drooping  panicles  6-10  inches  long;  leaves  pinnately  shallow-lobed  from  base  to 
apex. 

POTENTILLA. 

In  Flora  Franciscana  and  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  Prof.  Greene  has,  with  apparently  good 
reason,  united  the  genera  Horkelia,  Ivesia,  Sibaldia  and  Potentilla  under  the 
latter  name. 


36  SAXIFRAGACEvE. 

P.  millegrana,  Englm.  Next  to  P.  glandulosa.  Tall,  flaccid,  soft-hairy:  leaves 
3-foliolafce:  minute  flowers,  numerous,  yellow:  stamens  usually  10.  Lower  San  Joaquin. 

P.  biennis,  Greene.  Biennial:  stems  erect,  purple:  leaflets  3,  fan-shaped,  irregularly 
incised:  cymes  of  small  yellow  flowers  dense:  stamens  about  10. 

P.  frondosa,  Greene.  3  feet  high,  vtscidly  hairy  and  heavy-scented:  leaflets  5-9, 
doubly  incised,  thin:  bractlets  long  as  calyx  lobes  or  longer,  trifid:  flowers  white. 
Martinez.  Frank  Swett. 

P.  Californica,  Greene.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  mostly  radical:  glandular,  hairy, 
fragrant:  leaflets  11-21,  broadly  wedge-form,  and  incised  at  apex:  bractlets  usually  3- 
toothed,  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes:  flowers  white. 

P.  Parryi,  Greene:  slender  stems,  6-10  inches  high:  leaflets  many,  cleft  scarcely  to 
the  middle:  calyx  rotate,  lobes  longer  than  the  narrow  bracts:  petals  3  lines  long,  white. 
lone. 

P.  laciflora,  Drew.  Leaflets  divided  into  2  or  3  segments,  bractlets  narrow  and 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes:  flowers  white:  filaments  petaioid-dilated:  achenes 
only  2  or  3.  Hy-am-pum,  Trinity  River. 

P.  Michneri,  Greene.  (Horkelia.)  Leaflets  about  15  pairs:  all  10  stamens,  with 
oblong-petaloid  white  filaments.  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

P.  Kelloggii,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. ,  is  Horkelia  Californica,  var.  sericia;  P.  tenui- 
loba  is  H.  tenuiloba. 

Roses  are  sensitive  to  the  influence  of  their  homes,  and  prone  to  variation;  hence 
botanists  will  never  agree  as  to  the  number  and  limitation  of  species.  The  dwarf  roses 
of  Sonoma  County  and  Mt.  Tamalpais  (R.  Sonomensis,  Greene)  only  a  foot  or  less  in 
height,  with  numerous  small  flowers,  may  be  popularly  known,  at  least,  as  the  Sonoma 
Rose;  and  the  dwarf  rose  (Rosa  spithamia,  Wat.),  so  abundant  on  the  Trinity  River 
and  in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  may  be  called  the  Span-high  Rose.  R.  gratissima, 
Greene,  a  form  of  R.  Californica,  distinguished  by  the  fragrance  of  its  leaves,  may  be 
called  the  Kern  River  Sweetbriar  Rose. 

CALYCANTHACE^E. 

Fragrant  shrubs,  with  opposite,  entire,  extipulate  leaves,  and  solitary,  terminal, 
large  dull-red  or  purplish  flowers:  numerous  sepals  and  petals,  all  colored  alike:  stamens 
many:  pistils  many.  Butneria  Occidentalis,  Greene,  is  Calycanthus.  See  p.  118. 

SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  distinguished  from  Rosac.ece  by  albuminous  seeds;  usually 
by  definite  stamens,  not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes;  commonly  by 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.  37 

the  want  of  stipules;  sometimes  by  the  leaves  being  opposite;  and  in  most  by  the  par- 
tial or  complete  union  of  the  2  to  5  carpels  into  a  compound  ovary.  Seeds  usually 
indefinite  or  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Styles  inclined  to  be  distinct. 
Only  the  Hydrangiece  have  many  stamens.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  119. 

SAXIFRIGA. 

S.  Marshall!!,  Greene.  Perennial.  Leaves  radical;  oblong,  dentate:  scape  about 
a  foot  high,  loosely  panniculate:  white  petals  with  a  pair  of  green  spots:  filaments 
club-shaped.  Hoopa  Val.,  on  Trinity  Riv.,  C.  C.  Marshall.  Rogue  Riv.,  Howeil. 

S.  Californica,  Greene,  is*  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx. 

BOYKINIA. 

Therofon  elatum,  Greene,  is  Boykinia  occidentalis,  T.  &  G. 

TELLIMA. 

T.  scabrella,  Greene.  A  foot  high,  bearing  bulblets:  calyx  with  rounded  base: 
petals  entire,  the  two  upper  shorter  and  broader  than  the  others:  styles  glabrous. 
Sierra  Nevada. 

MITELL.A. 

M.  diversifolia,  Greene  (Marshall's  Mitella).  Leaf  margins  ciliolate:  scape  a  foot 
high:  shallow  calyx-lobes,  whitish  petals  palmately  trifid  at  the  abruptly  widened 
apex:  stamens  5.  Trinity  Mts. 

BIBES. 

Ribes  tenuiflorum,  Lindley,  is, 'according  to  Prof.  Greene,  our  species  of  Golden 
Currant,  not  B.  aureum. 

B.  ambiguum,  Wats.  Glandular  and  hairy:  spines  short:  flowers  mostly  solitary, 
6  lines  long  or  less,  greenish:  stamens  about  equaling  the  white  petals:  small  anthers, 
obtuse:  fruit  densely  spinose.  Trinity  River,  northward. 

B.  Marshall!!,  Greene.  Glabrous:  flowers  an  inch  long:  calyx  dark  purple:  petals 
2-3  lines  long,  salmon  color.  Trinity  Mts.  May  be  a  variety  of  the  last. 

B.  Victoria,  Greene.  (Chestnut's  Gooseberry).  5  feet  high:  spines  triple:  leaves 
viscid:  greenish  flowers,  6  lines  long:  calyx-tube  much  exgeeding  the  lobes,  petals 
white,  acute,  and  toothed  at  the  apex:  anthers  sub-sagittate,  mucronate:  ovary  glan- 
dular, rough-hairy.  Marin  and  Napa  Cos. 

B.  Calif  or  nicum,  H.  &  A.  Rigid,  flexuose,  glabrous  branches:  leaves  small:  petals 
thick,  truncate,  erose-toothed  at  the  end:  stout  filaments,  three  times  the  length  of  the 
petals:  berry  prickly. 

B.  subvestitum,  H.  &  A.  Taller,  5-10  feet  high:  leaves  very  viscid  and  heavy- 
scented:  petals  truncate,  entire. 


38  HALORAGE.E. 

R.  amictum,  Greene,  is  the  Sierra  Nevada  variety  of  R.  Menziesii,  which  Prof. 
Greene  thinks  is  confined  to  the  Coast  Region.  All  these  prickly-fruited  Ribes  may  be 
considered  varieties  of  Menzies'  Gooseberry. 

CRASSULACEJE. 

Fleshy  plants,  with  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  distinct  carpels  of  the  same  number 
(3-12),  or  the  stamens  twice  as  many:  polypetalous  or  gamopetalous.  Key  to  genera 
and  species,  p.  122. 


T.  Drummondii,  T.  &  G.  and  T.  Bolanderi,  of  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  may  b-j  considered 
varieties  of  T.  angustifolia. 


Low  bog  herbs,  purplish  or  brownish,  with  radical  leaves,  bristly  with  gland-tipped 
hairs  which  secrete  a  viscous  fluid.  Flowers  in,  usually,  scorpioid  racemes  or  spikes: 
calyx  5-parted:  petals  and  stamens  5:  styles  mostly  3,  each  2-parted.  The  most 
remarkable  insectivorous  plants  belong  to  this  order.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  123. 

LYTHRACE^E. 

Our  species,  herbs  with  entire  leaves.  Flowers  with  tubular  calyx,  bearing  the 
petals  and  stamens  on  its  throat,  and  rather  closely  inclosing  the  superior  ovary:  style 
one.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  124. 

AMMANTA. 
A.  coccinea,  in  Bay  -Reg.  Bot.,  is  A.  latifolia,  arid  Botala  ramosior  is  A.  humilis. 

LYTHRUM. 

Ij.  Sanfordi,  Greene.  Erect  stem,  acutely  5-6  angled:  petals  6,  bright  purple. 
Much  like  1L.  Calif  or  nicum,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety. 

Ij.  adsurgens,  Greene.  Branches  5-  angled,  1-3  feet  long,  decumbent  or  assurgent, 
slightly  succulent:  calyx  2^  lines  long,  12-striate:  petals  pale  purple.  Similar  to  !L. 
hyssopifolia,  but  perennial  instead  of  annual,  and  much  larger. 

HALORAGE^E. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  inconspicuous,  often  apetalous  flowers,  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  or  bracts:  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  in  the  fertile  ones,  and  its  lobes  then  short 
or  obsolete.  Flowers  perfect,  but  apetalous,  in  Hippuris,  and  monoecious  or  perfect  in 
Myriophyllum.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  124. 


ONAGRACE.E. 


39 


. .  Ovary* 


Calyx  tube. 

Calyx  lobes. 
Bifid  petals. 


OXAGRACEJE. 

Herbs  (shrubby  exotics),  with  the 
parts  of  the  flowers  usually  in  fours, 
the  calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
the  petals  borne  on  its  throat,  and  the 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many. 
Style  always  single.  In  Jussiaea  the 


FIG.  A.  Clarkia  elegans ;  a,  inferior,  sessile  ovary 
of  the  axillary  flower.  Fig.  B.  Boisduvallia  densi- 
flora;  c,  inferior  ovary,  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  bract. 
Fig.  C  Capsule  of  Godetia;  6,  cross  section  of  the 
same.  Fig.  D.  Epilobium  paniculatum;  h,  infe- 
rior ovary ;/,  a  grown  capsule;  g,  tube  of  calyx 
above  the  ovary;  e,  one  of  the  bifid  petals;  i,  one 
of  the  seeds  bearing  a  tuft  of  silken  hairs.  The  fig- 


flower  parts  vary  in  number  from  4  to  ure  on  tne  left  is  a  common  form  of  Zauschneria. 
6;  in  Circaea  the  parts  are  in  twos.  Many  of  our  plants  blossom  late  .in  the  dry 
season.  These  usually  have  hard  stems  from  which  a  shedding,  thin,  outer  bark  hangs 
in  shreds.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  124. 

JUSSI^EA. 

J.  repens,  L.,  var.  Californica,  is  J.  diffusa,  Forsk.,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  It  grows 
in  floating  masses  on  stagnant  water  or  along  the  edges  of  ponds. 

LUDWIGIA. 

L.  palustris,  Linn.,  is  Isnardia  palustris  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
acute,  6-12  lines  long:  sessile  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils:  petals  when  present,  minute. 
Muddy  borders  of  ponds  or  watercourses. 

ZAUSCHNERIA. 

Z.  Californica,  Presl.  Decumbent  stems,  often  many  together,  from  a  woody  base, 
Branching,  more  or  less  hairy:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate.  Blossoming  from  June  to 
December.  (See  the  figure  on  the  left  above.) 

Prof.  Greene  makes  several  species  of  this  variable  plant. 


40 


ONAGRACE^E. 


Epilooium  paniculatum. 


EPILOBIUM. 

E.  rigidum,  Haus&knecht.  Cespitose  perennial,  a  span  or 
two  high:  leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate,  acute,  entire,  often 
oblique,  narrowed  into  short-winged  petioles,  very  glaucous; 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  small  upper  leaves  which  are  often 
adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  peduncles:  ovary  densely  white-glan- 
dular: petals  7-10  lines  long:  stigma  very  large.  S.  W.  Oregon, 
as  is  also  the  var.  canescens.  which  is  densely  velvety-canes- 
cent. 

E.  palustre,  Linn.  Perennial,  a  foot  or  less  high,  canescent 
above  with  incurved  hairs:  leaves  mostly  opposite,  evidently 
veined,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  or  almost  truncate:  flowers 
small,  the  calyx-tube  funnelform:  stigma  club-shaped.  State  of 
Washington. 

E.  adenocaulon,  Hausskn.  Perennial.  Branches  upcurving,  glandular-hairy 
above;  leaves  elliptical  to  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  serrulate,  rather  pale  green  and 
glossy:  flowers  2  or  3  lines  broad:  stigma  club-shaped. 

E.  Calif or nicum,  Hausskn.  Taller  than  the  preceding,  inflorescence  and  buds 
white,  with  long  ascending  hairs:  leaves  often  3  or  4  inches  long,  lanceolate,  remotely 
serrulate:  flowers  few,  2  or  3  lines  broad:  slender  fruiting  peduncles  sometimes  equal- 
ing the  leaves. 

E.  brevistylum,  Barbay.  Slender*  a  foot  high:  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  elliptical, 
an  inch  long  or  more:  flowers  2  lines  broad:  pods  2  in.  long. 

E.  ursinum,  Parish.  A  foot  high  or  less,  slender,  hairy  below,  minutely  glandular 
above:  leaves  mostly  opposite,  about  an  inch  long,  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  serrate: 
flowers  white  or  lavender,  2  lines  broad:  pods  15  lines  long  on  peduncles  half  as  long. 

E.  Hornemanni,  Reich.  A  span  or  two  high,  slightly  hairy  above;  leaves  an  inch 
long,  elliptical,  ovate,  obtuse:  flower  3  or  4  lines  broad,  lilac  to  violet:  pods  about  2 
inches  long  on  peduncles  equaling  the  subtending  leaves. 

E.  Oregonense,  H;iusskn.  A  span  high,  with  flowerless  shoots  at  the  base:  leaves 
8-12  lines  long,  crowded  below,  remote,  and  very  small  above,  oblong  to  linear  obtuse : 
flowers  3  lines  broad,  violet:  pods  2  inches  long  on  peduncles  nearly  as  long. 

E.  clavatum,  Trelease.  A  span  high,  densely  cespitose,  glabrous:  leaves  divergent:  5- 
10  lines  long,  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse:  flowers  2  lines  broad,  rose  color:  pods  an  in.  long. 

E.  holosericeum,  Trel.  Rather  woody,  loosely  branched,  upper  leaves  and  branches 
canescent,  with  sub-appressed  hairs:  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  remotely  serrulate; 
flowers  pale,  2  lines  broad:  pods  2^  inches  long  on  peduncles  6  lines  long. 

GAYOPTYUM. 

G.  lasiospermum,  Greene.  Erect,  very  slender,  1  or  2  feet  hiyh,  with  numerous 
dichotomous  branches:  corolla  1|  lines  long,  rose  color:  seeds  canescent,  with  appressed 
silky  hairs  (hence  the  name).  San  Diego  Co.,  northward. 


ONAGRACE^. 


41 


EULOBUS. 

CEnothera  leptocarpa,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.t  is 
Eulobus  Californica.  Southern  Coast. 

CENOTHERA. 

CE.  Hookeri,  T.  &  G.  Biennial:  stem  red,  stout, 
angular,  3-6  feet  high:  petals  nearly  1^  inches  long, 
obcordate,  pale  yellow  turning  to  rose  color.  Com- 
mon in  the  southern  counties.  Probably  a  variety 
of  OS,  biennis. 

CE.  grandiflora,  Ait.  Differing  from  (E.  biennis 
by  its  larger,  almost  scentless  flowers,  declined 
stamens,  stigma  lobes  yellow,  not  green.  This  may 
be  considered  the  cultivated  form  of  (E.  liennis. 

CE.  arguta,  Greene.  Perennial,  stems  slender, 
about  a  foot  high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  dentate, 
2-4  inches  long,  sessile:  calyx  tube  1^  inches  long: 
petals  as  long,  deeply  obcordate,  bright  yellow 
turuing  to  orange.  Moist  ground  near  Monterey 
and  southward. 

(E.  nitida,  Greene  (§  3).  Decumbent  branches, 
a  foot  long  or  less,  very  rigid:  leaves  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  rather  fleshy,  dark,  lustrous  green: 
petals  6  lines  long:  anthers  linear-oblong,  fixed,  al- 
most in  the  middle:  capsule  10  lines  long,  acutely 
angled.  Monterey  Bay,  Abbott. 

CE.  hirtella,  Greene  (§  3).  Erect,  simple,  or 
branches  from  the  base,  6-10  inches  high,  purplish, 
short  hairy:  radical  leaves,  oblanceolate,  denticu- 
late, 1|  inches  long:  stem  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  \ 
inch  long,  coarsely  toothed  and  more  or  less  crisped: 
petals  a  line  long  or  more:  capsule  hairy,  attenuate 
upward,  once  or  twice  coiled.  Interior  hills. 

CE.  spiralis,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  is  CE.  cheiran- 
thifolia  and  (E.  campestris  is  CE.  dentata.  CE. 
gaureefolia  has  white  or  pink  flowers  half  an  inch 
broad. 


CEnothera  ovata. 
S—  Surface  of  ground, 
r— Rootstock. 


42  LOASACE^. 

GODETIA. 

G.  micropetala,  Greene.  Erect,  1-3  feet  high:  spike  rather  short:  calyx  tube  2 
lines  long,  segments  4  lines,  the  slender  tips  twisted  in  the  bud:  petals  linear-lanceolate, 
3  lines  long:  stigma  purple:  capsule  sessile.  Contra  Costa  Co. 

G.  rubicunda,  of  the  Bay -Reg.  Bot.,  may  be  a  variety  of  Q.  Amo&na. 

CLARKIA  and  EUCHABIDIUM. 

In  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  Eucharidium  is  put  under  Clarkia.  C.  grandiflora  is  proba- 
bly a  more  branching  and  larger  flowered  form  of  Eucliaridiuxn  concinnum.  E. 
Breweri  is  the  rarest  and  most  beautiful  of  the  genus.  It  was  discovered  on  Mt.  Oso 
in  Stanislaus  Co.,  and  has  been  collected  at  the  Geysers  and  on  Mt.  Hamilton.  The 
flowers  have  air  almost  perfectly  square  outline,  the  long  middle  lobes  of  the  petals 
forming  the  angles. 

BOISDUVAUA. 

B.  glabella,  Walp.  A  span  or  two  high:  leaves  ovate- lanceolate,  serrulate,  bluish, 
densely  soft-hairy  to  glabrous,  5  lines  long:  flowers  in  a  terminal,  leafy  spike,  or  some 
in  the  lower  axils,  about  a  line  long. 

LOASACE^E. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough-barbed  hairs;  no  stipules, 
calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  128. 

MENTZELIA. 

Calyx  cylindrical  to  ovoid;  the  persistent  limb  5-toothed.  Petals  5  or  10:  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx:  filaments  free  or  in 
clusters  opposite  the  petals,  filiform  or  the  outer  petaloid.  Style  3-cleft,  the  lobes 
often  twisted.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  piunatifid;  flowers 
white  to  yellow  or  orange. 

M.  affinis,  Greene.  Similar  to  M.  dispersa,  but  stouter,  often  2  feet  high,  simple 
and  leafy  below,  widely  branching  above:  leaves  lanceolate,  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid: 
flowers  6  lines  broad:  capsule  an  inch  long,  slender. 

M.  pectinata,  Kell.  Stem  usually  simple,  4-8  inches  high,  clothed  like  the  leaves 
with  barbed  hairs:  flowers  deep  yellow,  an  inch  broad:  petals  mostly  obcordate,  with  a 
minute  cusp  in  the  sinus:  stamens  numerous,  half  as  long  as  the  petals.  Marysville 
Buttes  southward. 

Li.  Isevicaulis  is  perhaps  always  found  on  the  flood  beds  of  streams.  Its  flowers 
have  narrow  petals,  lacking  the  satiny  luster  which  marks  the  other  large  flowered 
species. 


ARALIACE.E.  43 

CUCURBITACE.33. 

Tendril-bearing,  trailing,  or  climbing  herbs,  usually  rough  and  rather  succulent. 
Flowers  axillary  to  alternate  leaves,  solitary  or  clustered,  mouoacious.  Calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Corolla  with  united  petals.  Stamens  usually  3, 
united.  Pistil  2-3  carpeled.  Squashes  and  pumpkins,  natives  of  America,  with  melons, 
cucumbers  and  gourds,  natives  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  are  the  common  cultivated 
plants  of  this  order.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  129. 


DATISCACEJE. 

In  our   genus,  stout,  glabrous,  dioecious,   perennial  herbs,  with  laciniate-pinnatifid 
leaves,  the  greenish  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils.     Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  129. 


CACTACEJE. 

Green,  fleshy,  and  thickened,  persistent  (though  mostly  herb-like),  usually  leafless 
plants;  globular  or  columnar,  or  jointed  and  often  flattened,  usually  armed  with  bundles 
of  spines  from  the  axils  of  absent  leaves.  Flowers  with  numerous  sepals,  petals,  and 
stamens,  the  cohering  bases  of  all  coating  the  inferior  1 -celled  ovary,  and  forming  above 
it  a  tube  or  cup:  style  1  with  several  stigmas.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  129. 


FICOIDE^E. 

Usually  very  succulent  plants  with  opposite  leaves.  (In  our  plants  Mollugo  is  not 
succulent,  and  Tetragonia  has  alternate  leaves.)  Petals  and  stamens  various,  the  former 
often  wanting:  carpels  2  to  many.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  130 

TETRAGONIA. 

T.  expansa,  Murr.,  a  native  of  New  Zealand,  and  cultivated  under  the  name  of 
New  Zealand  Spinach,  is  apparently  a  native  of  our  coast,  growing  on  the  shore  of  San 
Francisco  Bay.  It  is  described  as  follows  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Perennial,  with  alternate, 
plane,  fleshy  leaves,  and  axillary,  greenish,  apetalous  flowers:  fruit  4-horned,  about  \ 
inch  long,  scarcely  as  broad. 

ARALIACE^E. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  mostly  stout,  hollow  stems,  and  alternate  lobed  or 
compound  leaves.  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  which  are  often  arranged  paniculately  or 


44  CORNACE^. 

racemose!}7-  calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  petals  5-10:  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many:  ovary  more  than  2-celled. 

A  tall  herb:  leaves  bipinnate  or  pinnate,  very  large:  pedicels  jointed 1 

Stem  woody,  prickly,  6-12  feet  high:  leaves  palmately  lobed:  pedicels  not  jointed.  . .   2 

1.     ARALIA,  Linnaeus. 
1.     A.  Californica,  Watson.     Root  large,  aromatic,  used  medicinally.     (Spikenard.) 

2.     FATSIA,  Bentham  &  Hooker. 
1.     F.  horrida,  B.  &  H.     Common  in  the  forests  of  Oregon  and  northward. 

UMBELLIFER^E. 

Herbs  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  stamens  and  petals  5,  borne  on  a  2-celled  ovary 
which  in  fruit  splits  into  a  pair  of  dry,  usually  flat,  indehiscent  carpels.  Since  the 
generic  distinctions  depend  upon  characters  of  fruit  and  seed  difficult  of  determination, 
the  plants  of  this  order  are  not  here  described. 

CORNACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  entire  mainly  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  flowers  in  cymes,  capitate  clusters  or  spikes;  the  petals  and  stamens  4,  epigynous; 
calyx  adnate  to  the  1-2  celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  drupe  or  berry.  Key  to  genera 
and  species,  p.  131. 

CORNUS. 

C.  stolonifera,  Michx.  Stems  numerous,  clustered,  decumbent,  forming  a  low 
thicket:  twigs  nearly  glabrous,  red- purple:  leaves  mostly  oval  or  oblong,  acute:  cymes 
small,  flat-topped:  fruit  white,  globose,  stone  furrowed  on  the  edges.  Trinity  Mts., 
C.  C.  Marshall. 

C.  Baileyi,  C.  &  E.  Stone  twice  as  long  as  high,  flattened  edge,  furrowed.  Castle 
Rock,  Columbia  River. 


DIVISION  2.    GAMOPETAL.E. 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

Shrubs,  trees,  woody  climber  or  trailing  plants.  Leaves  opposite:  calyx  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  the  limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete:  corolla  4-5  lobed  or  cleft:  ovary  2-5  celled: 
fruit  a  berry.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  131. 

SAMBUCUS. 

S.  maritima,  of  the  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  seems  to  be  only  a  form  of  S.  glauca;  and  S. 
callicarpa,  Greene,  is  S.  racemosa  of  this  book,  an  Old  World  species,  probably 
distinct  from  ours,  making  Greene's  the  better  name  for  the  Red-fruited  Elder. 

SYMPHOBICABPOS. 

S.  ciliatus,  Nutt.,  is  the  name  given,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  to  the  small  Snowberry  of 
the  Oakland  Hills,  which  is  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  S.  racemosus,  the  most  common 
species,  or,  perhaps,  the  only  one  of  the  Coast  Ranges. 

LONICEBA.     (CAPBIFOLIUM,  in  Bay- Beg.  Bot.) 

Li.  interrupta,  Benth.,  is  distinguished  from  !L.  hispidula  (in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.)  by 
erect  bushy  habit,  white  bark  of  branches,  and  glabrous  yellow  flowers,  smaller. 

L.  Ledebourii,  Esch.,  is  distinguished  in  Flora  Frandscana  from  L.  involucrata  by 
larger  size,  often  10-15  feet  high,  while  the  latter  is  only  2  or  3  feet  high:  more  gibbous 
corolla,  salverform  rather  than  funnelform,  and  orange  to  scarlet,  instead  of  yellowish. 
Named  Distegia  LedebQurii  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 

Li.  subspicata,  H.  &  A.  Bushy,  many  branched,  densely  glandular-hairy,  except 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves,  which  are  small,  narrowly  oblong,  tapering  to  a  petiole, 
none  of  them  stipulate  or  connate:  corolla  6  lines  long,  yellowish.  Usually  considered 
a  variety  of  L.  hispidula. 

KUBIACE^B. 

Known  by  having  opposite  entire  leaves  with  intervening  stipules,  or  whorled  leaves 
without  stipules,  along  with  an  inferior  ovary  and  regular  4-5  merous  flowers;  the 
teeth  of  the  calyx  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  borne  on  its  tube,  distinct.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  133. 

[45] 


46  COMPOSITE. 

Sherardia  arvensis,  Lian.,  an  introduced  weed,  called  in  England  Field  Madder, 
has  been  found  at  Berkeley  by  Professor  Greene.  A  small  annual,  about  6  inches  high, 
bearing  leaves  in  whorls  of  6:  flowers  small,  blue  or  pink,  in  little  terminal  heads  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad,  deeply  lobed  involucre. 

GALIUM. 

G.  spurium,  Linn.  Distinguished  from  G.  aparine  by  pale  green  flowers  and 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

G.  Anglicuxn,  Huds.  Distinguished  from  these  by  greenish  flowers  followed  by 
fruit,  not  rough,  with  hooked  hairs.  All  three  introduced  from  the  Old  World. 
Perhaps  better  considered  varieties  of  G.  Aparine. 

VALERIANACEJE. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules:  the  distinct  stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  and  borne  on  its  tube:  the  inferior  ovary  with  two  empty  cells,  and  one  con- 
taining a  solitary  ovule,  ripening  into  a  kind  of  akene.  Key  to  genera  and  species, 
p.  133. 

DIPS  AC  ACE  JE. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads,  each  flower 
inclosed  in  a  tubular  in volucel,  and  subtended  by  a  bract.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary: 
corolla  4-5  lobed,  bearing  stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes:  fruit  crowned  with  the  calyx 
limb,  1  seeded.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  134. 

Scabiosa  atropurpurea,  Linn.,  has  run  wild  in  some  localities.  It  may  be  known 
by  its  pinnate  leaves  and  heads  of  black-purple  or  lighter  colored  flowers,  even  white, 
the  outer  circles  larger,  and  the  calyx  in  fruit  stem-like  above  the  akenes,  with  5 
spreading  bristle-like  lobes.  Commonly  called  Mourning  Bride. 


COMPOSITES. 

Flowers,  usually  many  in  a  dense  head,  sessile,  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded 
by  a  calyx-like  involucre:  the  calyx  reduced  to  hairs  or  scales,  or  obsolete:  the  corolla 
tubular,  equally  lobed,  ligulate  or  bilabiate,  the  5  stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into 
a  tube  inclosing  the  2-parted  style:  the  ovary  inferior,  forming  in  fruit  an  akene  which 
is  usually  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  (pappus). 

Sunflowers,  marigolds,  thistles,  and  dandelions  are  types  of  the  conspicuous  plants 
in  this  order.  This,  the  largest  of  all  the  orders,  is  represented  in  California  by  over 
500  species.  Although  the  flower  heads  are  frequently  large,  the  separate  flowers,  with 


LOBELIACE^E.  47 

but  few  exceptions,  are  too  small  to  be  examined  without  the  aid  of  a  microscope  skill- 
fully used.     The  order  is,  therefore,  far  too  difficult  for  the  beginner. 


LOBELIACEJE. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  milky  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  scattered  or  racemose 
flowers:  the  calyx  adherent  to  all  or  half  of  the  ovary:  the  corolla  more  or  less  irregular: 
the  stamens  united  into  a  tube  closely  inclosing  the  style:  stigma  commonly  SMobed. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  134. 

HOWELLIA,  Gray. 

H.  aquatilis,  Gr.  Aquatic:  submersed  leaves,  slender,  mostly  alternate,  entire; 
those  above  water  broader  and  shorter,  sometimes  1-2  toothed:  flowers  short- peduncled, 
axillary:  corolla  lobes  nearly  equal,  not  surpassing  the  calyx.  Ponds  on  Sauvies  Island, 
Columbia  River. 

H.  limosa,  Greene.  Weak  procumbent  branches,  6-12  inches  long,  leafy  and  florif- 
erous  throughout:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  6  lines  long:  corolla  white,  the 
wedge-shaped  divisions  a  line  long,  the  two  upper  narrower.  On  the  margins  of  pools 
near  Suisun. 

DOWNINGIA. 

In  Bay-Reg.  BoL,  the  following  species  are  described  under  the  generic  name  Bolelia: 
D.  insign^,  Greene.  Erect,  mostly  simple,  stems,  few  flowered:  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  6  lines  broad,  obovate,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  and  sides  sky  blue,  darker  veined,  the 
main  portion  white,  bearing  in  the  middle  two  oblong  green  spots:  upper  lip  merely 
bifid,  the  lobes  ascending  and  parallel:  throat  of  corolla  with  a  pair  of  yellow  folds  in 
a  field  of  dark  violet. 

D.  tricolor,  Greene.     Branches  weak  and  reclining:  lower  lip  of  corolla  parted  into 

3  equal,  broadly  obovate,  truncate,  and  slightly  cuspidate  lobes,  these  deep  blue  at  tip, 
white  below,  the  undivided  part  with  a  transverse,  somewhat   quadrate  spot  of  dark 
maroon:  upper  lip  of  two  small  segments  slightly  recurved,  parallel. 

D.  concolor,  Greene.  Numerous  branches,  forming  a  dense  tuft:  corolla  all  violet, 
but  base  of  lower  lip  very  dark,  bordered  by  lighter  blue,  the  lobes  slightly  unequal, 
very  obtuse  and  somewhat  cuspidate,  upper  lip  cleft  to  the  middle  only. 

D.  ornatissima,  Greene.     Taller  than  the  preceding,  6-10  inches  high:  corolla  pale, 

4  fold-like  protuberances  partly  filling  the  throat:   segments  of  the  upper  lip  coiled 
backward  into  a  ring,  the  corolla  tube  at  base  of  these  segments  abruptly  raised  into 
a  sharp  protuberance. 

D.  humilis,  Greene.  Only  an  inch  high:  segments  of  the  calyx  unequal,  exceeding 
the  minute  white  corolla. 


48 

D.  cuspidata  (Greene).  [Determined  since  the  publication  of  Bay-Reg.  Bot.]  Erect, 
slender,  6  inches  high  or  more,  with  few  and  small  leaves  and  few  remote  flowers:  lower 
lip  of  corolla  nearly  6  lines  broad,  only  4  lines  deep,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  retuse,  or 
obcordate  with  a  cusp,  the  terminal  half  violet,  the  base  white;  the  undivided  part  of 
the  lip  yellow,  without  folds,  protuberances  or  depressions:  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  1^ 
lines  long,  cuspidate,  straight,  violet.  Sonoma  and  Napa  Go's. 


CAMPANULACEJE. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and  regular  flowers,  having  the  calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  distinct  stamens  (5,  rarely  4)  inserted  with  the  corolla,  alternate 
with  its  lobes:  calyx  persistent.  Stamens  with  introrse  anthers,  opening  in  the  bud. 
Style  single,  its  upper  portion  beset  with  hairs  which  collect  the  pollen,  its  summit  2-5- 
lobed  or  cleft.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  135. 

Specular ia  is  Triodanis,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 

GITHOPSIS. 

Gr.  diffusa,  Gray.  Slender,  diffusely  branching,  glabrous:  calyx-lobes  subulate- 
lanceolate,  half  the  length  of  the  slender  sessile  pod.  Vaca  Mts.  and  southward. 


ERICACEAE. 

« 

Woody  plants  or  perennial  herbs,  with  symmetrical  and  mostly  regular  flowers:  the 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  with 
but  rarely  upon  it:  the  anthers  2-celled,  and  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore;  the 
ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  or  calyx:  the  seeds  small. 
Corolla  generally  gamopetalous,  sometimes  of  distinct  petals,  the  insertion  and  that  of 
the  stamens  hypogynous,  or  when  the  calyx  is  adnate  epigynous  around  an  annular 
disk.  Style  single.  Leaves  simple.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  136. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

A.  myrtifolia,  Parry.  Widely  branching  from  the  base,  1-3  feet  high:  leaves  entire, 
ovate,  4-10  lines  long,  3-4  lines  wide,  acute  at  both  ends  with  a  thickened  margin. 
Growing  in  patches  on  gravelly  ridges  east  of  lone,  Amador  Co. 

A.  manzanita,  Parry.  Varying  in  size  from  a  small  shrub  to  a  tree,  25  feet  high, 
with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter:  leaves  petiolate  from  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate, 
usually  obtuse:  pedicels  smooth:  calyx  lobes  orbicular:  corolla  broad:  filaments  slightly 
hairy:  fruit  4-6  lines  broad,  3  lines  high,  changing  from  dull  white  to  red-brown:  early 


PRIMULACEJE.  49 

lowering,  often  in  bloom  in  the  Bay  counties  011  Christmas.  According  to  Parry,  this 
is  the  species  which  has  heretofore  been  called  A.  pungens  which  is  a  Mexican  species. 

A.  viscida,  Parry.  Distinguished  from  A.  glauca  by  very  viscid  pedicels  which 
are  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  the  bracts  which  are  also  viscid:  flowers  light  pink:  fruit 
flattened,  3  lines  broad,  2  lines  high.  Foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Central 
California  northward. 

A.  Stanfordiana,  Parry.  Low,  branching,  3-5  feet  high:  leaves  bright  green  on 
both  sides,  narrowly  ovate  to  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  narrowly  winged  petiole: 
inflorescence  smooth:  calyx  deep  red:  corolla  pink:  style  becoming  exserted.  Near 
Calistoga,  Napa  Co.  Named  for  Leland  Stanford,  Jr. 

RHODODENDRON. 

R.  Somonense,  Greene.  Shrub  2-5  feet  high;  leaves  nearly  elliptical,  1  in.  long  or 
less,  the  margin  serrulate  and  ciliolate:  flowers  rose-color,  an  inch  long  or  more.  (Per- 
haps a  var.  of  R.  occidentale.)  Sonoma  Co.  (Hence  the  name.) 

Gaultheria  is  Brossaea,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 

NEWBERRYA. 

According  to  rules  of  nomenclature  likely  to  prevail  this  generic  name  must  give 
place  to  Hemitotes,  which  Gray  first  gave  to  the  plant  discovered  by  Newberry.  H. 
pumilum,  described  by  Greene,  is  exactly  N.  congesta  of  this  Key.  (Collected  in 
Mendocino  Co.  by  W.  G.  Wright.) 


'  LENNOACE^E, 

Fleshy  root-parasites.  Parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  more  than  5:  stamens  ad- 
herent up  to  the  throat  of  the  tubular  corolla.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  140. 

PLUMBAGINACEJE . 

Seashore  herbs,  with  radical  leaves.  .Flowers  regular,  all  the  parts  in  fives:  calyx 
5-plaited,  5- toothed,  persistent:  petals  with  long  claws  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base: 
Stamens  opposite  the  petals.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  140. 

Statice  Limonium,  var.  Californica,  is  Limonium  commune,  var.  Californi- 
cum,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  and  Armeria  vulgaris  is  Statice  Armeria. 

PKIMULACE^E . 

Herbs,  with  perfect,  regular  flowers,  well  marked,  by  having  the  stamens  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  opposite  to  them,  inserted  on  its  tube:  a  single  entire  style 
Botany  —  4 


50  APOCYNACE.E. 

and  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary,  and  capsular  fruit.  Calyx  4-8  cleft,  commonly  5-cleft, 
hypogynous:  leaves  simple:  stipules  none.  In  Glaux  the  corolla  is  wanting:  stamens  on 
the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  141. 

DODECATHEON. 

Species  of  this  genus  are  described  under  the  generic  name  Meadia.  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 
and  the  variety  with  cream-colored  flowers  is  there  named  Meadia  patula.  The  many, 
forms  of  this  genus  may  well  bear  one  specific  name. 

ANDROSACE,  Matthiolus. 

A.  acuta,  Greene.  Very  slender,  1-4  inches  high,  rough-hairy:  leaves  radical, 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  6-9  lines  long:  flowers  in  an  involucrate  umbel  on  a  scape: 
corolla  salverform,  white. 

Trientalis  is  Alsinanthexnum  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot 


STYRACACE^E. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  a  calyx  adherent  at  least  to  the  base  of 
the  ovary:  stamens  usually  at  least  twice  the  number  of  corolla  lobes  and  more  or  less 
united  to  each  other  and  to  the  corolla.  In  our  species  the  white  downy  flowers  are 
about  an  inch  broad,  and  the  filaments  are  united  nearly  half  their  length.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  142. 


This,  the  Olive  Family,  is  represented  on  the  Pacific  Coast  by  two  ash  trees,  which 
may  be  known  by  opposite  pinnate  leaves,  leaflets  5-9,  oval  to  oblong,  the  fruit  a  winged 
akene.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  142. 


APOCYNACE^E. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  regular  5-merous  flowers.  Ovaries 
2,  but  stigmas  united  and  the  anthers  adherent.  Seeds  in  our  species  bearing  a  tuft  of 
silky  down  at  the  end.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  142. 

APOCYNUM. 

A.  pumilum,  Greene.  Commonly  hairy:  lowest  leaves  subreniform  to  round-ovate, 
ovate,  the  others  cordate-ovate  and  oval,  rarely  more  than  an  inch  long:  corolla  sub- 


POLEMONIACE^.  51 

• 

cylindrical,  3-4  lines  long,  the  segments  scarcely  spreading.     Monte  Diablo  Range  and 
northward. 

ASCLEPIADACEJE. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers,  with  the  parts  in  fives, 
except  that  there  are  two  carpels  with  distinct  ovaries  and  a  common  stigma  to  which 
the  stamens  are  attached;  the  latter  (in  our  genera)  with  hood-like  appendages:  leaves 
entire,  generally  opposite,  sometimes  whorled:  flowers  usually  in  simple  umbels:  fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles.  Seeds  almost  always  with  a  coma  of  silky  down.  Key  to  genera 
and  species,  p.  142. 

ASCLEPIAS. 

In  Bay -Reg.  Bot.,  A.  Californica,  Greene,  is  Gomphocarpus  tomentosus,  of  this 
book,  A.  ecornuta  is  Gomphocarpus  cordifolius,  and  instead  of  Schiznotus, 
Greene  writes  Solanoa.  The  latter  plant  grows  near  the  Geysers  of  Sonoma  Co. — 
where  it  was  first  collected  by  G.  B.  Towle — and  on  the  mountains  north  of  Clear  Lake. 
Its  ved  flowers  and  often  prostrate  habit  make  it  a  noticeable  plant  in  the  order.  It 
may  well  be  called  Towle's  Milkweed. 

GENTIANACE^E. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  colorless,  bitter  juice,  entire,  opposite  and  sessile  leaves:  no 
stipules,  perfect  and  regular  flowers:  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube,  the  anthers  free  from  the  stigma:  ovary 
1 -celled:  style  one  or  none:  the  stigmas  commonly  two.  Calyx  persistent.  Key  to 
genera  and  species,  p.  143. 

POLEMONIACE^E. 

Chiefly  herbs  with  simple  or  divided  leaves,  and  no  stipules:  all  the  parts  of  the  regu- 
lar flower  five,  except  the  pistil,  which  has  a  3-celled  ovary  and  a  3-lobed  style.  Calyx 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent:  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud:  stamens  on  the  corolla 
alternate  with  its  lobes,  distinct:  anthers  introrse.  In  Gilia  the  cells  of  the  ovary  arid 
the  stigmas  are  occasionally  reduced  to  two.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  145. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  define  the  genera  of  this  order.  If  we  arrange  all  our  species 
in  groups  according  to  their  affinities  these  groups  interlace  more  or  less  deeply.  In 
other  words,  one  or  more  species  are  common  to  two  or  more  groups.  Therefore,  when 
we  separate  these  groups  under  generic  names  there  are  species  that  might  as  well  be 
put  in  one  as  the  other  of  adjacent  genera.  Before  many  of  these  troublesome  inter- 
mediate species  (connecting  links)  were  known,  botanists  easily  made  out  a  dozen  or 


52  POLEMONIACE^E. 

• 

more  genera.  When  the  first  edition  of  this  Key  was  published  in  188G,  Dr.  Asa  Gray 
reduced  the  genera  to  three.  Since  then  Prof.  Greene  has  grouped  our  species  under 
six  genera  in  his  Manual  of  Bay  Region  Botany. 

GILIA. 

In  Bay-Reg.  Bit.,  sections  Dactylophyllum,  Linanthus  and  Leptosiphon  of  this  book 
form  the  genus  Linanthus,  in  which  Ii.  fllipes  is  G.  pusilla,  var.  Californica;  L. 
grandiflorus  is  G.  densiflora;  L.  bicolor  is  G.  tenella,  and  three,  perhaps  good 
species,  forms  that  have  usually  been  put  with  G.  androsacea,  viz:  L.  parviflorus, 
L.  acicularis,  and  L.  rosaceus;  the  first  a  common  slender  form  with  pale  yellow  or 
white  corolla,  tinged  outside  with  red  or  brown;  the  second  with  golden  yellow  flowers, 
and  the  third,  the  rather  stout  short'  form  with  rose-red  flowers,  so  common  on  the  San 
Francisco  peninsula. 

The  following  new  species,  not  of  the  Bay  Region,  should  appear  under  Gilia,  as 
follows: 

G.  serrulata,  Greene.  Freely  and  almost  diffusely  branched,  6  or  8  inches  high: 
leaf-segments  and  floral  bracts  all  linear- acerose,  the  margins  spinulose-serrate:  calyx 
segments  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  with  slender,  dark-purple,  not 
far  exserted  tube,  and  narrowly  funnelform  throat,  the  limb  of  oblong-spatulate  white 
segments,  9  lines  broad. 

G.  montana,  Greene.  Habit  of  G.  ciliata,  but  larger,  less  hispid:  corolla  much 
larger,  nearly  2  inches  long,  the  tube  widening  to  a  broadly  funnelform  purple  throat: 
segments  of  the  limb  cuueate-obovate,  truncate  whitish. 

G.  nudata,  Greene.  Slender,  3-10  inches  high,  branches  few:  leaves  8  lines  long, 
distant:  flowers  in  dense  clusters:  corolla  tube  long,  exserted,  short  yellow  throat,  and 
white  or  purplish  limb,  6  lines  broad.  Lake  Co. 

In  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  the  species  of  §  Navarretia  are  put  in  the  genus  Navarritia,  to 
which  are  added  two  new  species — N.  parvula,  Greene,  and  N.  mellita,  Greene 
These  would  here  be  described  under  Gilia,  viz: 

G.  parvula,  Greene.  Branching,  2-4  inches  high,  very  viscid  and  aromatic:  lowest 
leaves  linear,  entire:  the  upper  broader,  with  teeth  or  segments:  corolla  about  4  lines 
long,  broadly  tubular-funnelform,  light  blue:  stamens  very  unequal,  the  2  posterior 
included,  the  3  anterior  long  exserted  and  declined. 

G.  mellita,  Greene.  Slender,  2-5  inches  high,  very  viscid  and  honey-scented  (hence 
the  name):  lowest  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  spine-like  segme»ts,  those  of  the  upper 
broader  but  spine-tipped:  corolla  minute,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  bluish:  stamens 
included.  Belmont,  San  Mateo  Co.  Summer  blooming. 

To  the  preceding  may  be  added  the  following,  published  under  the  name  Navarretia, 
not  in  Bay  Reg.  Bot. : 


POLEMONIACE.E.  53 

G.  nigellaeformis,  Greene.  Habit  of  G.  cotulaefolia:  flower  clusters  conspicuously 
involucrate,  the  bracts  broad  and  divided  into  bristle-like  segments:  2  larger  calyx-lobes 
bristly  pinnatifid,  the  others  3,  with  puugeut  teeth:  corolla  deep  yellow,  with  5  purple 
or  crimson  spots  in  the  funnelform  throat.  Near  Visalia,  Dr.  T.  J.  Patterson. 

G.  mitracarpa,  Greene.  Depressed  and  diffuse,  hairy,  .the  inflorescence  glandular, 
leaves  rigid  and  pungent,  with  about  2  pairs  of  2-parted  basal  segments,  and  a  lanceo- 
late toothed  terminal  one:  2  calyx-lobes  with  a  spinulose  tooth  on  each  side,  3  entire 
and  shorter:  pod  1 -seeded.  Lake  Co. 

G.  prolifera,  Greene.  Erect,  spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  rather  large 
capitate  flower  clusters,  the  slender,  naked,  wiry  branches  radiating  from  beneath  the 
earlier  clusters  and  ending  in  similar  heads:  leaves  an  inch  long,  glabrous,  linear-fili- 
form, entire,  or  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  segments  at  the  base:  calyx  and  pungent  bracts 
whitish  with  a  viscid  wool:  calyx-tubes  thin-membranous,  longer  than  the  teeth:  corolla 
almost  salyerform,  purplish  or  blue  with  a  yellow  throat. 

G.  tagetina,  Greene.  Stems  mostly  strict  and  simple,  a  foot  or  more  high,  spar- 
ingly leafy,  glabrous,  glandless:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-9  linear  segments  which 
are  spinulose- toothed  or  pinnatifid:  bracts  divided  into  rigid  pungent  lobes,  whitish 
hairy  below:  calyx  segments  very  unequal,  the  2  larger  pinnately,  the  3  smaller  nearly 
palmately  parted  into  ridged  filiform  divisions:  corolla  very  slender,  9  lines  long:  ovules 
many. 

G.  foliacea,  Greene.  Similar  to  G.  atractyloides,  but  odorless,  more  diffuse  and 
leafy,  less  spinose,  the  calyx-lobes  very  unequal:  corolla  white,  little  surpassing  the 
calyx. 

Under  Navarretia  Greene  describes  G.  cotulaefolia  of  this  book,  as  "rigid,  4-8 
inches  high,  somewhat  glandular:  leaves  twice  pinnatifid  into  slender,  herbaceous,  soft 
and  innocuous  segments,  the  uppermost  ones  and  the  bracts  decidedly  spinescent: 
flowers  white,  4-merous.  A  peculiar  soft-leaved  and  scentless  species."  Greene  also 
decides  that  G.  pubescens,  Benth.,  which  has  been  confounded  with  G.  cotulaefolia, 
Benth.,  is  a  good  species,  which  may  be  distinguished  by  leaf  segments,  all  with  sharp 
and  stiff  teeth  or  lobes:  calyx  teeth  all  pungent,  3  small  and  entire,  2  twice  as  large  and 
toothed:  corolla  deep  blue  or  purple,  9  lines  long:  stamens  exserted:-  odor  strong,  goat- 
like.  G.  viscidula,  Gr.,  var.  heterodoxa,  Gr.,  is  considered  a  good  species  by 
Greene,  and  is  thus  distinguished.  Extremely  viscid,  the  odor  like  that  of  a  skunk: 
stamens  exserted  and  declined. 

Gilia  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  contains  only  species  found  in  this  book  under  §  7,  Hugelia, 
and  §  9,  Eugelia.  G.  gilioides  is  G.  glutinosa  of  this  book.  Collomia  includes 
one  each  of  §  11,  Courtoisia,  and  §  12,  Collomia.  G.  graciles  of  the  last  section 
is  Phlox  gracilis  in  Greene's  book. 

G.  leptalea,  Greene.  Distinguished  from  G.  capillaris  by  being  less  glandular, 
less  leafy  and  the  leaves  narrower,  more  slender  and  divergent  branches  and  a  much 


54  HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 

larger  corolla,  fully  6  lines  long  of  a  rich  red-purple,  while  that  of  the  latter  species 

with  which  it  has  been  confused  is  barely  2  lines,  long  and  white  or  pale  purple. 

These  species  were  first  clearly  distinguished  by  Prof.  Greene  in  Erythea,  Mar.  1896. 

G.  millefoliata,  Fisch  &  Mey.,  is  according  to  Greene  distinguished  from  G.  multi- 
caulis  most  obviously  by  the  corolla,  that  of  the  latter  dark  violet  throughout  and 
much  larger  than  the  2- colored  corolla  of  the  former,  which  has  white  or  bluish  lobes, 
the  throat  with  5  dark  spots. 

G.  abrotanifolia,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous,  1-2  ft.  high,  simple  or  a  few  branches, 
these  and  the  upper  main  stem  naked  and  pedunculiform  bearing  a  terminal  dense 
cymose  cluster  of  large  blue  flowers:  calyx  membranous  except  the  midribs:  stameus 
scarcely  exserted.  Santa  Inez  Mts. 

G.  Chamissonis,  Greene,  should,  if  the  author  of  the  name  is  correct,  displace 
G.  achillaefolia  of  this  book  and  Bay-Reg.  Rot.,  because  the  latter  name  was  given  by 
Bentham  to  a  large  form  of  G.  multicaulis,  while  the  plant  heretofore  known  under 
that  name  was  named  Polemonium  capitatum  by  Eschscholtz. 

G.  staminea,  Greene  must  according  to  the  above  take  the  place  of  G.  capitata. 

G.  Rawsoniana,  (Greene)  stems  clustered  from  a  perennial  root,  a  foot  high  or 
more,  sparingly  branched,  soft-hairy,  viscid:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate 
above:  flowers  glomerate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  corolla  bright  salmon-color  to 
orange,  18  lines  long,  tubular-funnel-form,  segments  acute.  High  valleys  Fresno  Co. 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Peckenpah  (nee  Rawson). 


HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

Inflorescence  usually  scorpioid;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  5-androus,  the  two  styles 
distinct  at  least  at  the  apex,  except  in  Romanzoffia  which  has  the  stigmas  as  well  as  the 
styles  united.  Ovary  commonly  hispid  or  hirsute,  at  least  at  the  top.  Mostly  herbs, 
with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  In  one  of  our  genera  the 
plants  are  shrubs,  and  in  another  they  are  more  or  less  woody  at  the  base.  Key  to 
genera  and  species  p.  149. 

ELLISIA. 

Ellisia  membranacea  is  in  Ray-Reg.  Bot.  Nemophila  membranacea ;  and  E. 
chrysanthemifolia  is  Eucrypta  chrysanthemifolia. 

NEMOPHILA. 

N.  pedunculata,  Benth.  Only  2-4  inches  high:  corolla  2  lines  or  less  in  width, 
white  with  purple  veinlets. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^.  55 

N.  racemosa,  Nutt.  More  slender  than  N.  aurita,  leaves  shorter,  nearly  ovate  in 
outline  with  fewer  divisions  and  petiole  not  winged  or  with  clasping  base:  flowers  half 
as  large.— San  Diego. 

PHACELIA. 

§  1.     Euphacelia. 

P.  Circinata  is  P.  Californica  in  Ray-Reg.  Bot.     Probably  the  correct  name. 

P.  imbricata,  Greene.  (Next  to  P.  circinata).  Densely  leafy  at  base:  panicle  of 
racemes  in  pairs,  long  and  lax,  the  branches  widely  spreading:  fruiting  calyces  com- 
pressed and  closely  imbricated;  sepals  .unequal,  the  outer  and  larger  deltoid-ovate,  the 
others  ovate  oblong  and  ciliate. 

P.  nemoralis,  Greene.  Stout,  erect,  rather  widely  branching,  2-4  feet  high,  rough 
with  stinging  hairs,  leaves  simple  or  with  a  pair  (rarely  2  pairs)  of  small  leaflets  at  the 
base:  pods  2-seeded. 

P.  sauveolans,  Greene.  Annual,  branching  from  the  base:  soft,  hairy  and  viscid, 
sweet  scented:  stem  leaves  oval,  coarsely-toothed  an  inch  long  on  slender  petioles  of 
nearly  equal  length,  the  lower  leaves  with  some  lyrate  lobes  at  the  base  of  the  blade, 
corolla  bright  blue  funnel-form,  6  lines  long,  3  lines  broad:  sepals  spatulate,  3  lines 
long. — Sonoma  Co. 

P.  Eisenii,  Brandegee.  Annual,  short,  hairy,  branching  from  the  base  3-5  inches 
high:  leaves  6-10  lines  long  on  petioles  as  long,  elliptic-oblo.ng,  simple  or  with  a  few 
basal  lobes;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  twice  their  length:  corolla  about  three  lines 
long:  stamens  included:  styles  distinct. — Fresno  Co.  Dr.  Gustav  Eisen. 

P.  virgata,  Greene.  Stout,  strictly  erect.  2-3  feet  high,  leafy  at  base  and  to  the 
middle,  thence  virgate-racemose:  stem  covered  with  a  dense  plushy  coat  of  short  hairs, 
with  a  sparse  growth  of  bristly  hairs:  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  2-3  pairs  of  lobes,  a 
third  the  length  of  the  terminal  elliptic-lanceolate  segment,  appressed  hairy:  corolla 
small,  dull  yellowish:  pod  2-seeded. 

P.  leptostachya,  Greene.  Annual,  stout,  widely  branching,  the  branches  often  2 
feet  long,  roughish  with  a  sparse  growth  of  brownish  hairs,  slightly  viscid:  leaves  ample, 
the  lowest  tripinnatifid:  spikes  usually  solitary  at  intervals  throughout  the  plant,  in 
fruit  5-6  inches  long:  sepals  spatulate,  one  much  longer  and  twice  as  wide  at  the  tip  as 
the  others:  corolla  small,  little  surpassing  the  calyx,  dingy  greenish  white:  stamens 
much  exserted. — This  species  has  heretofore  been  called  P.  distans  or  P.  tanacetifolia. 
Prof.  Greene  in  Erythea.  Vol.  II.  p.  191,  thus  distinguishes  these  two  species:  "True  P. 
distans  is  one  of  the  commonest  and  most  widely  dispersed  of  Calif ornian  Phacelias. 
Its  stern  is  more  densely  and  quite  retrorsely  hispid.  Its  spikes  are  short  and  collected 
at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  many  branches  in  pairs  or  several  together.  Its  corolla  is 


56  HYDROPHYLLACE^:. 

very  broad  and  open,  and  of  a  lavender  color.     Its  calyx  is  less  unequal  than  that  of 
P.  leptostachya. "     (In  P.  tanacetifolia  the  sepals  are  equal.) 

§  4.    Eutoca. 

P.  verna,  Howell.  Annual,  softly  ashy  with  soft  hairs,  4-10  inches  high,  branching 
from  the  base  and  decumbent:  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire  or  rarely  the  lower 
most  incisely  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole  or  the  upper  sessile: 
corolla  pale  blue  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx:  calyx  lobes  linear-lanecolate,  2-3  lines 
long:  seeds  8  to  12.  Umpqua  Val.,  Or. 

P.  leucantha,  Lemmon.  Annual,  viscid,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 
the  segments  entire  or  coarsely  toothed:  racemes  ternate,  dense:  corolla  limb  rotate 
nearly  an  inch  broad  pure  white,  the  short  throat  and  tube  yellow:  stamens  very  short: 
seeds  20  to  25.  Del  Mar,  San  Diego  Co.,  and  with  smaller  flowers  in  San  Luis  Obispo  Co. 

§  5.     Micro  genet  es. 

P.  Cooperse,  Gray.  Branched  from  the  base  5-15  inches  high,  densely  hairy  viscid: 
leaves  oblong  obtuse,  crenately  sub-pinnatifid,  petiolate:  corolla  narrow,  funnelform  2- 
3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  pink  or  violet,  the  throat  and  tube  yellow:  ovules 
7  or  8.  — Flood  beds  of  streams,  Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura  Go's. 

Under  §  3  of  the  Key  to  Genera  in  this  order  belongs, 

LEMMONIA,  Gray. 

L.  Californica,  Gr.  A  depressed  annual,  hairy:  stem  branched  from  the  base 
dichotomously:  leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  and  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
entire,  spatulate,  3-5  lines  long:  flowers  sessile,  solitary  in  the  forks,  closely  cymose  at 
the  ends  of  branches:  calyx  white-hairy:  corolla  white  or  whitish,  a  line  long:  styles 
distinct.  Mojave  River.  Recently  found  on  Uncle  Sam  Mt.,  Lake  Co.,  by  Jepson. 

EBIODICTYON. 

E.  Calif ornicum,  Greene,  is  E.  glutinosum  of  this  book. 

NAMA. 

N.  stenocarpum,  Gray.  Annual  (our  other  species  perennial),  hairy  and  slightly 
viscid:  diffusely  branched,  at  length  procumbent:  leaves  oblong  or  narrower,  sessile, 
entire.  Los  Angeles. 

N.  Liobbi,  Gr.  Woolly-hairy,  resinous-viscous.  This  alpine  species  appears  to 
be  near  Eriodictyon,  and  is  placed  in  that  genus  by  Greene. 


BORRAGINACEJE. 


57 


BORRAGUNACE^E. 

Mostly  roughly  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate 
entire  leaves  without  stipules,  scorpioid  inflores- 
cence, and  perfectly  regular  5-androus  flowers;  the 
ovary  of  4  lobes  or  divisions  around  a  central  style, 
ripening  into  seed-like  nutlets.  Calyx  free,  5-parted 
or  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  with  a  5-lobed  limb, 
commonly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  dis- 
tinct, inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  The  one-sided  and  coiled 
apparent  spikes  or  racemes  straighten  as  the  blos- 
soms develop.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  152. 

Borrago  officinalis  has  escaped  from  gardens 
in  Santa  Cruz.  It  is  a  very  rough  herb  with  clus- 
ters of  nodding  deep  blue  flowers,  the  rotate  corollas 
and  connivent  anthers  reminding  one  of  potato 
blossoms. 

LITHOSPERMUM. 

!L.  arvense,  Linn.  Annual,  a  foot  high,  hoary 
with  appressed  hairs:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate 
or  linear:  flowers  small  white,  sessile  in  leafy  ter- 
minal cymes:  nutlets  conical,  wrinkled.  An  Old 

Amsinckia  lycopsoides.    a.    Calyx     World  weed  now   apparently    established   in  San 
spread  apart  to  show  the  ripe  akenes. 


AMSINCKIA. 

A.  campestris,  Greene.  Rather  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  the  short  and  rather  dense 
spikes  aggregated  at  the  top  of  the  stem:  leaves  linear-oblanceolate:  sepals  hardly  twice 
the  length  of  the  nutlets:  corolla  inconspicuous:  nutlets  very  dark  brown,  irregularly 
transverse-rugose  and  echinate-muricate.  Byron  Springs. 

A.  echinata,  Gray.  Erect,  1-2  feet  high,  very  hispid  with  white  spreading  bristles: 
leaves  linear  Janceolate:  sepals  narrow,  yellow-hispid:  corolla  small  and  very  slender: 
nutlets  almost  prickly-muricate,  not  rugose.  Perhaps  not  within  our  limits. 

A.  collina,  Greene.  Near  A.  tessellata,  but  slender  and  not  branched:  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear-lanceolate,  acute:  calyx  intensely  gray-brown:  corolla  without  folds  in  the 
throat:  nutlets  marked  with  few  and  sharp  transverse  ridges  and  intervening  low  tes- 
sellated granulations.  Hills  east  of  Livermore. 


58  BORRAGINACE.E. 

A.  grandiflora,  Kleeberger.  Simple  up  to  the  terminal  spikes,  hispid:  lower  leaves 
oblanceolate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  all  acute:  sepals  broad,  often  4  or  3  only,  tawny- 
hairv:  corolla  an  inch  long,  deep  yellow;  the  funnelform  throat  6  lines  long  above  the 
short  proper  tube  which  bears  the  nearly  sessile  anthers:  nutlets  light  gray,  sharply 
triangular,  perfectly  smooth  and  shining,  the  back  straight  or  even  concave.  Antioch, 
hills  east  of  Livermore,  and  north  of  Tulare  Lake.  This  is  A.  vernicosa  var.  grandi- 
flora  of  this  book,  but  is  undoubtedly  a  distinct  species,  and  may  well  be  called  Klee. 
berger's  Amsinckia,  since  (while  a  student  in  Yale  College)  he  was  the  first  to  describe  it. 

KBYNITZKIA. 

Sections  1  and  2  of  this  genus  (species  1  to  6)  aud  Echinospermum  Greenei  form 
the  genus  Allocarya,  in  Bay  Reg.  Bot.  The  following  new  species  may  be  added  to  §  2. 

K.  stricta,  Greene.  Slender,  erect  and  somewhat  succulent:  stem  simple,  or  nearly 
so,  6  inches  or  less  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  all  except  the  floral  leaves  opposite: 
flowers  very  small:  calyx  lobes  closed  over  the  growing  fruit:  nutlets  light  gray,  shin- 
ing, numerous  close  transverse  ridges.  Calistoga. 

K.  diffusa,  Greene.  Procumbent,  a  foot  or  less  long,  loosely  branching  from  the 
base;  racemes  leafy  for  half  their  length;  lowest  pedicel  6  lines  long,  the  others  hardly 
a  line:  calyx  widely  spreading:  flowers  small,  nutlets  dark  brown,  broadly  ovoid,  in- 
curved, the  back  with  rather  sharp  granulations  and  ridges. 

K.  humistrata,  Greene.  Stout  and  succulent,  the  branches  mostly  prostrate,  a  foot 
long:  pedicels  short  and  thick,  often  diflexed:  calyx  lobes  in  fruit  becoming  4-6  lines 
long,  turned  to  one  side  so  as  to  stand  vertically  in  a  row:  nutlets  with  minute  muric- 
ulabions  and  sharp  transverse  wrinkles  which  have  tufts  of  minute  bristles.  This  is  K. 
CaVfornica,  var.  subglochidiala.  Probably  a  good  species. 

K.  myriantha,  Greene.  A  diffuse,  slender,  prostrate  or  trailing  annual  a  foot  or 
more  long:  lower  flowers  on  short,  slender  pedicels,  the  others  forming  close  spikes: 
nutlets  distinguished  from  those  of  K.  Chorisiana  by  narrower  outline,  greater  length,  a 
more  glossy  surface  and  more  prominent  ridges  on  the  back.  Perhaps  the  more  florifer- 
ous  form  of  the  latter  species.  Monterey. 

K.  vestita,  Greene.  Distinguished  from  K.  mollis  by  stout,  nearly  erect  annual 
steins  2  feet  or  more  high/rather  rough  pubescence  and  dark  nutlets  reticulated,  the  scar 
surrounded  by  a  ridge.  Petaluma. 

K.  plebeia,  Gr.  Depressed  branches  a  span  or  more  long:  floral  leaves  liuear- 
oblong:  nutlets  ovoid  a  line  long,  the  back  rugose-reticulate  glabrous,  not  granulate  or 
muricutate.  Humboldt  Bay,  C.  C.  Marshall. 

K.  Austinae,  Greene.  Erect,  slender,  simple  or  a  few  branches,  about  a  span  high, 
nearly  glabrous,  except  the  calyx:  leaves  narrowly  linear  1^-3  inches  long:  nutlet  ovate- 
acuminate,  strongly  keeled  on  both  sides,  the  dorsal  keel  and  margins  with  stout  prickles, 
the  uppermost  barbed.  Butte  Co. 


BORRAGINACE^E.  59 

K.  stipitata,  Greene,  Ten  to  18  inches  high,  erect  and  simple  or  with  ascending 
branches  from  the  base,  light  green,  nearly  glabrous:  calyx  nearly  sessile,  segments 
spreading  foliaceous,  in  fruit  often  6  lines  long:  corolla  short-funnelform,  3-6  lines 
broad:  nutlets  slender-ovoid,  the  back  covered  with  blunt  tubercles  and  transverse 
wrinkles,  divergent,  stipitate.  This,  according  to  Greene,  is  one  of  the  most  common 
species  in  Central  California.  Moist  land. 

K.  Hickmanii,  Greene.  Very  slender,  diffuse,  the  filiform  racemose  branches  6-10 
inches  long:  calyx  a  line  long,  on  filiform  pedicels:  corolla  a  line  or  more  broad:  nutlets 
dark  colored,  tuberculate.  Monterey  Co. 

K.  hirta,  Greene.  Annual,  more  than  a  foot  high,  erect,  flaccid,  simple  below  with 
many  pairs  of  connate-sheathing  linear  leaves,  loosely  racemose  above,  bristly  hairy: 
racemes  in  pairs:  pedicels  slender,  a  line  long:  calyx  lobes  erect,  very  hairy:  corolla  3 
lines  broad:  ovoid  nutlets  dark  colored,  the  back  granulate  aud  obscurely  wrinkled. 
Umpqua  Valley,  Or. 

K.  scripta,  Greene.  Somewhat  succulent  strigose-hairy:  branches  prostrate,  6-10 
inches  long:  pedicels  stout  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts:  sepals  oblanceolate  at  length, 
standing  vertically  in  row:  nutlets  a  line  long,  the  back  dark  and  smooth,  marked  by  a 
sharp  irregular  flexuose  with  white  ridges,  these  beset  with  tufts  of  short  spreading 
bristles. 

Section  3  is  equivalent  to  Cryptanthe  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  The  following  species  are  to 
be  added: 

C.  flaccida,  Greene,  is  K.  oxycarya  of  this  book. 

K.  Cleveland!,  Greene.  A  foot  or  more  high  with  few  ascending  branches  rough 
with  bristly  hairs:  calyx  slender,  appressed  to  the  rachis:  nutlets  2  or  1,  shining. 

K.  hispidissima,  Greene.  Size  of  the  last,  but  more  branching,  more  densely  hispid 
with  softer  hairs,  and  the  inflorescence  more  elongated:  corolla  conspicuous:  nutlets  4, 
similar  to  those  of  K.  leiocarya,  much  surpassed  by  the  slender  calyx  lobes.  San  Luis 
Obispo  Co. 

K.  nemaclada,  Greene.  Slender,  very  diffusely  branching,  a  foot  high,  sparsely 
bristly-hairy:  spikes  very  loose,  almost  filiform:  calyx  a  line  long  appressed  to  the 
rachis,  bristly:  nutlets  4,  ovoid-acuminate  \  a  line  long,  shining.  Colusa  Co. 

K.  Rattani,  Greene.  Hispid  with  slender  hairs  and  slightly  canescent,  about  a  foot 
high,  slender  but  rigid:  leaves  linear:  spikes  in  3s  on  an  elongated  naked  common 
peduncle,  rather  densely  flowered:  calyx  appressed  to  the  rachis,  its  bristles  spreading 
and  straight:  nutlets  (3  maturing)  lance-ovoid  1|  lines  long,  brownish  and  smooth  but 
not  shining.  First  collected  by  Hickman  in  Monterey  Co. 

K.  crinita,  Greene.  Annual,  slender  8-12  inches  high,  somewhat  fastigiately 
branched  from  the  base,  rather  stiffly  hirsute:  leaves  linear:  dense  spikes  elongated : 


60  SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

calyx  about  4  lines  long,  densely  white-hairy;  nutlet  solitary  ovoid,  the  dull  brown  sur- 
face smooth  but  not  polished.     Shasta  Co. 


SOLANACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular  5-merous  flowers  on 
bractless  pedicels,  a  single  style  and  a  2-celled  ovary;  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  or 
capsule.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  157. 

This  small  order  of,  perhaps,  not  more  than  twenty  species  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  less  than  70  in  North  America,  is  remarkable  for  the  diversity  of  properties  exhib- 
ited by  its  members,  and  the  almost  universal  use  by  man  of  several  of  its  species.  At 
first  view,  the  classification  seems  absurd  which  puts  fiery  cayenne  pepper  and  insipid 
egg  plants,  the  wholesome  tomato  and  deadly  nightshade,  nutritious  potatoes  and  poi- 
sonous tobacco  together  in  one  family.  A  careful  examination  shows  that  these  seem- 
ingly very  different  plants  are  much  alike  after  all.  The  four  most  important  plants  of 
this  order — potato,  tobacco,  red  or  Cayenne  pepper,  and  tomato — are  natives  of  tropical 
America,  and  were  consequently  not  used  in  the  Old  World  before  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. The  following  ornamental  plants  of  the  order  are  common  in  cultivation:  Jeru- 
saleum  Cherry  (Solanum  Pseudo-Capsicum,  a  small  shrub  with  red  berries;  Jasmine 
Solanum  (S.  jasminoides),  a  shrubby  climber,  with  a  profusion  of  nearly  white  blossoms  a 
little  smaller  than  those  of  the  potato;  the  well-known  Matrimony  Vine  (Lycium  vulgare) ; 
Tree  Datura  or  Stramonium  (Datura  arborea),  with  hanging  flowers  six  or  seven  inches 
in  length;  Oestrum,  a  shrub  with  drooping  tubular  red  flowers  in  terminal  bunches;  and 
Petunia,  with  funnel- form  corollas  of  various  colors. 

SOLANUM. 

S.  elaeagnifolium,  Sav.  A  low  perennial,  silvery,  whitened  by  a  dense  coat  of 
stellate  hairs,  often  with  small  prickles:  calyx  5-angled,  lobes  slender:  corolla  violet,  an 
inch  or  less  broad.  Tulare  Co. 

S.  villosum,  Lam.  Annual,  hairy:  leaves  an  inch  long  or  more,  sinuate-dentate: 
corolla  white^minute.  Introduced. 

S.  alatum,  Moennh.     Similar  but  with  angular  stem  and  red  berries.     Introduced. 

S.  cupuliferum,  Greene.  Distinguished  from  S.  umbelliferum  by  leaves  trans- 
versely rugose,  margin  crisped,  hairs  with  pustulate  base  and  flat  corolla. 

SCROPHULARIACE^E . 

A  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  with  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  didynamous  or 
diandrous  stamens;  a  single  style  and  a  2-celled  ovary  and  capsule  mark  this  large  order. 
In  Pentstemon  there  is  a  fifth  rudimentary  stamen.  Verbascum  has  five  perfect  stamens. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  158. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E. 


61 


a.  Ripe  capsule  of  Mi- 
mulus  luteus.  b.  The 
same  seen  edgwise  burst- 
ing open.  c.  A  cross 
section  of  the  same,  show- 
ing the  placentae  and 
seeds,  d.  Pistil  of  Mi- 
mulus  luteus.  e.  Front 
view  of  one  of  the  an- 

Miinulus  glutinosus.  thers.    f.      Back  view  of 

the  same.     Above  these  are   the  stamens  of  Mi- 
mulus  glutinosus  united  in  pairs. 

a.  Single  flower  and  bract  of  Pedicularis  densi- 
flora  (galea  flattened  laterally,  the  pistil  protrud- 
ing; the  lower  lip  of  3  small  lobes,  2  of  which 
are  shown.)  b.  A  single  flower  of  Castilleia. 

c.  Single   flower   of   Orthocarpus   purpurascens. 

d.  Front  view  of  the  same,  with  calyx  removed. 
The  lower  lip  (anterior  or  front  part  of  the  flower) 
3-lobed,    the    galea    beaked    and    surpassing  the 
stigma. 

This  large  order,  numbering  nearly  2,000  species,  is  remarkable  for  the  great  beauty 
of  its  flowers,  and  for  the  impartial  distribution  of  its  species  over  the  whole  world. 
Over  375  species,  belonging  to  37  genera,  are  natives  of  the  United  States.  About  75 
species  grow  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about  175  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  this 
State. 

LIN  ARIA. 

L.  vulgaris,  Mill.  Is  occasionally  found  by  roadsides.  Stems  very  leafy:  flowers 
yellow,  au  inch  or  more  long,  in  a  dense  raceme.  A  native  of  Europe,  often  called 


62  SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

COLLINSIA. 

C.  concolor,  Greene.  Near  C.  bicolor  and  probably  only  a  variety  distinguished 
by  fewer  red-purple  flowers  half  as  large,  hairy  calyx  and  more  slender,  revolute  leaves. 
San  Diego  Co. 

C.  Franciscana,  Bioletti.  Is  a  form  described  as  intermediate  between  C.  bicolor 
and  C.  sparsiflora:  slender  with  thinnish  foliage:  leaves  ovate  or  narrowed:  pedicels 
1-8  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  from  shorter,  to  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
corolla  9  lines  long,  bluish  dotted  with  purple,  throat  closed  at  the  mouth.  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  region. 

C.  arvensis,  Greene.  Erect,  simple  or  with  several  nearly  erect  branches  from  the 
base,  10-18  inches  high,  glabrous  except  the  very  sparsely  bristly-hairy  leaf-margins: 
lowest  leaves  oval  or  oblong  on  petioles  equaling  the  blade,  6  lines  long,  coarsely  toothed 
or  nearly  lobed;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  sessile,  revolute:  flowers  loosely 
racemose,  deep  violet,  9  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  twice  the  length  of 
the  tube:  corolla  with  compressed  throat  3  lines  long  and  broad,  upper  lip  half  the 
length  of  the  lower  and  paler:  filaments  slightly  hairy  below.  This  lias  usually  been 
referred  to  C.  sparsiflora,  which  species  Greene  restricts  to  a  small  flowered  form. 

C.  Wrightii,  Watson.  Divaricately  branched,  3  or  4  inches  high,  glandular-hairy, 
viscid:  leaves  linear-oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire:  flowers  pedicellate,  1  or  2  in  the  axils, 
the  uppermost  in  a  naked  umbel:  calyx  2  lines  long:  corolla  but  a  little  longer,  throat 
and  tube  shorter  than  the  broad  lobes;  lower  lip  blue,  upper  yellowish:  pod  2-seeded. 
Near  C.  Torreyi.  Alpine»  in  Kern  Co. 

TONELLA. 

In  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  this  genus  is  united  with  Collinsia,  and  our  species  is  there  called 
€.  tenella,  Benth. 

PENTSTEMON. 

P.  leucanthus,  Greene.  Erect,  4-6  feet  high,  pallid,  glaucous:  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire:  sepals  ovate. with  acuminate  tips:  corolla  white,  12-18  lines  long,  limb  with 
short  spreading  lobes:  anthers  horseshoe-shape,  filaments  naked.  Santa  Barbara  Co., 
John  Spence. 

P.  Sonomensis,  Greene.  Suffrutescent,  evergreen,  very  leafy,  5-10  Inches  high, 
slightly  puberulent:  leaves  rather  light  green,  coriaceous,  denticulate,  6-9  lines  long, 
short-petiolate,  the  uppermost  round-ovate  acutish,  lower  nearly  orbicular  and  retuse: 
corolla  1  inch  long,  deep  red,  segments  nearly  equal,  not  widely  spreading:  anther 
slightly  exserted,  white,  wooly.  Better  considered  a  variety  of  P.  Menziesii,  Hook., 
of  which  the  type  belongs  on  the  North  Coast. 


SCUOPHULARIACE^.  63 

MIMULUS. 

M.  glutinosus  is  Diplacus  glutinosus  in  Bay-Reg.  Bo*  #  2,  §  3,  and  §  4  make  the 
genus  Eunanus  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  and  M.  exilis  is  Mimetanthe  pilosa,  Greene. 

§  3.     Eunanus. 

Miniulus  Austinae,  Greene.  Near  M.  mephiticus,  but  odorless  and  scarcely  viscid, 
1-3  inches  high,  much  branched,  leaves  spatulate  6  lines  long  or  more,  entire  with  3-5 
parallel  veins:  calyx  teeth  nearly  equal:  corolla  yellow,  throat  purple  dotted,  tube  long 
and  slender,  limb  broad:  pod  attenuate,  greatly  surpassing  the  calyx.  Modoc  Co. 

M.Cusickii,  Greene.  A  foot  high  or  less,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  broadly-ovate, 
very  acute,  entire  sessile,  1  inch  long  or  longer:  calyx  teeth  very  unequal,  acute:  corolla 
red-purple,  tube  slender,  limb  rotate,  nearly  regular,  6-10  lines  broad.  Or.  and  Wash. 

§  5.     Eumimulus. 

According  to  Greene  Mimulus  luteus  is  a  South  American  species  quite  distinct 
from  our  species  which  has  borne  this  name,  and  should  be  known  by  the  name  given  to 
it  long  ago  by  an  eminent  French  botanist;  viz. 

M.  guttatus,  D.  C.  A  very  variable  species,  of  which  two  varieties  described  by 
Greene  are  the  most  common;  var.  grandis,  Greene,  a  stout  perennial  2-5  feet  high 
with  round  stems,  usually  simple  above  the  decumbent  base;  the  stem  leaves  orbicular 
to  round-ovate,  and  those  from  the  base  petiolate  and  sometimes  lyrate;  the  flowers  an 
inch  or  more  long,  light  yellow  with  red  dotted  throat,  in  racemes  a  foot  or  more  in 
length:  var.  insignis,  Greene,  probably  always  annual,  less  than  2  feet  high,  the  flowers 
with  red  dotted  calyx  and  corolla  with  large,  dark  red  spots.  But  there  are  too  many 
intermediate  forms  to  make  these  names  worth  much. 

M.  arvensis,  Greene.  Annual,  erect,  simple,  quadrangular  sterns,  1-2  feet  high  or 
more:  lower  leaves  coarsely  toothed  and  pastate  or  lyrate,  the  floral  soft-hairy  beneath: 
calyx  3-4  lines  long,  purple  dotted,  nearly  truncate,  becoming  in  fruit  6-8  lines  long: 
pod  compressed,  nearly  orbicular. 

M.  subreniformis,  Greene.  Slender,  2-6  inches  high:  leaves  2-5  lines  long,  reni. 
form,  with  remote  teeth,  purplish  beneath,  roughish  above,  with  short  white  hairs:  corolla 
little  exceeding  the  calyx,  yellow  with  dark  dots.  Shasta  Co. 

M.  marmoratus,  Greene.  Decumbent,  annual,  4-8  inches  long,  sparsely  hairy: 
stem  acutely  angled:  leaves  ovate, reniform,  toothed,  red  beneath,  6-9  lines  long:  calyx 
mottled,  4-5  lines  long:  corolla  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  with  slender  tube  and  ample 
limb,  the  middle  lobe  large,  hairy,  with  a  red  spot  and  dots.  Knight's  Ferry.  F.  W. 
Bancroft. 

M.  deflexus,  Wat.  Slender,  2-3  inches  high:  leaves  linear  or  broader,  entire,  less 
than  6  lines  long:  pedicels  longer,  spreading  or  reflexed:  calyx  slightly  angled,  nearly 
equally  toothed,  less  than  3  lines  long:  corolla  6-8  lines  long,  upper  lip  deep  purple, 


64  CONVOLVULACE^E. 

lower  deep  yellow,   with  bifid  lobes,  somewhat  hairy  and  spotted  below.     Near  M- 
bicolor.     Mts.  of  Tulare. 

M.  latidens,  Greene.  Annual,  slender,  much  branched  from  the  base,  3-10  inches 
high,  glandular,  soft-downy,  leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  6-12  lines  long,  3-5  nerved, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed:  calyx  3-6  lines  long:  corolla  3-5  lines  long,  nearly  regular 
but  limb  very  small,  white. 

§  6.     Mimuloides. 

Greene,  in  Bay -Reg.  Bot.,  makes  a  genus  of  this  section,  M.  exilis  being  there  called 
Mimetanthe  pilosa,  Greene. 

CASTILLEIA. 

C.  parviflora,  Bong.,  is  C.  Douglasii,  Benth.,  in  Bay-Meg.  Bot. 

ORTHOCARPUS. 

O.  versicolor,  Greene.  Slender,  slightly  reddish,  mostly  simple,  6  inches  high  or 
less:  corolla  with  a  shorter  tube,  and  the  sacs  much  larger  than  in  O.  erianthus,  white 
fading  pinkish,  throat  densely  bearded.  This  was  considered  a  form  of  O.  erianthus 
by  Gray.  Greene  puts  the  var.  roseus  here. 

Plantaginella,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  is  Limosella  in  this  book,  Wulfenia  is  Syn- 
thyris,  and  Adenostegia  is  Cordylanthus  (the  species  rigida  is  C.  filifolius). 

BELLARDIA,  Allioui. 

B.  Trixago,  All.     Stout,  rigid,  erect,  1   foot  high  or  more:  leaves  lanceolate,  cre- 
nate-serrate:  spike   thick,  dense,  4-sided,  several  inches  long:  corolla  6-12  lines  long, 
rose   color  and  white,  strongly  bilabiate:    upper  lip  enclosing  in  its  concavity  the  4 
stamens  surpassed  by  the  3-lobed  lower  lip.      Escape  from  gardens  near  Martinez. 

CONVOLVTJLACE^E. 

Herbs,  usually  twining  or  trailing,  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  per- 
fect flowers;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  angles  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them  (5,  rarely  4);  the  free  persistent  calyx  of  mostly  distinct  imbricated  sepals; 
ovary  2-3  celled;  capsules  generally  globular;  seeds  1  to  6.  Inflorescence  axillary. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  *p.  156. 

DICHONDRA. 

D.  repens,  Forster.     Prostrate:  leaves  round-reniform:  small  flowers  axillary;  corolla 
deeply  5-lobed,  yellow:  carpels  2,  distinct,  hairy.     Presidio,  San  Francisco. 

CONVOLVULUS. 

C.  Binghaxnse,  Greene.     Perennial  from  creeping  root   stocks,  the   stems  3-6  feet 
long:  leaves  glabrous,  oval  or  oblong  acute,  the  base  with  a  pair  of  obtuse  hastate  lobes: 
bracts  oval  to  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long  closely  embracing  the  calyx  which  is  twice 
as  long-  corolla  white.     In  marshy  places,  Santa  Barbara.     Mrs.  R.  F.  Bingham. 


LABIATE. 


65 


C.  occidentalis.  According  to  Greene  this  species  is  distinguished  by  broad  keeled 
bracts  which  completely  cover  the  calyx,  and  flowers  a  third  larger  than  those  of  C. 
luteolus,  which  has  small  braets  growing  6  lines  or  more  below  the  flower.  The  former 
grows  south  of  Monterey,  and  the  latter  north.  But  Gray  considered  the  latter  as  a 
form  of  C.  occidentalis. 

C.  subacaulis  of  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  is  C.  Californicus,  Choisy. 


OROBANCHACE^E. 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  leaves  and  green  color. 
ulariacece  by  the  1-celled  ovary:  the  p  lacentse  parietal. 
p.  169. 


Distinguished  from  Scroph- 
Key  to  genera  and  species, 


Aquatic  herbs.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  interior  in  the  bud:  lower  lip  with  a  palate  pro- 
jecting into  the  throat  and  a  spur,  3-lobed.     Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  169. 


CL 


RIGHT-HAND  FIG. — a.  Flower  of 
Sphacele  calycina.  6.  Same  With 
corolla  cut  to  show  stamens, 
pistil,  and  bairy  ring  inside,  e. 
Fruit  (4  globular  akenes)  of  tbe 
same,  lying  in  the  bottom  of  the 
calyx,  c.  Flower  and  buds, 
showing  inflorescence  of  Tri- 
chostema  lanceolatum.  d.  Ripe 
fruit  of  the  same  (4  triangular 
akenes  in  the  persistent  calyx). 


LABI  AT  JE. 

Chiefly  aromatic  herbs  with  square  stems,  opposite 
simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules,  bilabiate  corolla,  didy- 
namous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  4-lobed  ovary  with 
a  single  style,  forming  seed-like  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of 
the  persistent  calyx.  Flowers  perfect,  axillary.  Calyx 
3-5  toothed  or  cleft,  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  on  the  tubes 
of  the  corolla.  Style,  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  often  un- 
equally so,  or  one  of  the  lobes  obsolete:  stigmas  minute. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  170. 

MENTHA. 

The  following  mints  have  run  wild  in  moist  places: 

M.  viridis,  L.  (Spearmint.)  Green  and  glabrous, 
erect:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  serrate, 
or  nearly  so:  flowers  crowded  in  terminal  spikes. 

M.  piperita,  Huds.  (Peppermint.)  Darker  green: 
leaves  petiolate,  ovate  to  lanceolate:  flowers  in  shorter, 
thicker  spikes. 

M.  Pulegium,  L.  (Pennyroyal.)  Prostrate,  much- 
branched:  leaves  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding, 
usually  less  than  an  inch  long:  calyx  with  a  hairy  ring. 

MONARDELLA. 


M.  Sheltonii,  Torr,  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  is  a  variety  of  M.  villosa,  Benth. 
Botany  — 5 


66  LABIAT.E. 

PYCNANTHEMUM. 

P.  Californicum,  Torr,  is  Koellia  Californica  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Whitish  with 
soft  hairs:  leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  sessile:  flowers  white. 

MICROMERIA. 

M.  purpurea,  Gr.  Greene  thinks  this  is  the  common  garden  pennyroyal  (Mentha 
pulegium,  L.),  but  the  description  of  the  former  in  the  Synoptical  Flora  of  North 
America  does  not  fit  the  latter  plant. 

MELISSA,  Tourn. 

M.  officinalis,  L. ,  Common  Balm,  may  be  found  outside  of  gardens  occasionally.  Its 
lemon-like  odor  distinguishes  it  from  other  mints. 

AUDIBERTIA  and  SAL  VIA. 

These  genera  are  joined  under  the  latter  name  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.,  and  a  species  of  the 
former  (A.  polystachia)  is  the  basis  of  a  new  genus  Ramona,  Greene,  to  which  is 
also  added  A.  humilis,  which  is  the  species  described  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 

NEPETA,  Linn. 

N.  cataria,  L.  (Catnip)  and  N.  Glechoma,  Benth,  (Ground  Ivy)  are  found  occasion- 
ally. The  former  is  erect,  2  feet  high  or  more,  somewhat  hoary  with  minute  downy 
hairs;  the  leave  petiolate,  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  toothed;  the  small  flowers  in  short. 
dense  spikes:  calyx  downy,  1-5  ribbed,  teeth  nearly  equal;  corolla  bluish  or  nearly  white; 
the  upper  pair  of  stamens  projecting  above  the  lower  pair.  The  latter  is  a  creeping 
plant  with  orbicular-reniform,  crenate  leaves;  the  blue  flowers  9  lines  long,  usually  six 
in  a  whorl  in  the  axils  of  leaves  on  short,  ascending  branches. 

LAMIUM,  Tourn. 

L.  amplexicaule,  L.,  is  another  European  herb  fairly  established  in  San  Jose  and 
some  other  localities.  Stems  weak,  leaves  distant,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile 
or  clasping,  crenately  lobed  and  incised:  slender  purple  corolla  with  spotted  lower  lip: 
anthers  hairy. 

STACHYS. 

S.  velutina,  Greene.  Stout,  2-6  feet  high,  soft-hairy:  leaves  rugose,  short-petioled, 
cor  date -ovate,  3-6  inches  long:  calyx-teeth  spreading,  corolla  small,  white  with  red 
dots  and  lines;  upper  lip  deeply  concave  concealing  the  stamens.  Too  near  S.  albens. 

S.  stricta,  Greene.  More  slender  than  the  last  and  smaller,  less  hairy,  resinous- 
glandular:  leaves  narrower  and  thinner:  corolla  white,  the  upper  lip  sub-orbicular, 


PLANTAGINACE.E. 


67 


slightly  concave,  and  not  concealing  the  stamens,  the  back  hairy;  the  lower  lip  with 
side  lobes  mere  deflexed  teeth. 

S.  Californica,  Bentham.  Distinguished  from  S.  bullata  by  larger  size  (3-6  feet 
high),  aromatic  odor,  ovate-cordate  leaves  and  corolla  darker.  Perhaps  only  a  moist 
ground  v?riety  of  the  latter. 

VERBENACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  differing  from  Labiatce  mainly  in  the 
ovary  and  fruit,  which  is  undivided  and  2-4-celled,  at 
maturity  either  dry  and  splitting  into  as  many  1-seeded 
nutlets,  or  drupaceous,  containing  as  many  little  stones. 
Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  170. 

LIPPIA. 

L.  cuneifolia,  Steud.  Diffusely  branched  from  a 
woody  base,  procumbent,  canescent:  leaves  rigid, 
cuneate-linear  sessile,  incisely  toothed  above  the  middle: 
peduncles  short,  bearing  cylindrical  heads  4  or  5  lines 
thick.  River  banks  and  subsaline  plains  of  the  Central 
Val.,  Greene. 

PLANTAGINACEJE. 

This  order  is  represented  in  North  America  by 
1.  PLANTAGO,  L.     PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads,  bracteate.  Calyx  of  4 
persistent  sepals  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  scarious, 
apparently  dry,  colorless,  2-lobed.  Stamens  2  or  4  on 
the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  anthers  versatile. 
Style  filiform,  bearded  above.  Stemless  herbs  with 

Verbena    hastata  (spikes  and    nerved  or  ribbed  radical   leaves   and  naked   scapes  of 
bracts),   a.  Ripe  fruit  removed   small  greenish  or  colorless  flowers.     Key  to  genera  and 
from  the  calyx  (natural  size  and    species,  p.  174. 
magnified). 


a 


DIVISIONS.  APETAL^E. 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. 

Twining  shrubs  or  low  herbs  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid  calyx  valvate 
in  the  bud  and  coherent  with  the  6-celled  ovary,  which  forms  a.  many-seeded  6-celled 
pod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  6-12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  style;  anthers  adnate, 
extrorse.  Leaves  petioled,  mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Gray's  Manual. 

ARISTOLOCHIA. 

Calyx  tubular,  inflated  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  adnate  to 
the  short  stigma. 

A.  Californica,  Gr.  (Pipe-Vine.)  A  twining  shrub  with  large  cordate  leaves, 
flowers  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  greenish,  marked  with  brown  or  purple. 

2.     AS  ARUM.     Tourn. 

Calyx  regular,  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less  distinct  filaments 
their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point.  Stemless  herbs  with  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  then  one  or  two  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  short 
peduncled  flower  close  to  the  ground. 

A.  caudatum,  Lindl.  (Wild  Ginger.)  The  smooth,  broadly  cordate  leaves  usually 
mottled  with  white;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  acuminate  lobes  spreading,  brownish  purple. 
Common  in  forests;  the  flowers  likely  to  be  hidden  under  leaves. 

A.  Hartwegi,  Watson.  Stouter  than  the  last:  leaves  cordate,  mottled  margin 
ciliate:  peduncle  stout,  6  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  narrowed  to  a  linear  apex  1-1J 
inches  long:  anther  shorter  tnan  the  appendage  or  produced  filament  above. 

A.  Liemmoni,  Watson.  Leaves  rounded  at  apex,  flat:  calyx  lobes  4-6  lines  long. 
Plumas  Co. 

NYCTAGINACEJE. 

Herbs  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  stems  swollen  at  the  joints,  the  tubular 
calyx  corolla-like,  its  persistent  base  contracted,  inclosing  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  ovary, 
and  becoming  a  sort  of  indehiscent  pod.  Flowers  with  an  involucre  encasing  from  one 
to  many  flowers. 

[68] 


POLYGONACE^:.  69 

MIRABALIS,  Linn. 

Involucre  calyx-like,  5-cleft,  1-12-flowered:  perianth  (corolla-like  calyx)  tubular  or 
funnelform  with  a  spreading  limb:  stigma  capitate:  ovary  globose  to  oblong,  smooth  or 
ribbed.  Perennial  herbs  with  leaves  nearly  equal  in  the  pairs. 

M.  Frcebelii  (Behr),  Greene.  Stout,  spreading  stems  2-3  feet  long,  viscid-hairy: 
leaves  broadly  ovate  or  narrower,  the  lower  cordate  often  4  inches  long:  involucre  an 
inch  long,  usually  6-flowered:  perianth  broadly  funnelform,  about  1^  inches  long, 
purple.  Southern  Cal. 

M.  Greenei,  Watson.  Similar  to  the  last  with  thicker,  larger  leaves,  the  involucre 
7-10  flowered.  Northern  Cal. 

M.  laevis  (Benth),  Curran.  Viscid-hairy,  yellowish  green:  leaves  rounded  ovate  to 
cordate,  6-15  lines  long:  involucre  2-3  lines  long;  perianth  5  lines  long.  Southern  Cal. 

M.  Jalapa  is  the  cultivated  Four-o'clock  or  Marvel-of-Pei*u. 

ALLIONIA,  L. 

A.  incarnata,  L.  Slender,  prostrate,  woolly-hairy,  viscid:  leaves  unequal  pairs: 
involucre  3-flowered,  2-3  lines  long:  perianth  2-4  lines  long,  one  lobe  much  shorter 
than  the  others,  purple  or  white.  Monterey  S. 

ABBONIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  salverform,  with  obcordate  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included,  adnate  to  the  tube. 
Style  included;  stigma,  capitate  or  clavate.  Fruit  2-5' winged.  Embryo  by  abortion 
monocotyledonous,  enfolding  mealy  albumen.  Low  herbs,  with  the  opposite  thick 
petioled  leaves  unequal,  and  the  flowers  in  involucrate  heads.  Common  on  sandy  sea 
beaches.  A  viscid  exudation  causes  sand  to  stick  to  every  part  of  the  plants. 

A.  latifolia.  Esch.  (Yellow  Sand- Verbena.)  Root  perennial;  stems  procumbent; 
leaves  very  thick,  sub-cordate  to  reniform,  on  thick  petioles;  flowers  orange-yellow, 
fragrant.  "*• 

A.  umbellata,  Lamb.  (Pink  Sand- Verbena.)  Annual;  stems  decumbent,  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  slender  petioles;  flowers  pink. 

A.  maritixna,  Nutt.  (Red  Sand- Verbena. )  Stouter  than  the  last;  leaves  broader 
with  shorter  petioles;  involucral  bracts  ovate;  flowers  bright  red.  From  Santa  Barbara 
southward. 

A.  fragrans,  Nutt.,  of  the  Columbia  River,  has  white  flowers. 

POLYGONACE^B. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  stipnles  in  the  form  of  sheaths,  or  obsolete, 
above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem;  the  flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less 


70  POLYGON  AC  E^E. 

persistent  calyx,  a  1 -celled  ovary,  bearing  2  or  4  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  seed. 
Stamens  4-12  inserted  on  the  base  of.the  3-6-cleft  calyx.  Rhubarb  and  buckwheat  are 
the  only  wellknown  plants  of  this  order  in  cultivation. 

POLYGONUM. 

Calyx  5  parted;  the  divisions  petal-like,  persistent  in  fruit,  and  surrounding  the 
usually  3-angled  akene.  Stamens  3  to  8.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Herbs  with  small 
flowers  on  jointed  pedicels. 

Knot-weed  or  Yard-grass  and  Smart-weed  belong  to  this  genus.  About  25  species  are 
found  in  California,  of  which  2  or  3  are  introduced  weeds.  Two  or  three  species  are 
useful  forage  plants  (Saccaline,  Knotgrass.) 

RUMEX,  L. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals;  the  three  outer  herbaceous,  spreading  in  fruit;  the  three  inner 
larger,  somewhat  petaloid,  covering  the  akene  in  fruit  (then  called  valves),  and  often 
bearing  grainlike  appendages  on  the  outside.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3;  stigmas  tufted. 
Introduced  weeds  with  small  greenish  flowers  crowded  and  whorled  in  panicled  racemes. 

The  Docks  and  Sheep-sorrel  are  examples  of  this  genus.  Of  the  dozen  species  on  this 
coast,  half  are  introduced  weeds.  Canaigre,  cultivated  for  the  use  of  tanners,  is  a  kind 
of  Dock,  native  of  this  coast  (B.  hymenosepalus). 

EBIOGONUM,  Michx. 

Flowers  borne  in  a  many-to-few-flowered  calyx-like  involucre  of  united  bracts:  the 
pedicels  exserted,  jointed  to  the  flower,  with  bractlets  at  the  base:  calyx  corolla-like, 
6-parted  or  deeply  6-cleft:  stamens  9:  akene  triangular.  Herbaceous  or  somewhat 
woody  plants,  usually  with  a  woolly  or  scurfy  pubescence:  the  entire  leaves  without 
stipules  and  mostly  radical:  juice  frequently  acid.  Over  80  species  grow  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  of  which  over  50  are  Californian,  mostly  Alpine. 

CHOBIZANTHE,  R.  Br. 

Flowers  borne  in  1-3  flowered  involucres,  which  have  3-6  awned  segments  or  teeth, 
the  tube  ribbed  or  angled.  Stamens  9  (rarely  6  or  3):  akene  triangular.  Annuals  branch- 
ing dichotomously,  the  leaves  few  and  mostly  basal,  ternate  bracts  at  the  joints.  More 
than  20  species  on  this  coast. 

OXYTHECA,  Nutt. 

Flowers  borne  in  few-flowered,  pedicellate,  awn-tipped  or  unarmed  involucres, 
Perianth  6-parted:  stamens  6:  akene  commonly  lenticular.  Slender  annuals,  branch- 
ing dichotomously,  the  leaves  in  a  rosulate  tuft  at  the  base,  bracts  united  at  the  bas? 
and  leaf-like.  Halt  a  dozen  species  on  this  coast. 


APET'ALOUS    TREES.  71 

PIPER  AC  E^E. 

Herbs  with  joinfed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers  in  spikes,  en- 
tirely destitute  of  floral  envelopes. 

ANEMOPSIS,  Hook, 

Flowers  in  a  simple  conical  spadix,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  5-8-leaved  persistent 
colored  involucre,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  free  colored  bract.  Stamens  6  to  8,  free, 
growing  upon  the  immersed  ovary. 

A,  Californica,  Hook.  Stem  simple,  erect,  3  to  15  inches  high,  with  a  single  broad, 
clasping  leaf  in  the  middle,  and  an  axillary  branchlet  reduced  to  1  or  more  petioled 
leaves;  radical  leaves  oblong-oval,  cordate  at  base,  2  to  6  inches  long;  involucre  1  to  1£ 
inches  broad,  white,  becoming  brown.  Used  medicinally  by  the  Mexicans,  who  call  it 
Yerba  Mama. 

APETALOUS    TREES. 

The  Order  Betulaceae  (Birch  Family)  is  represented  in  California  by  two  Birches, 
which  scarcely  attain  to  the  dignity  of  trees,  and  are  confined  to  the  high  Sierras,  and 
four  Alders,  two  of  which  grow  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  viz. : 

Alnus  rubra,  Bong.     (Red  Alder),  and  the  more  common 

Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nutt.  (White  Alder),  which  may  be  distinguished  by  its  thinner 
leaves,  not  rusty  beneath,  and  more  slender  branches  not  so  distinctly  dotted  with  white. 

Myrica  Californica,  Cham.  (Bayberry)  representing  the  Order  Myricacese,  grows 
in  moist  places,  and  may  be  known  by  its  thick  oblanceolate  serrate  evergreen  leaves 
and  dense  clusters  of  small  fruit,  whitened  by  a  coat  of  wax. 

Umbellularia  Californica,  Nutt.     (Order  Lauraceae),  is  the  well-known  Laurel. 

Platanus  racemosa,  Nutt,  is  the  California  Sycamore. 

The  Order  Salicaceae  is  represented  by  4  or  5  Willows,  large  enough  to  be  called 
trees,  and  3  Poplars,  viz. : 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michx.  (Quaking  Asp),  a  small  tree,  with  whitish  bark  and 
round  ovate  leaves.  In  the  high  Sierra.  The  only  Calif ornian  tree,  except  one  of  two 
willows,  found  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  trichacarpa.  Torr  &  Gr.     (Cotton wood.)     Petioles  round;  young  bark  brownish. 

P.  Fremonti,  Wat.  (Fremont's  cottonwood.)  Petioles  flattened;  young  bark  yellowish. 

The  WALNUT  FAMILY  is  represented  by  Juglans  Californica,  the  California  Black 
Walnut. 

About  a  dozen  kinds  of  Oak  Trees,  and  several  shrubs  of  the  same  genus,  with  the 
chestnut-like  Chinquapin,  represent  the  Order  Cupuliferae. 


72  ORCHIDACE.E. 


CLASS  II-ENDOGENS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  consisting  of  woody  tissue  and  cellular  tissue  (pith)  intermixed.  Embryo  mono- 
cotyledonous. 

ALJSMACEJE. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  leaves  all  radical,  scape-like  flowering  sterns,  and  (in  our  species) 
perfect  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  each  three  and  distinct.  Ovaries  3  to  many;  dis- 
tinct, or,  at  least,  separating  at  maturity,  forming  1-2-seeded  pods.  Stamens  from  6  to 
many;  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  174. 

ORCHIDACEJE. 

Herbs  with  irregular  6-merous  perianth  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary;  the  ovules  innu- 
merable on  3  parietal  placentae,  becoming  fine  sawdust-like  seeds.  One  petal,  called  the 
lip,  is  unlike  the  other  two.  Stamens  consolidated  with  the  style  forming  the  Column. 

This  remarkable  family  of  plants  is  chiefly  tropical,  one  only — Calypso  borealis  — 
reaches  the  limits  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  Most  of  the  tropical  species  are  epiphytes. 
These  cling  to  other  plants,  usually  trees,  by  means  of  aerial  roots,  which,  however, 
take  no  nourishment  from  the  supporting  plants.  More  than  2,500  kinds  of  epiphytal 
orchids  are  known,  mostly  South  American.  These  are  often  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
as  well  as  oddity  of  their  flowers,  characters  which  make  them  the  most  admired  of  hot- 
house plants.  But  the  wonderful  mechanism  of  the  flowers,  by  means  of  which  insects 
effect  cross-fertilization,  is  more  interesting  to  the  naturalist  than  perfume  and  beauty, 
which  are  the  more  common  agents  used  by  higher  plants  to  ensure  this  aid  of  insects  in 
the  production  of  good  seed. 

The  only  plant  production  of  this  order  well  known  in  commerce  is  vanilla,  the  fleshy 
pods  of  several  creeping  or  climbing  species  of  the  genus  Vanilla,  all  natives  of  Mexico, 
Colombia  and  Guiana.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  175. 

•:;.*-•         HABENAB-IA. 

H.  maritima,  Greene,  is  more  robust  than  H.  elegans,  with  a  short,  thick  spike  of 
whiter,  larger  flowers;  the  lip  pure  white. 

H.  Michaeli,  Greene.  Still  more  robust,  the  fleshy  stem  bearing  many  triangular 
or  ovate  acute,  thin  appressed  bracts,  the  spike  of  greenish  flowers  3  inches  long;  sepals 
and  petals  longer,  3  lines  long:  spur  a  third  longer  than  the  ovary.  These  two  species 
may  be  forms  of  H.  elegans. 

H.  saccata,  Greene.  Two  or  more  feet  high,  with  a  slender,  leafy  bracted  raceme 
of  green  flowers;  the  side  petals  falcate,  the  linear  lip  much  larger  than  the  saccate 
spur.  May  be  a  form  of  H.  gracilis. 


SPIBANTHES 

Liixnodorum. 


LILIACEJE.  73 

OBCHIASTBUM    in   Bay. Reg.    Bot.,   and    Epipactis    is 

IRIDACE^E. 


Herbs  with  2-ranked  leaves,  the  flower  buds  inclosed  by  bracts.  Perianth  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  segments  in  two,  often  unequal  sets.  Stamens  3.  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  style  1,  stigma  3,  often  petaloid.  Key  to  genera  and  species,  p.  177. 

SISYBINCHIUM. 

This  genus  is  Bermudiana  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot. 

S.  sarmentosum,  Suksdorf.  Stem  and  leaves  very  slender:  segments  of  the  small 
light  blue  perianth,  all  abruptly  acuminate.  Washington. 


Flower  and    buds  of  Calochortus  albus,  and  the  three- 
winged  fruit  outlined. 


LILIACE^E. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  woody  plants,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  flowers;  the  perianth 
free  from  the  chiefly  3-celled  ovary,  with  the  divisions  all  petaloid  (except  in  Trillium 
and  Calochortus),  the  stamens  opposite  the  divisions  of  the  perianth,  usually  6  (rarely  3 
of  them,  nat  pollenifrous),  sometimes  only  3,  and  in  one  genus  the  parts  of  the  flower 
in  2's.  The  antherless  stamens  in  about  a  dozen  of  our  species  are  not  rudimentary,  as 
in  Collinsia,  but  well  developed,  as  in  Pentstemon,  and  probably  as  in  that  genus, 
assist  insects  in  cross-fertilization.  These  stamens  are  called  staminodia.  Key  to  genera 
and  species,  p.  178« 


74 


LILIACE.E. 


ALLIUM. 

A.  dichlamydeum,  Green  Leaves  few,  shorter  than  the  scape,  which  is  about  a 
foot  high:  perianth  deep  rose  color  5  lines  long,  outer  segment  spreading,  inner  erect, 
entire:  ovary  crested.  Resembling  A.  serratum,  which  has  smaller  flowers  with  serru- 
late segments. 

A.  crispum,  Greene.  Scape  5-8  inches  high,  thickened  upward:  spathe  1-valved 
pedicels  12-25,  1  inch  long:  perianth  light  purple,  3-4  lines  long,  the  outer  segments 
oblong-ovate  plane,  entire,  the  inner  lanceolate,  the  margins  undulate:  ovary  not  crested. 
Near  A.  serratum.  Paso  Robles. 

A.  monospermum,  Jepson.  Size  and  habit  of  A.  attenuif  olium,  but  3  or  4  scapes 
from  the  red  bulb:  pedicels  50-80:  perianth  pale  purple:  filaments  with  broadly  deltoid 

united  bases;  pod  maturing  but  one  seed.     Vac- 
Mts. 

BBODI2RA. 

Prof.  Green  has  again  elaborated  this  genus  and 
its  allies,  but  we  shall  retain  the  names  of  his  first 
revision.  In  Bay-Reg  Bot.  Dichelostemma  re- 
places Brodiaea  and  Brevoortia  is  added,  becom- 
ing D.  Ida-Maia,  while  B.  volubis  becomes  D 
Californicum.  The  other  species  retain  the  old  specific 


names   with  the  final 
ostexnma  is  neuter. 


a"  changed  to  "urn, "since  Dichel- 


Brodicea  capitata. 


Hookera  terrestris. 


HOOKERA. 

H.  leptandra,  Greene.  Scape  slender,  a  foot  or  less  high: 
umbel  2-flowered:  perianth  purple,  an  inch  long;  segments 
linear,  spreading  above  free  portion  of  the  filaments  3  lines 

long:    anthers   linear,   3   lines   long;    staminodia 

thin,  involute,  retuse. 

TRITELEIA. 


The  yellow  flowered  species  of  this  genus  ap- 
pear in  Bay-Reg.  Bot,  under  the  generie  name 
Caliprora,  and  the  white  flowered  /me  is  Hes- 
peroscordum. 

T.  Henderson!,  Watson.  Near  T.  Bridges!!. 
Scape  and  leaves  about  a  foot  long:  leaves  3-5 
lines  broad:  perianth  salmon-color  with  brown- 
purple  nerves,  6-9  lines  long,  the  segments  about 


LILIACLE. 


75 


Triteleia      Hya. 
cinthina. 


Triteleia  laxa. 


as  long  as  the  tube:  stamens  in  one  row, 
the  filaments  equal.     Oregon. 

T.  scabra,  Greene.  Scape  6-3  inches 
high,  scabrous,  the  leaves  scabrous  — 
serrulate:  perianth  segments  broad,  ob- 
tuse or  retuse:  forks  of  the  filaments 
slender,  erect;  anthers  white. 

T.  Henderson!,  Greene.  Scape  and 
leaves  about  10  inches  high:  pedicels  6-8,  slender,  1-2 
inches  long:  perianth  funnel-form,  9  lines  long  cleft  to  the 
middle,  yellowish  with  purple  veins:  filaments  equal,  free 
above  the  perianth  tube:  anthers  less  than  a  line  long, 
blue,  obtuse.  Or. 
T.  hyacinthina,  Greene,  is  in  Bay-Keg.  Bot.  Hesperoscordum  lacteum,  Lindl. 

BREVOORTIA. 

B.  coccinea  in  the  key  should  be  B.  Ida-Maia,  Wood.  In  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  it  is 
Dichelostemma  Ida-Maia,  (Wood)  Greene.  It  was  named  by  Prof.  Alfonso  Wood 
for  the  stage  driver's  little  daughter  who  was  with  him  when  he  first  saw  the  flowers, 
(1866).  No  matter  what  generic  name  is  finally  fastened  upon  it  by  botanists  the  chil- 
dren of  California  will  call  it  Ida  May's  Fire-crackers. 

Smilacina  is  Vagnera  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  Maianthemum  is  Unifolium,  and 
Prosartes  is  Disporum,  the  specific  names  unchanged  in  the  first  and  last;  M.  bi- 
folium  of  this  book  is  U.  dilatatum  in  Greene's  manual. 

FRITILLARIA. 

F.  coccinea,  Greene.  Stems  8-18  inches  high:  leaves  in  2  or  3  whorls,  linear-lan- 
ceolate: flowers  1-4,  an  inch  longer:  segments  not  recurved  at  tip,  yellow  and  scarlet, 
checkered:  styles  distinct  above,  stigmas  linear:  pod  obtusely  angled.  Sonoma  and 
Napa  Co's. 

F.  biflora.  var.  agrestis,  Greene.  Stem  1-2  feet  high  from  an  ovoid  cluster  of 
sub-cylindraceous  bulb-scales:  leaves  a  whorl  of  3  below  the  upper  alternate  ones:  flow- 
ers 3-6,  nodding-campanulate,  greenish,  an  inch  long,  odor  bad:  Stamens  shorter  than 
the  pistil:  style  cleft  nearly  to  the  base.  Interior  Coast  Range. 

.  F.  glauca,  Greene.  Stems  6-8  inches  high:  leaves  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate, 
glaucous:  flowers  1-2,  very  broadly  campanulate,  greenish  or  purplish,  the  segments  an 
inch  long.  Near  Waldo,  Or. 

F.  mutica  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  is  F.  lanceolata,  Pursh.,  var.  floribunda,  Benth.,  of 
this  book. 


76  LILIACEJE. 

F.  pudica,  Sprengel.  Bulb  of  2  or  3  large,  rounded  scales  and  many  smaller  ones: 
stem  3-8  inches  high:  leaves  3-8  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear,  scattered  or  nearly 
verticillate,  2-4  inches  long,  flowers  often  solitary  (1-6),  nodding,  yellow  or  orange, 
often  purple-tinged,  5-9  lines  long,  scarcely  spreading.  Yreka,  Cal.,  Miss  Lillian  Vivian. 

EBYTHBONIUM. 

E.  giganteum,  Lindl.  Leaves  6-10  inches  long,  narrowed  to  a  short  margined 
petiole;  scape  10-15  inches  high,  1-6-flowered:  perianth  cream-color  tinged  with  pink, 
yellow  at  base;  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  12—18  lines  long,  recurved.  This  is  under 
E.  grandiflorum  in  the  key  (var.  Smithii)  but  considered  a  distinct  species  by  Greene. 

E.  Hartwegi,  Wats.  Described  by  Greene  in  Bay-Reg.  Bot.  as  having  pale  yellow 
flowers  with  orange  center  and  segments  scarcely  recurved,  is,  according  to  him,  the 
species  growing  about  Healdsburg  on  the  Russian  River  and  northward. 

E.  Henderson!,  Wat.  Leaves  mottled:  scape  1-2  flowered,  perianth  recurved,  18 
lines  long,  pale  purple  with  darker  base  fringed  with  pale  yellow;  petals  auriculate 
above  the  short  claw,  the  auricles  sub-saccate  with  globose-inflated  scales:  slender  fila- 
ments purple:  style  clavate,  short-lobed  stigma  cupulate.  Oregon. 

E.  citrinum,  Wat.  Similar,  flowers  smaller,  lemon-color  with  broad  orange  spots 
at  the  base,  tips  purple-tinged,  the  filaments  yellow  or  white.  Oregon. 

E.  Howellii,  Wat.  Distinguished  from  the  preceding  two  by  pale  pink  perianth 
segments  with  basal  orange  spots  and  petals  without  auricles  and  scales. 

CALOCHOKTUS. 

C.  collinus,  Lemmon.  Glaucous,  3-10  inches  high,  simple  or  branching:  flowers  2-6 
on  pedicils  3-6  inches  long:  sepals  elliptical,  greenish  yellow:  petals  creamy  white  ob- 
ovate,  slightly  concave  6-9  lines  long;  gland  cuneate,  ciliate,  purplish:  stamens  longer 
than  the  pistils:  obtuse  oblong  anthers  a  line  or  less  long:  pods  nodding.  Near  C. 
Maweanus. 

C.  liyoni,  Wat.  Branching  stem  1-2  feet  high,  usually  several  flowers:  sepals 
naked,  acute:  petals  12-20  lines  long,  lilac  or  purplish,  the  oblong  hairy  gland  in  a 
larger  dark  spot:  anthers  obtuse,  2  lines  long  or  less.  Los  Angeles. 

C.  albus,  Dougl,  Var.  rubellus,  Greene.  Flowers  longer  and  narrower  than  the 
type,  rose-colored.  Monterey. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY 


TO 


GENERA  AND   SPECIES 


OF 


WEST  COAST  PLANTS. 


CLASS    I.-EXOGKEISTS    OR   DICOTYLEDONS. 

[77] 


RANUNCULACE26.  79 


DIVISION  I.  POLYPETALuE. 
RANUNCULACEJE. 

*  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored, 

Sepals  and  petals  slender:  carpels  3  to  8  on  stipes:  smooth;  evergreen 8 

Petals  5  spur-like  sacs:  follicles  5:  flowers  nodding:  leaves  compound 10 

Upper  sepal  with  a  spur  enclosing  spurs  of  two  petals:  petals  4 11 

Upper  sepal  a  hood  enclosing  spurs  of  two  petals 12 

Minute  white  flowers  in  dense  capitate  racemes:  pistil  single 1& 

Flowers  pinkish  or  whitish  on  scapes 6 

Flowers  solitary  on  scapes:  receptacle  elongated:  leaves  slender,  entire 5 

*  *  Petals  and  sepals  not  similarly  colored, 

Petals  yellow  white  or  pinkish:  akenes  small,  beaked 6 

Petals  fleshy,  dull  purple:  follicles  large:  leaves  glaucous 14 

*  *  *  Petals  wanting :  sepals  petaloid. 

Woody  climbers:  leaves  opposite:  sepals  4:  akenes  plumose 1 

A  whorl  of  leaves  below  the  flower:  akenes  many 2 

Leaves  cordate:  sepals  greenish,  large:  follicles  5  to  12 7 

Leavei  2-3-ternately  compound:  follicles  pointed .  .     9 

flowers  small,  greenish,  in  panicles:  leaves  2-3  ternate 3 

Flowers  small,  white;  panicles  corymbose,  akenes  4  -angled,  inflated 4 

1.  CLEMATIS,  Linneu*. 

1.  0.  lignsticifolia,  Nnttall.    Leaves  5-foliolate:  sepals  white,  dlky. 

2.  0.  lasiantka,  Nutt.    Leaves  3-foliolate:  peduncles  l-2-braotoato. 

3.  0.  pauciflora,  Nutt.    Leaves  fascicled:  akenes  smooth. 

4.  O.  verticillaris,  DO.    Flowers  bluish  purple,  large,  solitary. 

2.  ANEMONE,    Linnaeus. 

1.  A.  occidentalis,  Watson,     Akenea  plumose- tailed:  alpine. 

2.  A.  multifida,  DC.    Akenes  densely  woolly :  sepals  villova 

3.  A.  nemorosa,  Linn.    Leaves  3,  petioled,  ternate,  incisely  lobed. 

4.  A.  deltoid  ea,  Hooker.     Leaves  usually  entire,  serrate. 


80 


RANUNCULACB2B. 


3.     TTTAT.TnT-R.TnW,    Tournefort. 


1.  T.    polycarpuxn,  Watson.     Akenes  in  dense  heads,  2  or  3  linea  long. 

2.  T.    occidentalis,  Gray.     Akenes  1  to  6,  3  or  4  lines  long,  narrower. 

3.  T.     eparsiflorum,  Tnrcz.     Anthers  obtuse;  fruit  heads  nodding. 

4.     TBAT7T  VETTEBI  A,    Fischer  &  Meyer. 
1.    T.    grandis,  Nutt     Slender:  leaves  few,  5-7-lobed,  laciniate-toothed. 

6.     MYOSTJBTJS,  Linnaeus. 

1.  M.     minimus,  Linn.     Receptacle  in  fruit  1  or  2  inches  long. 

2.  1C.     aristatus,  Benth.     Receptacle  shorter,  akenes  beaked. 

3.  M.     sessilis,  Watson.     Flowers  sessile:  fruit  heads  2  to  6  lines  long. 

6.     BANTJNCTJLUS,   Linn. 

•  Aquatic;  leaves  round-rcniform  and  lobed  or,  token  submerged,  filiform-dissected. 

Petals  white:  akenes  wrinkled  crosswise 1,  2 

Petals  yellow:  akenes  not  wrinkled 6 

*  *  Not  aquatic  :  leaves  all  radical :  scape*  naked  or  1-S  bracteate,  mostly  1- flowered: 

sepals  petaloid. 

Sepals  white:  petals  minute:  leaves  cordate  or  reniform 3 

Sepals  pinkish,  persistent  petals  pink:  leaves  compound 4 

*  *  *  Usually  growing  in  wtt  places. 

Leaves  all  entire,  oval  or  narrower 7,  8,  0,  10 

Leaves  rather  fleshy,  simple  or  3-foliolate;  lobes  rounded 6,  19 

*  *  *  *  Not  aquatic  but  some  species  growing  in  wet  places:  leaves  variously  divided 

or  lobed. 

Alpine,  tufted:  leaves  round-renifonn  to  cuneate,  small 11 

Some  or  all  the  leaves  ternately  compound:  stems  branching. 

Petals  usually  more  than  6 15 

Petals  usually  6 13,  16,  17,  18,  19 

1.  B.  aquatilis,  Linn.     var.  heterophyllus.  Sepals  deciduous:  receptacle  hairy. 

2.  B.  Lobbiij  Hiern.     Sepals  persistent  enclosing  the  few  akenes. 

3.  B.  hystriculu «,  Gray.    Akenes  2  or  3  lines  long,  tapering ;  beak  hooked. 

4.  B.  Anderson!,  Gr.     Akenes  bladdery,  4  or  5  lines  long. 

6.     B,     Cymbalaria,  Pursh.    Akenes  enlarging  upward;  beak  oblique. 

6.  B.     multifidus,  Pursh.     Petals  5  to  8  with  a  large  scale;  beak  straight 

7.  B.     pusillus,  var.  landheixneri,  Gr.    Akenes  granulate. 

a.     B.     Flammu]  a,  Linn.  var.  reptans,  Gr.  Akenes  subglobose. 


RANUNCULACE-dB.  •    81 

9.  R.     alismeefoliug,  Geyer.     Smooth:  akenes  in  globose  head. 

10.  R  Lemmoni,  Gr.     Sepals  villons:  akenes  pubescent. 

11.  R  oxynotus,  Gr.     Leaves  small:  sepals  hairy:  heads  oblong. 

12.  B.  Bloomeri,  Watson.     Akenes  straight- beaked. 

13.  R.  occidentals.     Akenes  flat,  often  rough  ;  beak  curved. 

14.  R.  canus,  Benth.     Densely  soft  villous  when  young. 

15.  R.  Californicus,  Benth.     Petals  narrowly  obovate,  6  to  20. 

16.  R.  hispidus,  Michx.  Hispid:  calyx  scarcely  reflexed. 

17.  R.  orthorhynchus,  Hooker.     Akenes  nearly  2  lines  long. 

18.  R.  hebecarpus,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Flowers  minute:  akenes  bristly. 

19.  R.  muricatus,  Linn.     Akenes  prickly,  large,  strong- beaked. 

7.  CALTHA,  Linnaeus. 
1.     0.     leptosepala,  D  C.     Scape-like  stems  1 -flowered. 

8.  COPTIS,   Salisbury. 

1,  0.     asplenifolia.  Sails.     Small  petals  pouched:  sepals  slender. 

2.  O.    occidental!*,  T.  &  G.    Petals  not  pouched,  linear.    Or. 

0.     ISOPYRUM,   Linnaeus. 
I      I.     occidentalis,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Several  flowers:  follicles  6  lines  long. 

2.  I.     stipitatum,  Gray.     One  flower:  follicles  stipitate,  3  lines  long,  obtnsa 

3.  I.     Hallii,  Gray.     Large:  7  to  9  flowers:  follicles  smaller,  acuminate. 

10.  AQUELEGIA,   Tournetort. 

1.  A.     truncata,  F.  &  M.     Petals  truncate,  red,  yellow-tinged,  CaL 

2.  A.     formosa,  Fischer.     Similar:  petals  longer  outside.     Oregon. 

3.  A.     caeruloa,  James.     Flowers  blue  to  white:  spurs  very  slender. 

11.  DELPHINIUM,   Tourn. 
Flowers  blue,  purple  or  white,  in  terminal  racemes. 

Capsule  pubescent 1,  2,  8,  0 

Capsule  glabrous „ 4,  6,  7,  8 

Flowers  red  or  yellowish  in  loose  racemes. 0,  10 

1.  D.  simplex,  Douglas.     Stem  and  raceme  strict:  sepals  4  or  5  lines  long. 

2.  D.  varieg-atum,  T.  &  G.    More  hairy  raceme  loose:  sepals  6  to  10  lines  long. 

3.  D.  Menziesii,  DC.     A  longer  spur:  upper  petals  purple- veined. 

4.  D.  decorum,  F  &  M.     Usually  smooth:  flowers  like  the  last. 

5.  D.  depauperatum,  Nuttall.     Smaller:  possibly  variety  of  the  last. 


82  •-.          NYMPH  jEACE.®. 

1.    D.  Calif  or  nicum,  T.  &  G.    Dull  blue  flowers  velvety:  raceme  close. 

T     D.  glaucum,  Watson.     Glaucous:  pale  blue  flowers:  raceme  narrow. 

1     D.  trollifolium,  Gray.     Smooth:  leaves  shining:  flowers  large. 

).     D.  nudicaule,  T.  &  G.     Follicles  narrowed  at  base:  G  to  12  lines  long. 
\0.    D.     cardinale,  Hooker.     Follicles  broader  at  base,  shorter:  flowers  larger. 

12.     ACONITUM,   Tournefort. 
I.    A.     Columbianum,  Nutt.     Blue  flowers  or  rarely  white:  hood  beaked. 

13.     ACTJEA,   Linnaeus. 
1.     A.     spicata,  var.  arguta,  Torrey.     Leaves  2-3-ternate:  berries  red. 

14.    P2EONIA,  Linn. 
i.    P.    Brownii,  Dougl.     Leathery  sepals  persistent:  seeds  5  or  6  lines  long. 


BERBEKIDACEJS. 

Low  shrubs  with  spiny -toothed  pinnate  leaves:  flowers  yellow 1 

Herb:  leaves  radical,  temately  compound:  flowers  nodding,  white 2 

Herb:  radical  3-foliolate  leaf  solitary:  sepals  and  petals  wanting 8 

1.     HERBERTS,   Linnaeus. 

1.  B.     repens,  Lindley.     Leaflets  3  to  7,  ovate,  not  shiny:  not  A  foot  high, 

2.  B.     Aquifolium,  Pursh.     Leaflets  7  or  more,  shiny:  berries  globose. 

3.  B.     pinnata,  Lag.     Petiole  short  or  leaflets  at  the  base:  fruit  long-ovoid. 

4.  B.     nervosa,  Pursh.     Leaflets  palraately  nerved,  11  to  17. 

2.  VANCOUVERIA,  Morren  &  Decaisne. 
1.  V.  hexandra,  M.  &  D.  Panicle  of  white  flowers  on  a  scapa. 
Var.  aurea.  Flowers  yellow,  larger.  S.  W.  Or.  ( V.  aurta,  Greene.) 

3.     ACHLYS,    De  Candolle. 
1.     A<     triphylla,  DO.     Scape  ending  iu  a  slender  spike  of  minute  flowers. 


NYMPH^ACEJE. 

Leaves  elliptic-peltate,  floating:  stems  jelly -coated 1 

Leaves  oblong -cordate,  large:  flowers  large,  globose,  yellow 2 


PAPAVERACE^S.  83 

/ 

1.    BRASENIA,   Schreber. 
I.     B.     peltata,  Pursh.     Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long:  white  or  purplish  flowers. 

1.     NTJPHAR,    Smith. 
1.     N.     polysepalum,  Engelm.     Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long:  stigma  broad. 

SARKACENIACE2E. 

Darlingtonia  Calif ornica,  Torrey.     Hooded  tubular  leaves  with  a  pair  of  mus- 
tache-like appendages  above  the  opening:  solitary  flower  nodding  on  a  bracteate  scape, 

PAPAYERACEJE. 

*  Herbs  with  entire  narrow  leave*  ;  the  uppermost  whorled  or  opposite:  sepals  5,  caducous: 
petals  6  in  2  rows,  white  or  yellowish, 

Filiform  atigmas  6  to  many;  ovaries  forming  a  cylinder .' 1 

Stigmaa  3;  capsule  triangular-ovoid  to  obovoid  or  linear 9 

*  Herbs  with  divided  or  lobed  alternate  leaw*. 

Sepals  3,  winged  on  the  back:  half  shrubby 8 

Sepals  3  or  2,  sharp-horned:  bristly  with  stiff  prickles 4 

Sepals  2:  stigma  slightly  4-8-lobed:  slender  purplish  filaments 6 

Sepals  united  into  a  conical  cap:  slender  stigmas  unequal 6 

*  *  *  Shrubs  or  woody  based  perennials. 

Sepals  2:  buds  globular:  stigmas  2:  leaves  entire 7 

Sepals  3:  petals  6,  very  large,  white:  leaves  pinnatifid 8 

1.  PLATYSTEMON,    Bentham, 

I.     P.     Caltfornicus,  Benth.     Hirsute:  peduncles  long,  axillary. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA,   Bentham. 

1.  P.  lineare,  Benth.     Hirsute:  stems  short:  peduncles  long:  stamens  many. 

2.  P.  Calif ornicum,  B.  &  H.     Capsule  9  to  15  lines  long:  stamens  10  to  12. 

3.  P.  Oreganum,  B.  &  H.     Capsule  shorter:  stamens  4  to  6:  smaller. 

4.  P.  denticulatum,  Greene.     Leaves  denticulate:  stamens  6  to  9. 

3.     ROMNEYA,    Harvey 
1.     B..     Coulteri,  Harv.     White  flowers  3  or  more  inches  broad:  glaucous  learns 

4.     ARGEHONE,    Linnaeus. 
1.     A.     hispida,  Gray.     Densely  prickly,  petals  and  stamens  only  excepted. 


g4  FUMARIACBJ5. 

6.    MECONOPSIS,   Vigoier. 
;  .     M.     heterophylla,  Benth.     Capsule  truncate,  ribbed,  beaked. 

6.    ESCHSCHOLTZIA,   Chamisso. 

[Cup-like  torus  enclosing  the  ovary  2-margined;  the  inner  membranous,  the  outer  and 
lower  usually  thicker  (First  shown  by  E.  L.  Greene)]. 

*  Outer  margin  of  the  obconical  torus  a  broad  green  or  reddish  rim. 

1.  E.     Califomica,  Cham.     Smooth,  perennial,  often  decumbent. 

*  Torus  without  conspicuous  rim,  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 

2.  E.    Austin®,  Greene.     Erect,  branching,  hairy  below. 

3.  E.     tenuifolia,  Benth.     Scape-like  peduncles  square,  very  slender. 

4.  E.     rhombipetala,  Greene.    Square  peduncles  rough,  stout:  petals  fugacious. 

7.    DENDROMECON,  Bentham. 
1.     D.     rigidunx,  Benth.     Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  rigid,  vertical. 

FUMARIACE.E. 

Corolla  flattened  heartshaped  or  2-spurrei  at  base  ..........................  „  .....   1 

Corolla  1  -spurred  at  base,  deciduous  .......................................  .......  2 

1.  DICENTRA,   Borkhausen. 

*  Flowers  drooping  on  a  scape  :  filaments  lightly  united. 

1.  D.  formosa,  DC.     Raceme  com'pd:  persistent  petals  united,  rose  color. 

2.  D.  uniflor  a,  Kellogg.     Flower  solitary,  ^  inch  long:  capsule  short. 

3.  D.  pauciflora,  Watson.    Flowers  1  to  3,  8  to  12  lines  long:  capsule  exserted. 

4.  D.  cucullaria,  DC.     Raceme  simple:  spurs  divergent. 

*  Flowers  narrow,  erect,  in  panicles  on  leafy  stems. 

6.     D.     ckrysantha,  H.  &,  A.     Petals  yellow,  6-9  lines  long,  tips  widely  divergent. 
6.     D.     ochroleuca,  Engelmann.     Petals  yellowish,  longer,  tips  less  divergent. 

2.  CORYDAIJS,   Ventenat. 

1.  C.    aurea,  Willd.  *ar.  occidentalis,  Gr.     Flowers  golden  yellow. 

2.  0.     Scouleri,  Hook.     Flowers  rose-colored  in  spreading  racemes. 

3.  0.     Caseana,  Gr.     Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  bluish  tipped. 

>      C.    Bidwelliaa,  Watson.     Similar,  but  crest  entire,  spur  curved, 


I  1.     Pods  splitting  when  ripe,  the  sides  (valves)  separating  from  a  central  pai 
rib»  (placenta)  which  bear  the  seeds  and  usually  frame  a  transparent  partition. 


CRUCIFEILE.  85 

•  Pods  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition,  the  placentalrdbs  forming  the  margin:  radicle 
Of  the  bent  embryo  lying  against  one  edge  of  the  cotyledons  (accumbent). 

Pods  orbicular,  nerveless:  flowers  small,  white  or  yellowish. 

Pods  large,  flat:  seeds  orbicular,  flat,  thin -margined:  scapes  1-flowered 1 

Pods  less  than  2  Hues  broad:  flowers  in  racemes:  leaves  spatulate,  entire 2 

Pods  ovate  or  lanceolate  to  linear  or  oblong  not  an  inch  long 8 

Pods  narrowly  linear,  valves  nerveless,  partition  thickened. 

Pods  long-beaked:  stem  leaves  few,  close  together  near  the  top 4 

Pods  short-beaked:  leaves  scattered:  racemes  longer 5 

Pods  linear  or  narrower,  an  inch  or  more  long,  1 -nerved:  seeds  flat. 

Anthers  short:  petals  white,  purple  or  rose-color:  claw  narrow,  blade  flat. 6 

Anthers  sagittate  at  base:  petals  usually  unequal  and  crispate  or  twisted 7 

Sepals  broad,  not  colored,  the  outer  gibbous:  petals  broad,  blade  flat 8 

*  *  Pods  terete  or  scarcely  flattened,  often  4-anglcd:  radicle  lying  against  the  side  of  the 

cotyledons  or  embracing  them  (incumbent),  or  turned  partly  to  one  side  (oblique}. 
t  Pods  slender,  1  to  4  inches  long;  valves  1-nerved:  seeds  oblong,  slightly  flattened;  cotyledons 

often  oblique. 

Flowers  white  to  purple:  anthers  sagittate. 

Petals  undulately  crisped,  little  exceeding  the  large  sepals:  claw  broad ~ 9 

Petals  with  flat  limb  much  exceeding  the  narrow  sepals 10 

Flowers  yellow,  large:  stem  leaves  narrow,  mostly  entire. 

Anthers  linear,  at  length  coiled:  pods  on  long  stipes,  curved , 11 

Anthers  sagittate:  stigma  2-lobed:  pod  4-angled  ;  no  stipe Id 

1 1  Pods  linear,  often  less  than  an  inch  long:  seeds  in  one  row  (except  in  1st  sp's.  of  No.  16 
and  in  No.  16):  at  least  the  lower  leaves  pinnatifld. 

Seeds  globose:  cotyledons  infolding  the  radicle:  anthers  sagittate 13 

Seeds  oblong:  anthera  oblong:  leaves  lyrately  pinna tifid,  smooth 14 

Seeds  oblong,  small:  anthers  sagittate:  petals  1  to  3  lines  long 15 

Seeds  in  two  rows:  pods  4  to  6  lines  long;  valves  nerveless 16 

1 1 1  Pods  oblong-ovoid  to  globose,  beaked  with  the  slender  style. 

Densely  stellate- pubescent:  leaves  mostly  entire:  flowers  yellow 17 

*  *  *  Pods  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. 

Pods  linear,  £  to  2£  inches  long,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles 18 

Pods  ovoid,  scarcely  flattened,  on  slender  scapes.     Aquatic 19 

Pods  linear,  nearly  terete:  cotyledons  3-parted :  petals  included c  20 

Pods  angular-obcordate  or  oblong-obovate,  many-seeded 21 

Pods  oblanceolate  to  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  4-8-seeded 22 

Pods  orbicular  to  obovate,  2-winged  above,  2-seeded 23 

§  2.    Pods  not  splitting  open  when  ripe:  petals  minute  or  wanting  except  in  the  last. 
Pods  with  2  small  globular  seed-like  cells,  rough,, 24 


86  CKUCIFER-B. 

Pocia  elliptical,  twisted,  flat,  2  lines  long,  6-10-seeded 25 

Pods  minute,  orbicular,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs,  1 -seeded 26 

Pods  orbicular  or  obovate,  broadly  margined,  plano-convez,  1-seeded. 27 

Pods  terete,  spongy-inflated,  tapering  above,  an  inch  or  more  long 28 

1.    PLATYSPEBMUM,  Hooker. 

1.  P.    scapigenun,  Hook.     Glabrous;  leaves  mostly  runcinately  lobed.     S.  N.  Mta. 

2.     ALYSSUM,   Tonrnefort. 
L    A.    calycinum,  L.     Petals  white  or  yellowish:  sepals  persiatent:  pods  4-seeded. 

2.  A.    maritimum,  L.     Petals  white:  pods  2-seeded  (known  as  Sweet  Alyssum). 

3.     DRAB  A,    Linnaeus. 
Stems  leafy.   Nos.  1  to  4.     Stems  scape-like,  few-flowered,  not  annuals.    Nos.  5  to  10 

1.  D.    cuneifolia,  Nutt.     Hirsute,  1  to  6  inches  high:  petals  white,  1  or  2  lines  long. 

2.  D.     steuoloba,  Ledeb.     Larger,  montane  or  alpine:  petals  yellow,  obtuse. 

3.  D.     aureola,  Watsou.     Densely  stellate- hairy:  raceme  dense:  petals  yellow. 

4.  D.     corrugata,  Watson.     Pubescence  coarser:  racemes  looser:  pod  contorted. 

5.  D.     crassifolia,  Graham.     Glabrous:  yellow  petals  a  line  long:  pods  acute. 

6.  D.     Douglasii,  Gr.     Glaucous:  scapes  6  to  18  lines  long:  petals  white. 

7.  D.     Lemmoni,  Wats.     Stout  caudex  branching:  scapes  an  inch  high:  petals  yellow 

8.  D.     eurycarpa,  Gr.     Pod  ovate,  beaked,  5  to  10  lines  long.     Sonora  Pass. 

9.  D.     alpina,  L.     Petals  yellow,  1^  to  2£  lines  long.     Alpine, 

10.  D.     Howellii,  Watson.     Similar:  petals  3  or  4  lines  long:  pods  often  one-sided, 
N.W.  Cal. 

4.     DENTAHIA,    Linnaeus. 

1.  D.     tenella,  Pursh.     Leaves  1  to  3,  2-5-parted:  flowers  3  to  6  lines  long. 

2.  D.     Californica,  Watson.    Leaves  2  to  4,  toothed,  rarely  3-lobed:  petals  rose-color. 

5.     CABDAMINE,    Linnaeus. 

Leaves  pinnate  with  several*  pairs  of  small  leaflets 1,  2,  3 

Leaves  pinnate  with  larger  leaflets,  or  simple. 

Radical  leaves  5-7-foliolate;  stem  leaves  with  5  to  9  entire  leaflets. , 4 

Radical  leaves  mostly  simple;  stem  leaves  3-5-foliolate 6,  6 

Leaves  all  ternate,  the  leaflets  3-5-lobed  or  toothed :  tall 7 

Leaves  all  simple;  margin  sinuate  or  entire 8,  9 

1.  C.     Qambelii,  Watson.     Leaflets  9  to  13,  sessile,  acute:  petals  4  lines  long. 

2.  0.     oligosperma,  Nutt.     Leaflets  7  to  11,  petiolulate:  petals  1  to  1£  lines  long, 

3.  C.     hirsuta,  L.     Stouter:  leaflets  sessile:  flowers  larger  in  longer  racemes. 


CRUCIFERjE.  87 

4.  C.  cuneata,  Greene.     Tuberiferous  like  the  next:  leaflets  petiolulate. 

5.  C.  paucisecta,  Benth.     Petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  white  or  pinkish. 

6.  C.  Breweri,  Watson.     Terminal  leaflet  much  the  largest:  petals  2  lines  long. 

7.  C.  angulata,  Hook.    Flowers  few,  3  to  4  lines  long:  pods  short.    Oregon. 

8.  C.  cordifolia,  Gr.     Stout:  leaves  cordate-orbicular  or  narrower. 

9.  G.  belli d if olia,  L.     Alpine,  tufted,  2  or  3  in.  high:  leaves  entire. 

6.     ARABIS,    Linnaeus. 

Pods  straight,  strictly  erect  or  ascending. 

Flowers  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  in  dense  elongated  racemes 1,  2 

Flowers  light  pink  or  rose  color,  2  or  3  lines  long.     Alpine 8,  4 

Flowers  rose-purple,  6  to  9  lines  long:  leaves  dark  green,  ciiiate 6 

Pods  curved  and  usually  (except  No.  6)  more  or  ICES  reflexed. 

Pods  3  in.  long,  ascending:  stout,  2  ft.  high,  branching 6 

Pods  1  to  4  in.  long,  strongly  reflexed:  stem  erect,  £  to  2  ft.  high 7,  8 

Pods  3  or  4  in.  long,  scarcely  a  line  wide,  spreading,  recurved 9 

Pods  similar,  shorter:  stem  simple,  2  to  10  in.  high,  villous 10 

1.  A.     perfoliata,  Lam.     Glaucous,  stout,  2-4  ft.  high:  leaves  crowded  clasping. 

2.  A.     hirsuta,  Scop.     Smaller,  more  hairy:  pods  half  as  long,  1-2  in.     Or. 

3.  A.     Lyaliii,  Watson.     Bright  green  or  glaucous,  slender:  leaves  clasping. 

4.  A.     platysperma,  Gr.     Canescent  with  stellate  hairs:  pods  2  lines  wide. 

5.  A.     blepharophylla,  H.  &  A.     Smooth,  often  tufted.     Coast.     Monterey  to  8.  F. 

6.  A.     repanda,  Watson.     Leaves  3-4  in.  long,  sinuate  toothed:  petals  2-3  lines  long. 

7.  A.     Holboellii,  Hornern.     Petals  3-4  lines  long,  white  to  purple,  reflexed. 

8.  A.     subpinnatiiida,  Watson.     Leaves  coarsely  toothed:  petals  pinkish. 

9.  A.     arcuata,  Gr.     Canescent,  hairs  branching:  petals  violet  4-6  lines  long. 

10.  A.     Breweri,  Watson.     Petals  deep  rose,  1-4  lines  long:  sepals  purplish. 

7.    STBEPTANTHTJS,  Nuttall. 

Glabrous  or  glaucous:  stem-leaves  clasping  by  cordate  or  sagittate  base. 

Stem-leaves  thick,  usually  toothed,  cordate  to  narrowly  ovate 1 

Stem-leaves  rounded  cordate,  often  crowded,  entire:  pods  curved 2 

Stem-leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute:  pods  nearly  straight,  slender 3 

Stem-leaves  spatulate:  sepals  broad,  3  lines  long:  petal-blades  purple 4 

Stem-leaves  very  narrow,  pinnatifid;  or  some  entire,  small  and  cordate 5 

Stem-leaves  very  slender,  margins  involute:  outer  larger  sepals  subcordmte 6 

Glaucous:  racemes  zigzag:  calyx  subglobose,  black  purple 7 

More  or  less  hispid  with  simple  hairs:  flowers  purple  or  red. 

Stem-leaves  auriculate-clasping,  toothed:  racemes  one-sided 8,  9 

Stein-leaves  scarcely  clasping:  raceme  short:  flowers  often  recurved 10 


88 


CRUCIFERjE. 


Stem-leaves  an  inch  or  less  long,  not  clasping:  flowers  and  pods  erect 11 

1.  S.  cordatus,  Nutt.     Petals  4-6  lines  long,  yellowish  to  purple. 

2.  S.  tortuosus,  Kellogg.     Petals  similar:  pods  narrower  (a  line  wide). 

3.  S.  Breweri,  Gr.     Petals  3-5  lines  long,  purple:  pods  1£  to  2^  in.  long. 

4.  S.  Howellii,  Watson.     Collected  in  S.W.  Or.  by  Thos.  flowell  in  1884. 

5.  8.  diversifolius,  Watson.     Pods  strongly  reflexed,  slender.     Cosumnes  River. 

6.  S.  polygaloides,  Gr.    Sepals  yellow:  petals  purple  scarcely  exserted. 

7.  S.  niger,  Greene.     Petals  with  purple  claw  and  minute  veinles  white  blade. 

8.  S.  peramsenus,  Greene,     calyx  magenta:  blade  cf  petals  white,  purple-veined 

9.  S.  glandulosus,  Hook.     Petals  red-purple,  6  to  8  lines  long. 

10.  S.  hispidus,  Gr.     Hirsute,  2-5  in.  high:  red -purple  petals  4-6  lines  long. 

11.  S.  flavescens,  Hook.     Petals  yellowish,  linear:  sepals  half  as  long,  acute. 

8.     CHEIRANTHUS,    Linnaeus. 

1.  C.     Menziesii,  B.  <k  H.     Smooth  stems  scape-like:  petals  purple.     This  is  Phceni- 
caidis  Menziesii,  Greene  (the  generic  name  given  by  Nuttall). 

2.  C.     asper,  C.  &  S.     Stems  erect,  leafy:  petals  orange  or  yellow. 

0.     CATJLANTHTJS,    Watson. 
1.     0.     procerua,  Wats.     Glabrous,  4  to  7  ft.  high,  stout,  branching:  flowers  greenish 

10.     THELYPODIUM,   Endlicher. 

1.  T.     brachycarpum,  Torr.     Stem  1  to  5  ft.  high:  petals  slender,  white.     S.  N.  Mta 

2.  T.     flavescens,  Watson      Sepals  hairy,  yellowish:  pod  1£  in.  long. 

3.  T.     lasiophyllum,  Greene.     (Sisymbrium  rejlexum  Nutt.)    Leaves  pinnatifid:  stem* 
1  to  5  ft.  high:  pods  deflexed  or  erect. 

11.     STANLEYA,   NuttalL 
1.     8,     pinnatiflda,  Nutt,     Stems  several,  1  to  8  ft.  high:  petals  narrow. 

12.     EBYSIMUM,    Linnaeus. 
1.     E.     asperum,  DC.  .  Canescent,  leafy:  petals  8  to  12  lines  long. 

13.     BRA.SSICA,    Linnaeus. 

1.  B.     nigra,  Boiss.     Leaves  petioled:  pods  4-angled,  6  to  9  lines  long. 

2.  B.     caxnpestris,  L.     Upper  leaves  clasping:  pods  2  or  3  in.  long;  beak  long. 

3.  B.     Sinapistruxn,  Boiss.     Rough -hairy:  pods  1  to  IJ  in.  long,  &  beak. 

14.     BARBABEA,  Robt.  Brown. 

1.     B.     vulgaris,  R.  Br.     Perennial,  1  to  3  ft.  high:  racemes  dense,  yellow. 
Var.  arcuata,  Koch.,  has  pods  and  pedicles  spreading.     Wet  ground. 


CRUCIFER.S.  89 

15.     SISYMBBITJM,   Linnaeus. 

Leaves  1-2-pinnate;  segments  usually  pinnatifid:  dense  racemes:  pods  acute  at  both  ends, 

3  to  6  lines  long,  pedicels  spreading 1,  9 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  entire:  pods  10  to  18  lines  long 3,  4 

Leaves  runcinate,  3  to  6  in.  long:  divaricately  branched 0 

1.  S.     canescens,  Nutt.     Stems  (as  in  all  the  species)  branching:  seeds  in  2  rows. 

2.  S.     incisum,  Englem.     Somewhat  glandular:  petals  1£  lines  long.     Montane. 

3.  S.    junceum,  Bieb.     Glaucous:  petals  3  lines  long.     Oregon. 

4.  S.  -  acutangrilum,  DC.     Hairy:  leaves  runcinate,  2  to  6  in.  long. 

5.  S.     officinale,  Scop.     Similar:  pod  6  lines  long,  tapering  to  a  point. 

16.    NASTURTIUM,   Robt.  Brown. 

1.  N.     curvisiliqua,  Nutt.     Leaves  pinnatifid:  petals  but  little  eiserted. 

2.  N.     obtusum,  Nutt.     Petals  minute:  pods  1^  to  3  lines  long. 

3.  N.     officinale,  R.  Br.     Aquatic:  petals  white,  1£  to  2  lines  long. 

17.     VESICABJA,   Tournefort 

1.  V.     montana,  Gr.     Pods  oblong-ovoid,  2£  lines  long.     N.  Cal. 

2.  V.     Klngii,  Wats.     Leaves  2  to  6  lines  long:  pods  hairy,  ovoid. 

3.  V.     occiden tails.     Flowers  4  lines  long:  pods  globose.     N.  Cal. 

18.     TROPIDOCARPTTM,   Hooker. 
1.     T.     gracile,  Hook     Leaves  pinnatifid:  flowers  yellow,  3  to  6  lines  long.    Oal 

19.     SUBULARIA,    Linnseus. 
1.     S      aquatica,  L.     Flowers  minute:  pods  1£  lines  long.     Mono  Pass. 

20.     STANFOBDIA,    Watson. 
1.     B.     Californica,  Wats.     Flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  on  hairy  pedicels,  purpla 

21.     CAPSELLA,   Moench. 

1.     C.     divaricata,  Walp.     Very  slender,  diffuse:  pods  elliptic  oblong. 
2     C.     Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.     Pods  cnneate-obcordate.    Everywhere. 

2fl.     THLASPI,   Linnaeus. 

1.  T.     alpestre,  L,     Pods  obovate  to  cuneate-oblong,  not  acute,  beaked. 

2.  T.     Oalifomicuxn,  Watson.     Pods  oblanceolate,  acute,  4  or  5  lines  long.    N.  Cal 


90 


CRUCIFEE-fi. 


23.     LEPIDIUM,    Linnaeus. 

1 .  L.  iatipes,  Hook.   Stout,  rigid  stem,  1  to  3  in.  long;  leaves  longer:  pods  long* winged 

2.  I*,  dictyotum,  Gr.  var.  acutidens  Gr.     Stem  slender,  1  to  3  in.  high. 

3.  L.  oxycarpum,  T.  &  G.     Slender:  petals  none:  stamens  2:  smooth  pods  nodding, 

4.  L.  nitidum,  Nutt.     Petals  small:  pods  shining,  acutely  margined. 

5.  L.  strictum.     Often  matted:  sepals  persistent:  pods  erect  in  dense  rfoemes. 

6.  L.  Menziesii,  DC.     Hispid  or  pubescent:  petals  none:  pods  glabrous. 

7.  L.  lasiocarpum,  Nutt.     Rough-pubescent:  pods  hispid  on  margin. 

8.  L.  Virginicum,   L.     Smooth  stem  erect,  at  length  leafless   below,  paniculate. 

9.  L.  Draba,  L.     Perennial:  leaves  not  lobed:  petals  large:  pods  cordate. 

10.  I*,     campestre,  L.     Stout:  leaves  serrate:  pods  ovate,  broadly  winged,  acabrons. 

24.     SENEBIEBA,   De  Candolle. 
I.     S.     didyxna,  Pers.     Racemes  opposite  pinnatifid  leaves.     Ill-scented. 

25.    HETEBODBABA,   E.  JL  Greene. 
1.     H.     unilateralis,  Greene.     Branching,  nearly  prostrate;  pedicels  reflexed. 

26.  ATHYSANUS,    E.  L.  Greene. 

1       A.     pusillus,  Greene.     Very  slender  (Thysanocarpus  pusillus.  Hooker)- 

27.  THYSANOCABPUS,   Hooker. 

1.  T.     curvipes,  Hook.     Leaves  clasping:  border  of  pods  often  perforate. 

2.  T.     laciniatus,  Nutt.     More  slender:  leaves  scarcely  clasping:  pods  entire. 

3.  T.    radians,  Benth.     Glabrous:  pods  with  radiating  ribs,  4  or  5  lines  broad. 

28.     BAPHANUS,   Linnaeus. 

1.  B.     sativus,  L.     Petals  veiny,  color  variable:  pithy  pods  1  to  1£  in.  long. 

2.  R.     Baphanistroxn,  L.     Similar:  pods  more  constricted  between  seeds.' 


CAPPARIDACE.E. 

1.  ISOMEBIS,   Nuttall, 

L     I.     arborea,  Nutt     Yellow  flowers  in  bracteate  racemes:  etamens  exaerted. 

2.  CLEOME,     Linna3us. 

1      O.     platycarps,  Torr.     Erect  annual:  yellow  flowers  corymbose;  pod  hanging. 


ViOLACE^L  91 

CIST  AC  E£J. 

HELIANTHEMUM,    Tournefort. 
HL     Rcoparium,  Nutt.     Woody-based  stems,  slender:  flowers  yellow.     Cent.  &  S.  Cai. 

VIOLACEJS. 

VIOLA,    Linnaeus. 
*  Leaves  all  cordate,  and  reniform. 

Stems  erect  or  prostrate:  leaves  flat 6,  10,  11 

Stemless:  flowers  white  or  blue 1,  2 

*  *  Leave*  not  all  cordate  or  reniform:  not  lobed. 

Flowers  blue  or  violet  and  white 3,  4 

Flowers  yellow 7,  8,  9,   10,   12 

*  Leaves  lobed  or  divided.     Flowers  yellow  or  yellow  and  purple  or  blue. 

Stems  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high 6,  12 

Stems  short  or  none 13,  14,  15 

1.  V.     blanda,  Willd.     White  flowers.     Alpine  in  wet  places. 

2.  V.     cucullata,  Ait.     Light  blue  to  white  petals,  5  to  8  lines  long. 

3.  V.     canina,  Linn.  var.  adunca  Gr.     Blue  flowers,  long  spurred. 

4.  V.     cuneata,  Watson.     Leaves  tapering  at  base:  flowers  purple  and  white. 

5.  V.     ocellata,  T.  &  G.     Leaves  coarsely  crenate:  flowers  white,  purple  marked. 

6.  V.     Hallii,  Gr.     Gray-green:  upper  petals  purple;  lower  light  yellow. 

7.  V.     pedunculata,  T.  &  G.     Orange-yellow  petals  brown  on  the  back. 

8.  V.     prsexnorsa,  Dougl.     A  variable  species  heretofore  known  as  V.  aurea,  JvclL 
Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  crenate. 

9.  V.     Nuttallii,  Pursh.     Leaves  oblong,  margins  entire.     N.  Cal.,  Or. 
10      V.     sarxnentosa,  Dougl.     Slender  stems  prostrate:  leaves  smalL 

11.  V.     glabella^  Nutt.     Leaves  large,  bright  green,  thin,  acute. 

12.  V.     lobata,  Benth.     Leaves  pedately  lobed  or  some  entire. 
Var.  integrifolia,  Watson.     Leaves  not  lobed:  coarsely  toothed. 

13.  V.     chrysantha,  Hooker.     Leaves  bipinnatifid:  flowers  like  No.  7. 

14.  V.     Beckwithii,  T.  &  G.     Flowers  purple  or  blue  and  yellow. 

15.  V.     Sheltonii,  Torr.     Narrower  petals  yellow,  purple  veined. 


POLYGALACEJE. 

Side  sepals  petal  old,  larger:  petals  3  united  with  stamens,  middle  one  hooded  and 

beaked 1 

<epals  and  petals  6  each,  unequal:  stamens  4:  fruit  prickly 2 


92  CARYOPHYLLACKJSw 

1.    POLYGALA,   Tournefort 

1.  P.     cucullata,  Benth.     Flowers  rose-color:  broad  beak  obtuse.    Cal. 

2.  P.     Californica,  Nutt.     Flowers  greenish,  purplish:  sepals  toraentose.     CaL-Or 


2.     "K"R.A7VP?RTA?   Linnaeus. 
1.     EL     parvifolia,  Benth.     Low  rigid  shrub:  upper  petals  united.     San  Diego. 

FRANKENIAOEJ). 

1.     FRANKENIA,    Linnaeus. 
L     F.    grandifolia,  C.  &  S.     Gray-green:  calyx-tube  furrowed;  petals  pink. 

CARYOPHYLLACEJ;. 

*  Sepals  united  :  petals  long-clawed. 

Petals  with  erect  bifid  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 
Styles  2  (1  sp.  in  No.  3).     Styles  3.  .  .............................................   1 

Styles  5,  rarely  3  or  4:  alpine.  .  ..............................  .  ...................   2 

Petals  not  appendaged.    Styles  2  ......................  .  .......................   3 

Styles  3:  petals  bifid,  white  ................  Sp.  No.  6  of  1 

*  *  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so:  petals  without  claws  or  appendages. 

Stipules  none:  petals  white  (or  pink  in  No.  9):  rarely  wanting. 
Petals  bifid:  pod  cylindrical  .................    .................  .  ..................  4 

Petals  bifid  or  wanting  pod  globular  to  oblong  ..............  .'  ......................   5 

Petals  entire  or  wanting:  styles  opposite  sepals  ....................................   6 

Styles  not  opposite  sepals  .......................................................   7 

Stipules  scarious:  pedicel  long,  reflexed  in  fruit:  leaves  not  rigid,  fascicled,   rather 
fleshy,  filiform  to  linear:  petals  entire  ............................................   8 

Styles  3,  rarely  5  (petals  wanting  in  3d  species)  ....................................   9 

Stipules  scarious:  pedicels  bracteate  or  none:  stamens  3  to  5:  style  3-cleft,  or  sessile 
stigmas  3:  petals  minute  or  wanting. 
Leaves  not  rigid:  capsu'le  globose  ...............................................   10 

Leaves  and  sepals  rigid:  capsule  3-sided  ...............................  .  .........   11 

1.     SELENE,    Linnaeus. 

*  Blade  of  the  petal*  entire  or  only  emarginate.. 
Hairy:  pinkish  flowers  in  a  1-sided  leafy,  spike  ........................  ...........     4 

Glabrous:  glutinous  rings  on  the  stem  :  pedicels  long  ......................  ........     5 

Viscid-pubescent;  leafy:  pedicels  short:  petals  with  4  appendages  ...................  21 

*  *  Blade  of  the  petals  bifid  or  2-lobed. 


CARYOPHYLLACKJR.  93 

«.    Segments  or  lobes  of  the  petals  entire. 

Blade  shortly  2-lobed:  appendages  entire:  calyx  ovoid  or  campanula  te, 

Flowers  several,  slender  pedicelled,  brownish  purple ». .~ . . .     2 

Flowers  solitary,  long  peduncled , 3 

Flowers  small,  white:  no  appendages 6 

Blade  cleft  to  about  the  middle  or  deeper,  rose  color  (except  18). 

Appendages  notcfied:  claw  filaments  and  stipe  woolly ~ . .  ~, 17 

Appendages  toothed:  claw  very  narrowly  auricled,  smooth 16 

Appendages  entire:  claw  not  anricled,  smooth:  blade  rose  purple If 

Appendages  very  small:  petal  lobes  very  narrow,  white 18 

Appendages  narrow:  claw  broadly  anricled:  petal-lobes  broad 19 

b.    Segments  lobed,  toothed  or  notched. 

Lobe*  notched:  short  appendages  toothed :  claw  not  auricled 16 

Lobes  with  s  tooth  on  the  outside:  claw  broad,  auricled 22 

Lobes  broad:  appendages  notched:  claw  auricled 20 

Lobes  slender,  bifid:  narrow  claws  with  projecting  auricles 14 

*  *  *  Blade  of  petals  4-6-parted. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish:  lobes  of  the  petals  mostly  filiform. 

Calyx  open  campannlate,  nodding:  filaments  exserted,  hairy 1 

Calyx  oToid-cylindrical,  deflexed  in  fruit:  claws  hairy 10 

Calyx  oblong,  erect,  much  surpassed  by  the  rotate  petals 7 

Calyx  cylindrical,  little  surpassed  by  the  equally  4-clef  t  petals 12 

Calyx  little  exceeded  by  narrow  half -inch  petals:  filaments  exserted 13 

Flowers  scarlet  or  deep  purple,  large. 

Appendages  oblong-lanceolate:  claw  ciliate:  capsule  ovoid 8 

Appendages  ovate:  claw  smooth:  capsule  oblong 9 

Appendages  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  purple  blade:  claw  slightly  hairy 11 

1.  S.     campanulata,  Watson.     Filiform-disected  petals  reflexed. 

2.  S.     Lyalli,  Watson.     Steins  slender,  glabrous:  anthers  included. 

3.  S.     monantha,  Watson.     Stems  weak,  elongated.     Columbia  River. 

4.  S.     G-allica,  Linn.     Rough-hairy:  small  flowers  nearly  sessile:  annual. 

6.  S.  antirrhina,  Linn.     Glabrous,  slender:  petals  equaling  the  calyx:  annual 

6.  S.  Menziesii,  Hooker.     Numerous  weak  stems:  flowers  small,  white. 

7.  S.  Hookeri,  Nutt.     White-tomentose,  leafy:  erect  flowers  over  an  inch  broad. 

8.  S.  Californica,  Durand.     Glandular-pubescent:  6  inches  to  several  feet  high. 

9.  S.  laciniata,  Cav.     Narrower  leaves:  petals  4-clef  t;  segments  entire.     Cal. 

10.  S.     Lemmoni, Watson.   Stems  many,  decumbent,  branched:  petals  white  or  pinkisk 

11.  S.     occidentalis,  Watson.     Stems  erect:  petals  4-cleft:  stipe  3  lines  long. 

12.  8.     montana,  Watson.     Auricles  and  appendages  of  petals  lacerate. 

J3.     S.     Palmeri,  Watson.     Stamens  and  style  much  exserted:  filaments  hairy. 


94  CARYOPHYLLACE2E. 

U.  8.  Oregana,  Watson.     Petals  2-parted,  the  segments  filiform:  ovary  long-etiped. 

15  S.  pectinata,  Watson.     Viscid:  calyx  deeply  cleft:  petals  deep  purple. 

16.  S.  incompta,  Gray.     Viscid,  tall:  lobes  of  the  petals  often  toothed. 

17.  S.  verecunda,  Watson.     Stems  clustered,  simple:  capsule  exserted, 

18.  S.  Bridgesii,  Rohrb.     White  petals  very  narrow:  styles  long. 

19.  S.  Douglasii,  Hooker.     Similar  to  No.  17:  ovary  about  equaling  calyx. 

20.  8.  Scouleri,  Hooker.     Stout:  leaves  distant:  ovoid  capsule,  long-stiped.     Or. 

21.  S.  Spaldingii,  Watson.     Viscid,  leafy:  capsule  oblong,  short-stiped.     Or. 

22.  8.  Grayii,  Watson.     Cespitose,  grayish:  petals  and  appendages  broad.    Alpine. 

2.     LYCHNIS,   Tournefort. 
1.    I*.     Californica,  Watson.     Petals  bifid,  lobes  on  the  sides.     Alpine,     S.  N.  Mts. 

3.  SAPONABIA,    Linnaeus. 

1.  8.     Vaccaria,  L.     Glaucous:  calyx  5 -angled:  entire  petals  not  appendaged.     Nat. 

2.  8.     officinalis,  L.     Calyx  not  angular:  petals  emarginate,  crowned.     Nat 

4.  CERASTIUM,    Linnaeus. 

1.  0.  nutans,  Raf.     Viscid,  annual:  capsule  curved,  long  exserted.     San  Diego. 

2.  C.  arvense,  L.     Downy,  cespitose:  capsule  nearly  straight,  short. 

3.  C.  viscosum,  L.     Viscid,  annual:  leaves  broad:  capsule  straight,  long. 

4.  C.  vulgatnxn,  L.     Leaves  narrower:  pedicels  longer:  capsule  broader. 

5.  C.  pilosum,  Ledeb.     Flowers  £  in.  or  more  broad:  capsule-teeth  coiled.     Coast 

6.    STELLARIA,   Linnaeus. 

Bracts  small  and  scaricus  or  none:  leaves  acute. 

Smooth  and  shining  or  glaucous:  pedicels  erect ,.. 1,  2 

Glabrous:  flowers  in  umbel-like  cyme,  long-pediceled 3 

Bracts  foliaceous:  pedicels  spreading  or  deflexed. 

Glabrous:  petals  2-parte,d,  included  or  wanting 4 

Pubescent,  rather  stout,  1  or  2  ft.  high:  petals  exceeding  calyx. 6,6 

Pubescent,  spreading:  leaves  ovate,  petioled:  petals  included. 7 

1.  S.     nitens,  Nutt.     Annual:  flowers  erect;  pedicels  short:  sepals  3-nerved. 

2.  S.     longipes,  Goldie.     Often  glaucous:  leaves  stiff:  pedicels  long. 

3.  S.     umbellata,  Turcz.     Sepals  1 -nerved:  petals  none:  capsule  exserted. 

4.  S.     borealis,  Bigelow.     Stems  weak:  pedicels  5-7  lines  long:  capsule  ovoid. 

6.  8.     Jaxnesii,  Torr.     Viscid:  leaves  acuminate,  long:  petals  4-6  lines  long. 
6.     S.     littoralis,  Torr.     Leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  base:  styles  rarely  4. 

7      8.     media,  Linn.     Weak:  a  hairy  line  on  the  stem :  petals  included,  2-parted. 


CARYOPHYLLACE2B.  95 


6.     A'R.'R'NrA'R.TAj    Linnaeus. 

*  The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  or  parted:  cespitose  perennials  with  linear-  subulate  leave* 

and  mostly  scarious  bracts. 
Petals  exceeding  the  sepals;  the  capsule  about  equaling  them  .....................   1,  2 

Petals  about  equaling  the  sepals:  leaves  pungent  .............................   3,  4,  5 

*  *  The  S  valves  entire:  annuals:  bracts  leaf  -like. 
Much  branched:  leaves  filiform,  3-12  lines  long  .................................   6,  8 

Smooth:  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  1  or  2  lines  long  ............................   9,  1C 

Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  6-12  lines  long  .....................................  7,  11 

*  *  *  Parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  4'8'  capsular  valves  bifid:  leaves  bright  green,  1  or  S 

inches  long  ...........................................................   12,  13 

1.  A.     congesta,  Nutt.     Glaucous:  flowers  in  dense  fascicles:  bracts  broad. 

2.  A.     capillaris,  Poir.     Pubescent:  flowers  few:  bracts  small,  lanceolate. 

3.  A.     pungens,  Nutt.     Stems  2  or  3  inches  high,  leafy,  pubescent.     Subalpine, 

4.  A.     Frank!  inn,  Dougl.     Stouter:  sepals  shining,  margin  scarious.     Or. 
ft.     A     verna,  Linn.     Leaves  erect,  2-3  lines  long:  sepals  exceeding  petals. 

6.  A     Douglasii,  T.  &  G.    Capsule  globose:  seeds  flat,  smooth. 

7.  A.     Howellii,  Watson.     Glandular-hispid,  a  foot  high.     Or. 

8.  A.     tenelia,  Nutt.     Capsule  oblong:  seeds  rough:  sepals  3-nerved.     Or.  N. 

9.  A.     Californica,  Brewer.     Sepals  3-nerved:  Seeds  rough.     Cent.  Cal. 

10.  A.     pusilla,  Watson.     Sepals  1  -nerved:  petals  minute  or  none:  seeds  smooth, 

11.  A.     palustris,  Watson.     Stems  simple:  leaves  flaccid:  few  pedicels  long. 

12.  A.     macrophylla,  Hooker.     Leaves  acute,  3  or  4  pairs:  petals  obtuse. 

13.  A.     lateriflora,  linn.     Leaves  broader,  obtuse:  petals  exserted.     Or. 

7.     SAOINA,    Linnams. 

1.  8.     occidentalis,  Watson.     Slender:  2-6  inches  high:  pedicels  straight. 

2.  S.     Linneei,  Presl.     Densely  matted:  1-2  in.  high:  fruiting  pedicels  curved. 

3.  S.     crasaicaulis,  Watson.     Stout,  branched:  leaves  fleshy,  scarious  at  base. 

8.     SPEBGULA,   Linnaeus. 
1.     8*     arvensis,  L.     Leaves  filiform,  smooth:  sepals  and  petals  equal. 

0.     LEPIGONT7M,   Fries. 

1.  L.     macrothecum,  F.  &  M.     Pubescent:  sepals  and  petals  3  lines  long  or  more. 

2.  L.     medium,  Fries.     More  slender:  flowers  smaller,  white. 

3.  L.     gracile,  Watson.     Annual,  smooth,  slender  r  sepals  £-1  line  long. 

10.    POLYCARPON,   Linnaeus, 
*.     P.     depressum.  Nutt.     An  inch  high:  petals  included,  entire. 


POKTULACACEiE. 


11.    JLCEFLINGIA,  Linnaras. 
i.     I*.     squarrosa,  Nutt,     Glandular-pubescent:  2-6  inches  high. 


ILLECEBRACJ&E. 

PENTAC2ENA,   Bartling. 

1.    P.     raxnosiflsima,  H.  &  A.     Prostrate:  subulate  pungent  gray-green  loaves  crowded 
stipules  ailvory:  sessile  flowers  clustered:  sepals  6,  hooded,  ending  in  a  spine. 


PORTULACACEJE. 

*  Sepals  8,  united  bdow  and  adherent  to  the  partly  inferior  ovary. 

Flowers  yellow  or  rose-red:  capsule  opening  by  a  lid. 1 

*  *  Sepals  8,  persistent,  not  adherent  to  the  superior  ovary. 
Style  3-cleft  (rarely  2-cleft  in  Calandrinia):  sepals  green. 

Stamens  more  than  6:  petals  5  or  more 2 

Stamens  5  (3  in  No.  8):  petals  6 3 

Stamens  3:  petals  5,  unequal,  coherent:  leaves  or  leaf  and  bract  opposite 4 

Style  2-cleft:  sepals  membranous  rounded-cordate  exceeding  the  2  or  4  petals -  5 

*  *  *  Sepals  4  to  8,  distinct,  unequal,  persistent 6 

1.     PORTULACA,   Tournefort 

1.  P.    oleracea,  L.     Leaves  obovato  to  spatulate:  petals  yellow,  1  to  2  lines.    Nai 

2.  P.     pilosa,  L.     Leaves  linear:  nearly  terete:  petals  red,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

2.     OALANDRINIA,  HBK. 

Leafy  stems,  annual:  flowers  in  racemes:  petals  3  to  5,  rose-red. lt  2 

Leaves  mostly  all  radical:  perennial:  sepals  orbicular. 

Leaves  linear,  all  radical.- short  scape  2-bracteate.     Alpine 3,  4 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  all  radical  (except  No.  5) 5,  6,  7 

1.  C.     Menziesii.  Hooker.     Sepals  keeled,  acute:  capsule  ovoid,  acute. 

2.  C.     Breweri,  Watson.     Capsule  longer,  conical,  obtuse  on  deflexed  pedicels. 

3.  C.     pygmsea,  Gray.     Bracts  scarious:  sepals  dentate:  petals  red. 

4.  C.     Nevadensis,  Gr.     Larger:  bracts  green:  sepals  entire:  petals  white. 

5.  C.     oppositifolia,  Watson.    Stem  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  opposite  leaves:  petals  white, 

6.  C.     cotyledon,  Wat.     Scape  with  lanceolate  ciliate  bracts:  petals  rose-red. 

7.  C.     Leana,  Porter.     Similar:  petals  6  to  8.     N.  Cal.     Or. 


PORTULACACKjE. 


97 


8.     CLAYTONIA,   Linnaeus. 

a,  AnnnalB  with  fibrous  roots,  rarely  with  bnlblets. 

Stems  simple,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  united  or  distinct  leaves. 

Leaves  united  into  a  cup  enclosing  the  raceme .,. 1 

Leaves  united  at  the  base  on  one  or  both  sides. 2,  8 

Leaves  distinct  (No.  4  with  bulblets  at  base). 2,  8,  4,  6,  11,  13 

Stems  usually  branching,  leafy. 

Leaves  opposite  stems  often  rooting  at  joints  and  bulbiferous 6 

Leaves  alternate 7,  8,  9,  10 

b.  Perennials,  with  deep-seated  tubers,  stem  leaves,  a  pair  or  a  whorl. .   11,  12,  13 

1.  C.     perfoliata,  Donn.     From  1  to  12  inches  high:  radical  leaves  broad. 
Var.  parviflora,  Torr.     Radical  leaves  all  linear  or  spatulate. 

2.  C.     spathulata,  Dougl.     Very  slender:  leaves  distinct  or  united  on  one  side. 

3.  C.     exigua,  T.  &.  G.     Glaucous:  leaves  nearly  filiform;  the  pair  broader,  united 
at  base. 

4.  0.     bulbifera,  Gr.     Stems  lax:  long  pedicels  with  conspicuous  bracts. 

5.  0.     cordifolia,  Watson.     Pair  of  leaves  ovate,  acute;  radical,  cordate:  no  bracts, 

6.  C.     Chamissonis,  Esch.     Leaves  oblanceolate:  petals  white. 

7.  C.     parviflora,  Mocino.     Very  slender:  leaves  broadly  spatulate,  small. 

8.  C.     dichotoma,  Nutt.     Small:  leaves  linear:  petals  unequal:  stamens  3. 

9.  0.     linearis,  Dougl.     Leaves  slender,  clasping:  sepals  broad,  often  colored:  petals 
white. 

10.  0.     diffusa,  Nutt.     Leaves  ovate  or  deltoid,  petioled:  racemes  often  axillary. 

11.  C.     Caroliniana,  Michr.,  var.  sessilifolia,  Torr.     Usually  one  radical  leaf;  the 
pair  lanceolate  to  linear:  a  single  scarious  bract. 

12.  C.     triphylla,  Watson.     Leaves  slender:  raceme  compound,  bracts  scarious. 

13.  0.     Nevadensis,  Watson.    Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular:  petals  3-5  lines  long,  clawed. 

4.     MONTIA,    Linnaeus. 

1.  1ft.     fontana,  L.     Stems  weak,  often  matted:  flowers  minute:  capsule  globose. 

2.  M.     Howellii,  Watson.     Leaves  opposite  the  scarious  triangular  bracts  of  racemea 


5.     CALYPTRIDIUM,   Nuttall. 

1.  O.    tunbellatum,  Greene,     Umbel  capitate:  petals  4:  stamens  3:  style  ezsertod* 
This  plant  is  Spraguea  umbellata,  Torr. 

2.  C.     quadripetalum,  Watson.     Petals  4:  stamen  1:  stigmas  nearly  sessile. 

3.  0.     roseum,  Watson.     Petals  2,  much  shorter  than  the  unequal  sepals. 

4.  C      monandrum.  Nutt.     Petals  2,  equalling  the  sepals,  a  line  long  or  lesa. 


J5LA1IXACKJSL 


6.     I-EWISIA,    Pursh, 

1.  I*,     rediviva,  Fursh.     Scapes  with  a  whorl  of  scarioua  bracts. 

2.  L.     brachycalyx,  Engelm.     Scapes  2-bracted  at  base:  sepal*  4. 


ELATINAeEJE. 

Small  prostrate  aquatics  with  entire  leaves:  parts  of  the  flower  each  2  to  4  (except  in 

sp.  No.  3).     Sepals  obtuse:  membranaceous 1 

Erect,  glandular- pubescent:  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's. 9 

EL.ATINE,    Linnaeus. 

1.  E.     Americana,  Arnott.     Seeds  pitted  in  9  to  10  lines,  &  line  long. 

2.  E.    brachysperma,  Gray.     Seeds  pitted  in  6  or  7  lines,  shorter. 

3.  E.     Calif orruca.     Flowers  not  sessile:  seeds  much  curved:  stamen*  6  to  a. 

BERGIA,   LUUUBQS. 
1.     B.    Texana,  Seubert     Leaves  serrulate:  flowers  fatciclei. 


HYPERICACEJE. 

HYFEBIOUM,   Linnaeus, 

Stamens  very  numerous:  styles  3,  long »....» 1,  2 

Stamens  16  to  20:  styles  3,  short:  petals  included 3 

1.  H.    forxnosum,  HBK.  var.  Scouleri,  Coulter.    Flowers  6  lines  broad.    Wet  ground. 

2.  H.     concirmum,  Benth.     Leaves  acute:  flowers  an  inch  broad.     Dry  ground. 

3.  H.     anagalloides,  G.  &  S.     Leaves  2-6  lines  long:  flowers  3-4  lines  broad.     Wet 
ground. 

MALVACE&. 

Column  of  stamens  bearing  anthers  at  the  topt  carpels  in  a  ring  around  the  axis. 

Calyx-bracts  2  or  3,  united  below:  an  evergreen  ever-blooming  shrub. 1 

Calyx- bracts  3,  distinct:  flowers  axillary,  pinkish:  leaves  5-7-lobed 2 

Calyx-bracts  none:  flowers  racemose  or  spicate 3 

Calyx-bracts  1  to  3  or  none:  densely  tomentose  (except  in  sp.  6  &  7) 4 

Calyx-bracts  1  or  2,  slender:  leaves  1-sided:  flowers  yellowish 5 

Column  of  stamens  naked  at  top,  5- toothed:  carpels  forming  a  many-seeded  capsule 
Calyx-bracts  many 6 


MALVACEAE.  99 

1.     LAV  AT  ERA,    Linneeus. 
L.    assurgentiflora,  Kellogg.     Showy  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

2.     HLAXVA,   Linn. 
M.    rotundifolia  and  M.  borealis  are  introduced  weeds. 

3.     SIDALCEA,   Gray. 

*  Perennials  with  usually  clustered  stems  decumbent  at  base, 

Raceme  loose:  no  stellate  hairs:  rose-purple  petals  an  inch  long 1 

Raceme  spicate:  simple  and  stellate  hairs:  petals  notched,  pinkish,  6  lines  long. 9 

Like  No.  2,  but  the  larger  flowers  deep  lilac-purple 8 

Stems  branching:  calyx  globose  in  fruit:  carpels  smooth,  straight . . 4 

Nearly  glabrous,  glaucous,  pale,  decumbent:  petals  obtuse  or  truncate 5 

Stellate  pubescence  short:  large  leaves  dark  green,  slightly  5-lobed. .  6 

*  *  Annuals  with  erect  branching  stems. 

Carpels  strongly  incurved  and  sharply  rugose  on  back 7 

Carpels  not  incurved  or  rugose,  conspicuously  hairy -beaked 8 

Carpels  several — nerved  along  the  back :  calyx-lobes  abruptly  acuminate 9 

Pedicels  subtended  by  5-7-parted  hispid  bracts:  calyx-lobes  slender 1C 

Large,  with  cordate,  3-7-angled  leaves:  white  flowers  in  close  clusters:. 11 

1.  S.    malvaeflora,  Gr.     (S.  huxnilis,  Gr.  of  CaL  Bot.,  etc.)  Common  coast  species. 

2.  S.     spicata,  Greene.     Carpels  small,  hairy,  not  reticulaled.     Sierra  Nevada. 

3.  S.     campestris,  Greene.     Stems  bristly  with  deflexed  hairs:  calyx  stellate-hairy. 

4.  S.     Oregana,  Gr.     Glabrous  below,  1  to  5  ft.  high:  corolla  6  lines  long  or  more. 

5.  S.     glaucesens,  Greene.     Calyx  lobes  very  slender.     High  Sierras. 

6.  8.     asprella,  Greene.     Decumbent,  leaves  shaped  alike.     Foot  Hills,  Sierras. 

7.  S.     Hartwegi,  Gr.     Glabrous  except  the  hispid  calyx  and  pedicels.     Sao.  VaL 

8.  S.     hirsuta,  Gr.     Stout  and  tall,  branching:  flower-clusters  dense.     Chico,  CaL 

9.  S.     calycosa,  Jones.     Corolla  small,  light  purple:  calyx  long-ciliate.     Cent.  CaL 

10.  S.     diploscypha,  Gr.     Hirsute:  flowers  large,  umbellate  clustered.     Cent.  CaL 
Var.  minor,  Gr.     Flowers  racemose:  petals  with  a  spot  at  base.     Cent.  Cal. 

11.  8.    znalachroides,  Gr.     Petals  obcordate:  carpels  smooth.     Redwoods,  CaL  Coast. 

4.    MALVASTRTTM,   Gray. 

Perennial,  often  shrubby:  stems  hoary  or  gray  with  soft  pubescence. 1  to  5 

Perennial:  densely  stellate-hairy  or  hispid:  dense-flowered  6 

Annual  erect  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves  reniform,  long  petioled 7 

Annual,  decumbent:  small  leaves  5-lobed:  flowers  mostly  solitary 8 

\.     Iff.     Thurberi,  Gr.     Shrubby,  branches  slender:  spikes  naked:  flowers  small 


lOu 


LINAGES 


2.  M.  Fremonti,  Torr.     Similar:  calyx  globose  in  fruit,  very  woolly. 

3.  M.  splendidum,  Kellogg.     Tall  shrub:  flowers  in  large  panicles,  rose-red.    S.  Cal 

4.  M.  xnarrubioides,  D.  &  H.    Low:  leaves  serrate,  thick:  calyx-lobes  slender.    C.Cai 

5.  M.  Palmeri,  Watson.     Densely  stellate-pubescent:  large  flowers  yellowish. 

6.  M.  densiflorum,  Watson.     Hispid  bracts  very  long:  calyx-lobes  long  attenuate. 

7.  M.  rotundifolium,  Gr.     Low:  petals  6  lines  long,  a  red  spot  at  the  base.     S.  Cal 

8.  M.  exile,  Gr.     Pedicels  slender:  petals  obovate,  2  to  5  lines  long.     S.  CaL 

6.    SIDA,   Linnaeus. 
1.     S.     hederacea,  Torr.     Decumbent:  leaves  1 -sided:  petals  yellowish. 

6.    HIBISCUS,   Linnaeus. 
1.     Calif ornicua,  Kellogg,     Flowers  axillary,  white  with  purple,  large. 


STERCTJLIACEJ!. 

FREMONTIA,    Torrey. 
1.    "F.    Calif ornica,  Torr.    Tall  shrub:  flowers  yellow,  axillary,  apetalous.    S.  N. 


LINAGES. 

LiINTJM,    Linnaeus. 

Styles  2:  flowera  yellow:  leaves  opposite,  glabrous,  oblong •. 1 

Styles  3:  flower  yellow:  leaves  alternate 8,  3 

Styles  3:  flowers  white  to  rose-color:  leaves  alternate  (or  whorled  in  7). 

Petals  with  3-parted  or  3-lobed  appendage  at  base .' 5,  6,  7 

Petals  2-toothed  at  base,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals 8 

Styles  5:  flowers  large,  blue:  leaves  alternate 9,  10 

1.  L.    digynum,  Gr.  .Sepals  denticulate,  a  line  long.    Near  Yosemite  Valley.    N.  Cai. 

2.  L».     Brewer!,  Gr.     Glaucous:  leaves  small,  very  slender,  basal  glands  large. 

3.  L.     adenophyllum,  Gr.     Leaves  margined  with  stipitate  glands.     Cent.  Cal. 

4.  L.     Calif ornicum,  Benth.     Glaucous:  petals  4  lines  long:  capsule  acute. 

5.  L.     congestum,  Gr.     Calyx  pubescent:  flowers  in  close  clusters.     S.  F.  Bay. 

6.  L.     spergulinum,  Gr.    No  stipular  glands:  petals  2-3  lines  long.     S.  F.  Bay. 

7.  IX     drymarioides,  Curran.     Pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  margins  glandular.     CL  Cal 

8.  It.     micranthnm,  Gr.     Flowers  minute:  capsule  exserted.     Mts.  Cal. 

9.  Ij.     perenne,  Linn.     Perennial,  glaucous:  flowers  large,  blue. 

10.  L..     usatissimum,  L.     Similar  but  annual.     The  common  cultivated  flax. 


GERANIACE^E.  101 

GERANIACEJS. 

Carpels  5,  1 -seeded,  separating  with  styles  when  ripe  from  the  long  axis. 

Fertile  stamens  10:  tails  of  carpels  coiled,  not  bearded 1 

Fertile  stamens  5:  tails  of  carpels  twisted,  bearded 3 

Carpels  5,  1 -seeded,  fleshy,  globular:  stamens  10 8 

Carpels  united  into  a  5-celled  ovary:  capsule  5-sided. 4 

1.  GERANIUM,    Linnaeus. 

1.  G.     Caroliniaxram,  L.     Petals  2  or  3  lines  long.     A  common  weed. 

2.  G.     incisnm,  Nutt.     Flowers  deep  rose-purple,  an  inch  broad.* 

2.  EBODITJM,    L'Heritier. 

L  E.  cicutarium,  LTE.     Pinnate  leaves:  leaflets  pinnatifid.     (•«  Filarec.") 

2.  E.  raoschatum,  L'H.     Leaflets  doubly  toothed:  musky. 

3.  E.  Botrys,  Bertoloni.     Leaves  oblong,  pinnatifidly  lobed.     Cent.  CaL 

4.  E.  macrophyllum,  H.  &  A.     Leaves  palmately  lobecL     Cent.  &  S.  Cal. 

3.     LIMNANTHES,   Robt.  Brown. 

1.  L.     Douglasii,  R.  Br.     Glabrous:  petals  yellow,  white  tipped.     CaL 

2.  L.     rosea,  Hartweg.     Glabrous:  petals  purple  tinged,  obovate.     Sac.  VaL 

3.  I*,     alba,  Hartweg.     Pubescent:  petals  white  or  nearly  so.     Cal. 

4.     OXAUS,    Linnams. 

1.  0.    Oregana,  Nutt.    Flowers  pinkish.    In  coast  forests. 

2.  0.     trilliifolia,  Hook.    In  Oregon  (?). 

3.  O.     corniculata,  L.     Slender  branching  stems:  flowers  yellow. 


RUTACEJ). 

A  tall  shrub  or  troo:  leaves  3- foliolate:  flowers  in  terminal  clusters 1 

A  low  shrub:  leaves  simple,  opposite:  flowers  axillary , 8 

1.     FTELEA,    Linnaeus. 
L    P.    augustifolia,  Benth.     Fruit  broadly  winged,  orbicular.     Cent.  CaL 

2.    CNEOBIDITJM,   Hook.  f. 
L     O.     chunosum,  H.  f.     Leaves  often  fascicled:  fruit  drupe-like.    San  Diego. 


102  CELASTRACEjffiL 

CELASTRACEJE. 

\  slender  deciduous  shrub  with  4-angled  branches:  leaves  2-4  inches  long 1 

A.  low  much-branched  evergreen:  leaves  6-18  lines  long,  numerous 2 

1.    EUONYMUS,   Tournefort. 
1.     E.     occidentalis,  Tourn.     Flowers  dark  brown,  parts  in  5's,  rotate,  drooping. 

2.     PACHYSTIMA,   Kafinesque. 
1.    P.     Mersinites,  Baf.    Flowers  greenish,  parts  in  4's,  about  a  line  broad, 

BHAMNACE2E. 

Flowers  greenish.  Leaves  alternate :  flexuose  branches  spiny 1 

Leaves  alternate:  not  spiny :  fruit  juicy 2 

Leaves  opposite,  1  or  2  lines  long:  fruit  dry 8 

Flowers  white  or  blue,  in  dense  clusters:  fruit  dry 4 

1.     ZIZYPHUS,  Jussieu. 
i.     Z.     Parryi,  Torr.     Peduncles  axillary,  recurved  in  fruit,  1-3-flowered. 

2.  RHAMNTTS,    Linnaeus. 

Flowers  apetalons  and  mostly  dioecious:  seeds  concave 1,  2 

Flowers  with  minute  petals,  mostly  perfect:  seeds  convex  on  the  back. 8,  4 

1.  R.     alnifolia,  L'Her.     Low:  deciduous  leaves  acute  at  each  end,  serrate. 

2.  R.     crocea,  Nutt.     Leaves  acutely  denticulate,  evergreen,  thin. 

3.  R.     Californica,  Esch.     Leaves  elliptical  to  ovate-oblong,  evergreen,  thick. 
Var.  tomentella,  Gr.     Densely  white-tomentose.     Both  forms  common  in  CaL 

4.  R.     Purshiana,  DC.     Elliptical  leaves  2  to  7  inches  long,  deciduous. 

3.  ADOLPHIA,   Meisner. 

L     A.     Californica,  Watson.     In  dense  clumps  2  or  3  ft.  high,  branchlota  spiny. 

4.     CEANOTHT7S,    Linnaeus. 

§1.     Leaves  all  alternate:  fruit  not  crested.  _• 

Leaves  3-nerved  from  the  base. 

Branches  not  rigid  or  spiny:  leaves  glandular  serrate  (except  No.  IV 

Flowers  white  in  large  clusters 1,  2,  3 

Flowers  blue 4,  5,  fl 


CELASTRACEJB.  103 

Branches  rigid,  spreading,  often  spinose:  racemes  simple. 

Leaves  glandular-serrate:  flowers  blue , 7,  8 

Leaves  usually  entire:  branches  grayish 9;  10,  11 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  obtuse:  flowers  blue  (see  No.  5) 12,  13,  14,  15 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  often  opposite,  very  thick  with  numerous  straight  side  veins, 
spinosely  toothed  or  entire:  stipules  mostly  large  and  warty:  flowera  in  sessile  or  shortly 
peduncled  axillary  clusters:  fruit  with  3  projections:  branches  rigid: 16  to  20 

1.  C.     integerrimus,  H.  &  A.     Slender  branches  round:  leaves  thin. 

2.  C.     velutinus,  Dougl.     Stout:  leaves  thick,  resinous  above. 

3.  C.     sanguineus,  Pursh.     Branches  reddish:  leaves  thin;  petioles  slender. 

4.  0.     th.yrsifl.orus,  Esch.     Branches  angled:  leaves  shining  above,  ashy  beneath. 

5.  C.     dentatu^,  T.  &  G.     Leaves  mostly  3-4  lines  long,  thin:  thyrse  globose. 

6.  C.    decumbens,  Watson.     Trailing,  hirsute:  leaves  thin,  teeth  green-glandular. 

7.  C.     hirsutus,  Nutt.     Silky,  rarely  spiny:  leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  acute. 

8.  C.     sorediatus,  II.  <fe  A.    Leaves  smooth  above:  racemes  pubescent,  peduncles  short 

9.  C.     divaricatus,  Nutt.     Branches  sometimes  green:  racemes  1-4  inches  long. 

10.  C.  incanus,  T.  &  G.     Leaves  hoary  beneath:  racemes  short:  fruit  warty. 

11.  G.  cordulatus,  Kell.     Pubescent,  low,  flat-topped:  racemes  an  inch  long  or  less. 

12.  C.  spinosus,  Nutt.     Often  a  tree:  leaves  entire,  oblong,  thick;  petioles  slender. 

13.  C.  papillosus,  T.  <fc.  G.     Leaves  narrow,  dark  green,  shining  and  pimply  above. 

14.  C.  fioribundus,  Hooker.     Leaves  3-4  lines  long,  acute,  undulate,  denticulate. 

15.  0.  Veitchianus,  Hooker.     Glabrous,  leaves  thick,  obovate-cuneate.     Rare. 

16.  C.  crassifolius,  Torr.     Branches  hoary:  leaves  tomentose  beneath.     Cal.  Coast. 

17.  C.  cuneatus,  Nutt.     Bark  ashy  gray:  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  entire.     Common. 

18.  C.  macrocarpus,  Nutt.   Tree-like,  8  to  12  ft.  high:  fruit  very  large.   St.  Barbara. 

19.  C.  rigidus,  Nutt.     Branchlets  tomentose:  leaves  2  to  5  lines  long:  flowers  blue. 

20.  C.  prostratus,  Benth.     Prostrate:  leaves  spinose  at  apex  only:  flowers  blue. 


VITACEJ). 

VTTIS,   Tonrnefort. 
I.     V.     Calif ornica,  Benth.     Leaves  round-cordate,  serrate,     (Wild  Grape.) 

SAPINDACEJB. 

Flowers  in  large  terminal  erect  thyrses:  calyx  tubular:  clawed  petals  unequal 1 

Flowers  small,  the  fertile  ones  in  drooping  clusters:  ovary  2-lobed:  fruit  2- winged. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed. & 


104  8APINDACEJB. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate 3 

Flowers  in  drooping  racemes:  stamens  5,  much  exserted:  leaves  3-foliolate,  serrulate. . .  4 

1.     2ESCUI/CTS,   Linnaeus. 
I.     2E.     Californicus,  Nutt.     Leaves  palmately  4-7-foliolate,     (Buckeye.) 

2.     ACER,   Tournefort. 

1.  A.     macrophyllum,  Pursh.     Yellowish  flowers  in  dense  racemes:  fruit  hairy. 

2.  A.     circinatum,  Pursh.     Corymbs  10-20  flowered:  sepals  red  or  purplish. 

3.  A.     glabrum,  Torr.     Sepals  and  petals  greenish  yellow:  filaments  naked. 

3.    NEGUNDO,  Moench. 
L     N.     Californicum,  T.  &  G.     Calyx  minute:  petals  none,  dioecious.     (Box-Elder.) 

4.     STAPHYLEA,  Linnaeus. 
2.     S.     Bolanderi,  Gr,     Leaflets  broad,  stipellate:  fruit  bladdery.     Shasta. 


ANACARDIACE^E. 

BHTJS,    Linnaeus. 

Slender  deciduous  shrubs:  leaves  3-foliolate:  fruit  compressed  globose. 

Flowers  in  dense  axillary  panicles:  fruit  smooth,  dry,  whitish ...... 1 

Flowers  in  short  scaly -bracted  spikes:  fruit  hairy,  gummy,  scarlet. »..., S 

Stout,  diffuse  evergreen  shrubs:  leaves  simple,  coriaceous:  fruit  ovoid. 

Flowers  rose-color:  leaves  ovate  on  short  petioles 3 

Flowers  yellowish:  leaves  lanceolate  on  slender  petioles 4 

1.  B.     diversiloba,  T.  &  Gr.     Stems  erect  or  climbing  by  rootlets  (Poison  Oak). 

2.  B.     aromatica,  Ait.  var.  trilobata,  Gr.     Diffusely  slender-branched. 

3.  B.     integrifolia,  B.  &  H      Leaves  entire  or  spinosely-toothed:  fruit  red,  frostv. 

4.  B.    laurina,  Nutt.    'Leaves  glaucous,  entire:  panicles  2-4  inches  long. 


§  1.     Stamens  distinct:  shrubs  (except  No.  1). 

Leaves  palmately  3-foliolate:  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  close  racemes. 1 

Stiff,  much  branched,  evergreen:  flowers  red-purple,  solitary,  axillary , 2 

Leaves  pinnate:  flowers  purple  in  dense  axillary  spikes:  petal  1 9 


LEGUMINOSJE.  105 

Leaves  simple,  entire,  cordate:  flowers  rose-purple  in  axillary  clusters ^  ...  14 

§  2.     Stamens  all  united  or  one  above  distinct:  herbs  (except  some  in  3  &  7). 
*  Leaves  palmate  with  more,  than  S  leaflets:  flowers  in  heads  or  racemes. 

Leaflets  entire.     Spikes  or  racemes  terminal:  anthers  of  2  kinds 3 

Yellow  flowers  1  to  5  with  a  bract . . .  Sp.  No.  10  in  7 

Purplish  flowers:  stipules  not  adnate,  deciduous 8 

Leaflets  toothed  or  entire:  stipules  adnate:  anthers  alike §  1  in  4 

*  *  Leaves  3-foliolate,  palmate  or  pinnate* 

leaves  palmate:  flowers  in  heads  or  short  spikes:  corolla  persistent 4 

Leaves  pinnate:  flowers  in  axillary  spikes  or  racemes. 

Corolla  yellow  or  white:  pod  wrinkled:  leaves  fragrant 6 

Corolla  purple  or  greenish:  leaflets  entire:  stipules  free 8 

Corolla  yellow  or  purple:  leaflets  toothed :  pod  curved  or  coiled 6 

Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  yellow:  pod  spiral,  prickly 6 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  wheel-like  clusters,  axillary 7 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnately  4-many-foliolatt  vrith  a  terminal  leaflet. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  umbellate  whorls,  axillary 7 

Flowers  in  axillary  spikes:  pod  prickly:  leaves  sticky 10 

Flowers  in  axillary  spikes  or  heads:  pod  often  inflated,  often  2-celled 11 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  ending  in  a  bristle,  imperfect  leaflet  or  a  tendril. 

Style  filiform,  hairy  around  the  apex 12 

Style  flattened,  usually  twisted  half  around,  one  side  hairy 13 

1.     THERMOPSIS,    Robt.  Brown. 

1.  T.     Calilornica,  Watson.     Short- woolly:  pod  6-8-ovuled,  stipe  short. 

2.  T.     montana,  Nutt.     Rather  silky:  leaflets  smooth  above:  pod  10-12-  seeded 

3.  T.     mscropliylla,  H.  &  A.     Villous:  leaves  oblong-elliptical  acute:  seeds  4  or  5. 

2.    PICKERINGIA,  Nuttall. 
1.     P.    montana,  Nutt.     Leaves  1-3-foliolate,  numerous:  stamens  persistent. 

3.     LUPHNTJS,    Linnaeus. 

A.  Perennials,  more  or  less  shrubby,  leafy,  silky:  ovules  6  to  12 1,  2,  3,  4 

B.  Perennial  herbs,  mostly  tall;  flowers  large;  bracts  deciduous:  ovules  6  or  more. 

Woody  at  base:  silky:  calyx -lips  nearly  equal 1,  2,  3 

Stems  mostly  stout  and  hollow:  leaflets  glabrous  above 5,  6 

Stems  slender,  not  erect:  leaflets  an  inch  long  or  less 7 

Stems  leafy  and  branching:  petioles  and  bracts  short 8,  0,  10 

C.  Perennial  herbs:  flowers  small:  (Ex.  No.  13):  not  yeUow:  ovules  3  to  6. 

Leaves  distant,  not  glabrous  above;  lower  petioles  long:  keel  ciliate 11  to  16 


106  LEGUMINOSJB. 

Leafy:  petioles  and  peduncles  mostly  short:  bracts  deciduous:  ovules  3  to  5 .  .    17,  18,  19 

D.  Dwarf  alpine  perennials,  mostly  tufted:  lower  calyx-lip  S-toolhed:  keel  ciliate?  pod 
hairy,  S-4-  seeded 20  to  23 

E.  Annuals:  leaflets  mostly  6  to  7  (8  to  10  in  No.  89):  bracts  falling  with  or  before  the 
petals:  upper  calyx-lip  2-parted  or  bifid:  pod  4-8-8cedcd. 

Bracts  deciduous:  flowers  in  whorls,  5  or  6  lines  long 24,  25 

2  or  3  lines  long 26  to  28 

Bracts  deciduous  or  persistent  for  a  while:  flowers  scattered 29  to  35 

F.  Annuals:  teafiet*  cuncatc-oblong  or  obovate:  bracts  conspicuous,  persistent  in  fruit:  ovules 
and  seeds  2 36  to  38 

1.  Ii»  arboreus,  Sims.     A  shrub:  flowers  yellow,  rarely  purplish,  fragrant.    Cal. 

2.  L,  Chamissonis,  Esch.    A  low  shrub:  flowers  blue,  rarely  violet,  pink  or  white. 

3.  L.  Douglasii,  Agardh.     Woody  at  base:  much  like  forms  of  the  last.     Cal. 

4.  I».  Ludovicianus,  Greene.     Shrubby:  very  villous:  flowers  purple:  pod  5-seeded 

5.  Xi.  polyphyllus,  Lindl.     Leaflets  numerous,  large:  raceme  purple,  long. 

6.  L.  rivularis,  Dougl.     Stipules  very  slender:  leaflets  7  to  10:  petioles  short. 

7.  L.  littoralis,  Dougl.     Leaflets  6  to  12  lines  long:  racemes  short:  ovules  10  to  12. 

8.  L.  Sabinii,  Dougl.    Stipules  long,  setaceous:  flowers  bright  yellow.     Blue  Mts. 

9.  L.  albicaulis,  Dougl.     Refiexed  margin  of  the  acute  standard  coherent  at  apex. 

10.  L.  ornatus,  Dougl.     Standard  silky:  keel  ciliate:  stipules  setaceous:  seeds  white. 

11.  L.  sericeus,  Pursh.   Bracts  long:  calyx  densely  silky,  gibbous:  pod  densely  hairy. 

12.  L.  leucophyllus,  Dougl.     Densely  silky:  dense  racemes  sessile:  standard  hairy 

13.  L.  Grayi,  Watson.     A  span  high:  very  hoary-tomentose:  racemes  short,  loose. 

14.  I*,  lepidus,  Dougl.    Low,  slender,  silky:  peduncle  and  raceme  long:  petals  violet. 

15.  ti.  confertus,  Kell.     Similar  but  bracts  persistent:  corolla  blue  to  rose. 

16.  L.  onustus,  Watson.     Decumbent  woody  base:  flowers  deep  blue,  scattered. 

17.  I«.  parviflorus,  Nutt.     Stems  slender,  2  or  3  ft.  high,  strict,  glabrous  above. 
18  L.  Anderson!,  Watson.  Appressed-pubescent,  much  branched:  racemes  short. 

19.  L.  laxifioms,  Dougl.     Silky:  raceme  slender:  calyx  saccate  or  spurred. 

20.  L.  aridus,  Dougl.   Raceme  dense,  2  or  3  inches  long:  peduncle  short:  petals  purple. 

21.  L.  minimus,  Dougl.     Similar,  more  silky:  peduncles  longer:  standard  broader. 

22.  L.  Breweri,  Gr.    Stems  from  spreading  woody  base:  densely  silky:  leaflets  obovate. 

23.  L.  Lyallii,  Gr.     Similar:  petioles  longer:  standard  narrower:  petals  violet.    Or. 

24.  L.  affinis,  Agardh.     A  foot  high:  leaflets  broadly  obovate:  bracts  short.     Cal. 

25.  I*,  nanus,  Dougl.     Slender:  bracts  long:  petals  broad,  purple  and  white.     Cal. 

26.  Li.  micranth.us,  Dougl.     Slender,  branched,  decumbent,  villous:  racemes  short. 

27.  L.  trifidus,  Torr.     Similar:  lower  calyx-lip  3-cleft:  pod  5-6-seeded.    SanF'coBay. 

28.  L.  citrinus,  Kell.   Similar:  calyx-lip  3-toothed:  flowers  orange  or  yellow.    Fresno. 

29.  L.  leptophyllus,  Benth.     Bracts  very  long:  standard  with  a  crimson  spot.     CaL 

30.  L^  sparsifiorus,  Benth.     Similar:  bracts  short,  persisting  longer:  petals  violet. 

31.  L.  truncatus,  Nutt.     Linear  leaflets  truncate  or  3-toothed,  smooth  above:  petals 


LKGUMINOSJB.  107 

purple.    This  and  the  last  two  in  Cent.  Cal.,  southward. 

32.  L.     Stiver!,  Kell.     Leaflets  broad:  petioles  short:  standard  yellow:  wings  rose. 

33.  L.     hirsutissixnus,  Benth.     Very  hispid  with  viscid  stinging  hairs:  petals  purple. 

34.  L.     concinnus,  Agardh.    Very  villous:  lower  calyx-lip  trifed:  standard  with  yellow. 

35.  L.     gracilis,  Agardh.     Leaflets  broad,  3  to  6  lines  long:  petals  2  or  3  lines  long, 
blue  and  white.     Monterey,  S.     Bare. 

36.  L.     mierocarpus,  Sims.     Calyx  very  villous:  flowers  usually  blue  or  purple. 

37.  L.     densiilorus,  Benth.    Calyx  only  finely  pubescent:  flowers  usually  yellowish. 

38.  It.     luteolus,  Kell.     Leaves  scattered:  petioles  short:  flowers  pale  yellow.     CaL 

4.     TRIFOLnJM,    Linnaeus. 

Leaflets  mostly  5  to  7 ...  1  to  4 

Leaflets  3:  heads  with  no  involucre. 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish:  leaflets  linear  to  oblong 5,  6,  7,  12 

Flowers  red,  6  lines  long  or  more 8,  9 

Flowers  small,  at  length  reflexed 10,  11,  12,  14,  15,  16 

Leaflets  3:  heads  with  an  involucre:  peduncles  axillary. 

Involucre  green,  rotate,  the  lobes  laciniately  toothed. 17  to  20 

Involucre  with  entire  lobes * 21,  25,  26 

Involucre  cup-shaped  or  broad,  lobes  toothed 22,  23,  24 

Involucre  very  small  or  reduced  to  a  ring 28 

§  1.     Leaflets  5  to  7,  rarely  3:  calyx  teeth  filiform,  plumose.     Alpine  perennials. 

1.  T.     megacephalum,  Nutt.    Leaflets  obovate  or  narrower,  toothed;  flowers  spicate. 

2.  T.     Anderson!,  Gr.     Densely  silky:  leaflets  entire,  acute:  flowers  umbellate. 

3.  T.     Lemmoni,  Watson.    Leaflets  coarsely  serrate:  flowers  reflexed:  ovules  2. 

4.  T.     Plummerse,  Wat.     Matted,  hoary:  leaflets  3  to  5,  oblanceolate:  ovary  hairy. 

§  2.     Leaflets  S:    heads   not  involucrate,   terminal  or  apparently  ao,  pedunculate:  flower  i 
sessile  or  nearly  so  (except  No.  12) :  only  No.  IS  annual  (Us  heads  in  one  farm  sessile). 

5.  T.     eriocephalum,  Nutt.     Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  soon  reflexed:  ovary  hairy. 

6.  T.     plumosum,  Dougl.     Similar:  flowers  not  reflexed;  ovary  smooth. 

7.  T.     longipes,  Nutt.     Similar:  ovoid  heads  smaller:  nearly  glabrous. 

8.  T.     altissimum,  Dbugl.     Leaflets  very  acute:  4  calyx  teeth  curved  or  twisted. 

9.  T.     Beckwithii,  Brewer.     Leaflets  broader:  heads  globose:  calyx  teeth  straight. 

10.  T.     Kingii,  Watson.     Leaflets  acute:  rachis  produced:  flowers  rose-purple. 

11.  T.     Bolanderi,  Gr.    Cespitose  the  short  stems  decumbent:  ovary  smooth,  2-ovuled. 

12.  T.     Breweri,  Watson.     Very  slender,  diffuse:  flowers  few,  nearly  white,  pediceled. 

13.  T.     Macraei,  H.  &  A.     Erect  slender,  6  to  12  inches  high:  heads  ovoid:  peduncles 
long,  or,  in  var.  dichotomum,  Brewer,  short.     (?) 

§  3.     Leaflets  S:  heads  small,  not  involucrate,  pedunculate,  axillary:  flowers  on  short, 
at  length  re  flexed  pedicels:  glabrous  annuals:  ovules  £. 


103  ,       LEGUMINOSA. 

14.  T.     gracilentum,  T.  &  G.     Flowers  pale-rose  to  red-purple:  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

15.  T.     ciliatum,  Gr.     Similar:  calyx  teeth  scarious  margined,  ciliolate. 

16.  T.     bifidum,  Gr.     Like  14  but  smaller,  the  narrow  leaflets  bifid. 

§  4.     Leaflets  S:  heads  subtended  by  an  involucre:  peduncles  axillary:  floioers  in  tohorls, 
sessile  or  nearly  so:  annuals. 

*  Involucre  deeply  many-deft,  laciniate:  corolla  not  becoming  inflated. 

17.  T.     in volucra turn,  Willd.     Leaflets  mostly  oblanceolate,  acute. 

Var.  heterodon,  Watson.     Larger  heads:  leaflets  broader:  ovules  same,  mostly  5  or  6. 

18.  T.     tridentatum,  Lindl.     Slender  and  erect:  leaflets  very  narrow:  ovules  2. 
Var.  obtusiflorum,  Watson.     Stout  decumbent,  glandular:  leaflets  broader. 
Var.  melantb,um,  Watson.     Smooth,  slender:  heads  of  dark  purple  flowers  small. 

19.  T.     pauoiHorum,  Nutt.     Slender,  weak:  heads  few-flowered:  calyx  teeth  long. 

20.  T.     znonanthunx,  Gr.    Decumbent  stems  1  to  4  inches  long:  heads  1  to  4-flowered. 
*  *  Involucre  light  green,  often  whltish-scarious  at  base,  not  deeply  lobed,  broad  as  the  the 

head,  and  saucer-shaped  or  cup-like:  corolla  not  becoming  inflated,  or  moderately 

so  in  No,  24. 

21.  T.     microcephalum,  Pursh.     Soft  hairy:  involucre  about  9-lobed,  lobes  entire. 

22.  T.     microdon,  H.  &  A.     Involucral  lobes  3-toothed:  calyx-teeth  scarious-serrulate, 

23.  T.     cyathiferum,    Lindl.      Smooth:  bristly-branched  calyx -teeth  equaling  the 
corolla.     Eel  Riv.  and  Sierra  Val.  to  the  Columbia  Riv. 

24.  T.     barbigerum,  Torr.     Mostly  less  than  a  span  high:  calyx  teeth  bristly,  long. 
Var.  Adrewsii,  Gr.     Stouter,  more  hairy:  plumose  calyx  teeth  very  long. 

*  *  *  Involucre  rotate,  lobes  entire  or  wanting:  corolla  inflated  in  fruit. 

25.  T.     fucatum,  Lindl.     Yellowish  or  white  flowers  often  reddish  tinged,  large. 

26.  T.     depauperatum,  Desvaux.     Slender:  flowers  small:  involucre  often  a  ring. 
Var.  amplectans  has  a  larger  4-5-parted  involucre.     Heads  in  both  forms  small. 

5.     MELILOTUS,   Tournefort. 

1.  M.     parviflora,  Desf.     Flowers  yellow  a  line  long:  spikes  slender.     (Sweet  Clover.) 

2.  M.     officinalis,  Willd.     Similar  flowers  2  lines  long  on  slender  pedicels. 

3.  M.     alba,  Lam.     Flowers  white.     All  introduced  from  Eu.     The  first  common. 

6.  MEDICAGO,    Linnaeus. 

1.     M.     sativa,  L.     Flowers  blue-purple  in  close  nearly  capitate  racemes.     (Alfalfa.) 
2     M.     denticulata,  Willd.   Flowers  yellow:  pod  globose-coiled,  prickly.    (Bur  Clover.) 
8.     M.    xnaculata,  Willd.   Similar:  leaflets  with  a  dark  spot.    All  introduced  from  Eu. 

7.  HOSACKIA,   Douglas. 
Flowers  solitary  or  rarely  2  in  the  axils:  no  stipules. 

Peduncle  bracteate  or  rarely  naked 9  to  13 


LEGUMINOS^E. 

Peduncle  none  or  very  short _ 14,  15 

Flowers  iu  pedunculate  umbels  or  whorls. 

Peduncle  with  a  compound  or  simple  bract. 

Bract  below  the  top  of  the  peduncle:  stipules  large 1,2,3 

Bract  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle. 

Stipulate  leaves  smooth 4,  5 

Stipulate  leaves  pubescent 1,  6,  7,  8 

Stipules  none.     Pod  with  5  or  more  seeds 8  to  12 

Pod  1-2-seeded 17,  19,  22  to  25 

Peduncle  not  bracteate.     Stout,  erect:  pod  more  than  5-seeded 4 

Slender,  prostrate:  pod  1-2-seeded 19,  20 

Flowers  in  nearly  or  quite  sessile  umbellate  clusters:  pod  1-2-seeded. 

Nearly  smooth,  somewhat  woody 16,  18 

Very  pubescent  (silky  or  tomentose) 21,  23,  24,  25 

}  1.     Pod  linear,  straight  or  nearly  so,  6-20-seeded  (2-4-  seeded  in  16)  glabrous  or  nearly  so 

(except  in  10  and  16). 

*  Leaves  with  stipules,  leaflet*  5  to  SO:  umbels  pedunculate:  flowers  6  lines  long  or  longer: 

keel  obtuse:  erect  perennials. 
t  Flowers  dull-colored,  yellowish  and  purple. 

1.  H.     incana,  Torr.     Low,  stout,  densely  silky:  peduncles  about  6  lines  long. 

2.  H.     stipularis,  Benth.     Taller,  villous,  glandular:  peduncles  longer. 

3.  H.     crassifolia,  Benth.     Erect,  tall,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  peduncles  long. 

•f  *f  Flowers  rather  showy,  larger. 

4.  H.     bicolor,  Dougl.     Glabrous:  flowers  yellow  with  whitish  wings. 

5.  H.     gracilis,  Benth.     Similar:  larger  flowers  with  purplish  wings. 

6.  H.     oblongifolia,  Benth.     Flowers  yellow  and  purple,  standard  orange. 
Var.  angustifolia,  Watson.     A  span  high:  leaflets  narrow:  umbels  1-5-flowered. 

7.  H.     Torreyi,  Gr.     Silky:  standard  yellow,  wings  and  keel  white. 

8.  H.     macrantha,  Greene.    Stipules  deciduous:  petals  yellow  standard  6  lines  broad. 

*  *  Stipules  reduced  to  dark,  often  minute,  glands  (see  No.  8):  leaflets  S  to  9  (1  to  S  in  No. 

14):  claws  of  petals  not  exserted. 

t  Peduncles  long,   1-8-flowered:  flowers  exceeding  6  lines  long:  perennials:  more  or  less 
oppressed  silky:  leaflets  obovate  or  narrower,  rather  acute. 

9.  H.     grandifiora,  Benth.     Flowers  yellowish  or  greenish  white,  rarely  purple 

10.  H.    rigida,  Benth.     Petioles  short  or  none:  flowers  yellow,  becoming  brown. 

1 1  Peduncles  1-6 -flowered,  about  equaling  the  leaves:   flowers  less  than  6  lines  long:    yellow 

in  11,  12-,  pinkish  in  IS,  14. 

11.  H.     maritima,  Nutt.     Leaflets  fleshy,  4  to  6  lines  long,  obovate  or  narrower. 

12.  H.     strigosa,  Nutt.     Diffuse,  strigose:  leaflets  linear,  rarely  ovate,  small 

13.  H.     parviflora,  Benth.     Very  slender:  flowers  2  or  3  lines  long,  rarely  yellow. 
J4.     H.     Purshiana,  Benth.     Widely  branching,  silky:  flowering  July  to  October. 


HO  LEGUMINOSJE. 

1 1 1  Flower*  nearly  senile  and  mostly  solitary,  not  bracteate  (see  12):  leaves  with  a  broad 

rachis  which  bears  3  to  5  leaflets  at  the  end  and  one  side. 
15      H.     subpinnata,  T.  &  G.     Much  branched,  usually  decumbent  or  ascending  and 

a  few  inches  high:  flowers  yellow.     Very  common  in  Central  Cal. 
Var.  major.    Erect,  corymbosely  branched  above,  6  inches  to  3  ft.  high,  flowers  pinkish. 

Northern  Cal.  to  Washington. 

16.  H.     brachycarpa,  Benth.     Soft-hairy:  flowers  yellow:  hairy  pod  2-4-seeded. 

§  2.     Pod  with  a  long  slender  incurved  beak,  1-2- seeded:  claw  of  the  standard  remote  from 
the  rest:  umbels  sessile  or  on  short  peduncles  (Except  Nos.  IS,  20):  flowers  less  than 

6  lines  long:  stipules  minute  dark  colored  glands:  leaflets  3  to  7. 

*  Nearly  glabrous:  slender  stems  virgately  branched:  pod  only  slightly  pubescent,  2 -seeded. 
t  Somewhat  woody  at  the  base:  stems  angltd:  leaflets  mostly  3. 

17.  H.     glabra,  Torr.     Stems  very  many  erect  or  decumbent:  leaves  and  fl's  crowded. 

18.  H.     cytisoides,  Benth.   Similar:  peduncles  with  a  bract:  calyx-teeth  often  recurved. 

19.  H.    juncea,  Benth.     Leaflets  broader:  some  of  the  flowers  pedunculate. 

1 1  Not  woody,  stems  terete :  leaflets  usually  5  to  7,  and  2  f>r  3  lines  long, 

20.  H.     prostrata,  Nutt.     Leaflets  obovate,  acute:  flowers  2  or  3  lines  long. 

21.  H.     micrantha,  Nutt.     Flowers  smaller:  peduncle  naked:  style  hairy. 

*  Very  silky  or  tomentose',  herbaceous  stems  terete:  pod  hairy:  mostly  1 -seeded:  leaflets  6  to 

7  (usually  3  in  22). 

22.  ID     sericea,  Benth.     Densely  white-silky:  umbels  loosely  few-flowered. 

23.  H.     argophylla,  Gr.    Umbels  6-10-flowered:  flowers  orange  or  yellow.    Sierras. 

24.  H.     decumbens,  Benth.    Villous  and  tomentose:  stems  diffuse:  Ivs  and  fls  crowded. 

25.  H.     tomentosa,  H.  &  A.     Very  tomentose,  prostrate:  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long. 

26.  H.     Heerxnaxmii,  D.  &  H.    Less  tomentose  more  branched:  leaflets  and  fl's  smaller. 

8.  PS  ORACLE  A,   Linnaeus. 

Leaflets  3,  orbicular  on  long  petioles  from  creeping  stem _ 1 

Leaflets  3,  rombic-ovate  to  narrowly  ovate:  stems  erect 2,  3,  4 

Leaflets  5,  rarely  7:  clustered  stems  very  short 5 

1.  P.     obicularis,  Lindl.     Peduncles  a  foot  or  two  long.     In  wet  ground.     Cal. 

2.  P.     strobilina,  H.  &  A.    Stems  2-3  ft.  high:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Cal. 

3.  P.     macrostachya*,  DC.     Often  6  ft.  high  or  more:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves. 

4.  P.     physodes,  Dougl.     Stems  numerous,  1  or  2  ft.  high:  flowers  greenish.     Coast. 

5.  P.     Californica,  Watson.     Silky-gray:  leaves  exceeding  the  close  racemes.     Rare. 

9.  AMORPHA,    Linnaeus. 

I.     A.     Californica,  Nutt.     Glandular,  3  to  10  ft.  high:  standard  exceed  by  stamens.. 

10.     GLYCYBRHIZA,   Linnaeus. 
1.     G.     lepidota,  Nutt.  var.  glutinosa,  Watson.    Flowers  white  or  pinkish,  6  lines  long 


LEGUMINOS2E.  Ill 

11.     ASTRAGALUS,   Tournefort. 

"  Annuals:  pods  2-celled. 

Poda  1  or  2  lines  long,  2-seeded,  wrinkled:  spikes  short 1,  2 

Pod  linear,  straight,  5  to  many  seeds:  flowers  capitate 3,  4 

Pods  3  to  5  lines  long:  spikes  of  small  white  flowers  very  long 5 

Poda  ovoid,  long-beaked,  gray-silky :  flowers  capitate,  white 6 

*  *  Perennials:  pods  1-celled,  with  thin  walls,  inflated,  bladder-like. 

Pods  on  stipes  equaling  or  little  exceeding  the  calyx 7,  8,  9 

Pods  on  filiform,  stipes  much  exceeding  the  calyx:  stem  erect 10,  11,  12 

Pods  sessile  in  the  calyx,  1-2  inches  long:  many  seeds 13  to  17 

5  to  8  lines  long:  stems  low:  flowers  3  lines  long 18,  19 

*  Perennials:  pods  turgid,   not  bladder-like,  coriaceous,  densely  long-woolly  or  downy, 

incurved 20,  21,  22 

*  Perennials:  pods  often  turgid,  not  bladder-like,  not  long-hairy  or  woolly. 

Pods  stipitate,  1-celled,  sutures  not  inflexed 23  to  26 

2-celled:  cross  section  obcordately  2-lobed 27 

Pods  not  stipitate,  1  or  2  inches  long,  1-celled 28,  29 

2  or  3  lines  long,  2-celled 30 

2  lines  long,  hoary,  cylindric-oval 31 

3  lines  long,  1-celled:  leaflets  spiny-tipped 32 

1.  A.  didymocarpus,  H.  &  A.     Calyx  equaling  the  erect  pod,  black -hairy. 

2.  A .  nigrescens,  Nutt.     Calyx  &  as  long  as  the  pendulous  lightly  wrinkled  pods. 

3.  A.  tener,  Or.     Violet  and  white  flowers:  pods  5-7  lines  long,  drooping. 

4.  A.  Hattani,  Gr.     Flowers  larger,  violet:  pods  slender,  1-1^  inches  long,  erect. 

5.  A.  Cleveland!!,  Greene.     Tall:  leaflets     J-f  in.  long,  mucronate. 

6.  A.  Brewer!,  Gr.     Similar  in  habit  to  No.  4:  pods  3-4  lines  long,  beaks  longer. 

7.  A.  Hookerianus,  Dietr.     Diffuse,  silky,  a  span  high:  pod  obovoid,  obtuse. 

8.  A.  oxyphysus,  Gr.     Erect,  2  or  3  ft.  high,  silky:  pod  slender -obovoid,  acuminate. 

9.  A.  curtipes,  Gr.     Lower,  not  silky:  stipules  united:  pod  ovoid  or  oval,  acute. 

10.  A.  leucophyllus,  T.  &  G.     Oval  pod  one-sided,  filiform  hairy  stipe  very  long. 

11.  A.  leucopsis,  T.  &  G.     Similar  pod  tapering  into  a  smooth  stipe  half  as  long. 

12.  A.  trichopodus,  Gr.     Pods  smaller,  6  lines  long  or  more,  stipe  3  lines  long. 

13.  A.  oocarpus,  Gr.     Straggling  stems  3-6  ft.  long:  green  stipules  mostly  deflexed. 

14.  A.  Crotalariee,  Gr.     Scarious  stipules  distinct:  ovoid  pod  1-1£  inches  long. 

15.  A.  Menziesii,  Gr.     Similar:  upper  stipules  united:  pod  larger,  more  bladdery. 

16.  A.  macrodon,  Gr.     Like  the  preceding:  flowers  smaller:  peduncles  short.  . 

17.  A.  Douglas!!,  Gr.     Spike  an  inch  long  or  less:  pod  ovoid  l£-2  inches  long. 

18.  A.  Horn!!,  Gr.     Pods  in  a  dense  head  or  short  spike,  ovoid,  acuminate,  hairy, 

19.  A.  Pulsiferee,  Gr.     White  hairy:  pods  few  ovoid,  curved,  3-8-seeded.  hairy. 
.20  A.  Purskii,  DougL     Tufted,  silky:  peduncles  5-6-flowered:  pod  ovoid. 


112  LKGUMINO82E. 

21.  A.  Anderson!,  Gr.     Densely  white-hairy:  leaflets  13-25  pairs:  pods  falcate. 

22.  A.  Congdoni,  Watson.     Less  hairy:  leaflets  8-10  pairs:  pod  narrower. 

23.  A.  Gibbsii,  Kellogg.     Soft-hairy:  pod  much  curved,  an  inch  or  more  long. 

24.  A.  collinus,  Dougl.     Hoary:  pod  slightly  curved,  erect,  less  than  1  inch  long. 

25.  A.  Californicus,  Greene.     Stouter:  pod  straight,  purple-bloched,  1£  inches  long. 

26.  A.  Antiselli,  Gr.     Ashy-hairy;  leaflets  21-29:  straight  pod,  8-9  lines  long. 

27.  A.  Bolanderi,  Gr.     Scarious  stipules  united:  pcd  ovoid,  curved,  veiny. 

28.  A.  Webberi,  Gr.    Silvery-silky:  pods  thick- walled,  glabrous,  sutures  prominent. 

29.  A.  pychnostachyus,  Gr.      Stout,  hoary:  pods  reticulated,  thin- walled,  acute. 

30.  A.  Lemmoni,  Gr.     Slender,  procumbent,  green:  leaflets  9-11,  mucronate. 

31.  A.  Austin®,  Gr.     Tufted,  silvery-silky:  flowers  in  a  close  head,  whitish. 

32.  A.  Kentrophyta,  Gr.     Flowers  1-3  on  very  short  peduncles,  2  lines  long. 

12.    VICIA,    Tournefort. 

Perennials:  peduncles  4-18-flowered 1,  2 

Annuals:  peduncles  short,  1-2-flowered 3,  4 

1.  V.     gigantea,  Hooker.     Stout,  5-10  ft.  high:  petals  dull-purplish. 

2.  V.     Americana,  Muhl.     Glabrous,  1-4  ft.  high:  leaflets  8-16,  variable. 
Var.  truncata,  Brewer.     Leaflets  truncate  or  toothed  at  apex,  somewhat  hairy. 
Var.  linearis,  Watson.     Leaflets  linear:  mostly  low  and  slender. 

3.  V.     exig-ua,  Mutt.     Mostly  low:  leaflets  about  8:  flowers  3  lines  long,  purplish. 

4.  V.     sativa,  Linn.     Stouter:  flowers  nearly  sessile,  1  inch  long,  violet 

13.     LATHYBUS,    Linnaeus. 
Leave*  with  tendrils:  racemes  several — many-flowered. 

Pod  not  on  a  stipe.     Stipules  large:  glabrous 1,  2,  3 

Stipules  narrow:  more  or  less  pubescent. 7,  8 

Pod  on  a  short  stipe.     Stems  stout,  tall 4,  5,  6 

Leaves  without  tendrils,  or  rarely  with  them:  pods  on  short  stipes 9,  10,  11 

1.  L.     maritimus,  Bigelow.     Leaflets  3-5  pairs,  close  flowers  purple. 

2.  L.    polyphyllus,  Nutt.     Similar:  leaflets  6-10  pairs,  thin,  not  sessile. 

3.  L.     sulphurous,  Brewer.     Flowers  sulphur  or  dull  yellow,  5-7  lines  long. 

4.  L.     Nuttallii,  Watson.     Loosely  woolly -hairy:  petals  red-purple,  6-8  lines  long. 

5.  L.     Californicus,  Watson.     Stem  winged:  leaflets  soft-pubescent:  petals  7-9  lines 
long,  yellowish  or  pinkish.     This  and  next  under  I*,  venosus,  in  Bot.  CaL,  etc. 

6.  L.     Bolanderi,  Watson.     Stems  wingless:  glabrous:  flowers  purple. 

7.  I«.     vestitus,  Nutt.     Slender:  stems  wingless:  flowers  pale  rose  or  violet. 

8.  L.     palustris,  L.     Leaflets  2-4  pairs,  linear:  flowers  few,  purplish,  small 

9.  I*,     litoralis,  Endl.     Densely  silky:  a  small  terminal  leaflet:  pod  hairy. 

10.  I«.     Nevadensis,  Watson.    Slender:  standard  purplish;  wings  and  keel  yellowish. 


ROSACEA  113 

11.     L.     Torreyi,  Or.     Acute  leaflets  6  lines  long:  purplish  flowers  solitary. 

14.     CEB.CIS,   Linnseus. 
0.    OCCidentalis,  Torr.     Small  standard  enclosed  by  the  wings:  pods  red. 

ROSACES. 

*  Shrubs  or  Trees. 

a.  Flowers  white,  3  lints  or  more  across:  carpels  1-6,  distinct. 

Carpel  1,  becoming  a  drupe  (like  a  cherry  or  plum) 1 

Carpels  5  (or  often  wanting),  stamens  15:  racemes  drooping:  cherry-like 2 

Carpels  2-5,  becoming  inflated,  usually  reddening:  stamens  20  or  more 7 

Carpels  5,  hairy:  leaves  bipinnate,  leaflets  minute:  panicles  leafy S 

Carpel  1,  becoming  an  akene:  low  shrub:  leaves  tripinnate 9 

b.  Flowers  white,  2  lines  broad  or  less,  in  dense  panicles:  carpels  1  to  12. 

Stamens  20  or  more:  flowers  in  plumose  panicles:  leaves  large,  lobed 6 

Stamens  10-15:  evergreen  leaves  2-4  lines  long:  panicles  erect 18 

c.  Flowers  rose-color  or  pale  purple,  small:  carpels  6,  distinct 8 

d.  Flowers  S  lines  or  more  across:  carpels  2-5,  enclosed  by  the  fleshy  calyx-tube  forming  an 

inferior  ovary  (partly  inferior  in  24)* 

Evergreen  leaves  serrate:  carpels  2:  stamens  10:  berries  scarlet 24 

Deciduous  leaves  simple:  flowers  corymbose. 

Fruit  red  or  yellow:  uo  spines  or  thorns 25 

Fruit  black  or  purple:  spinose 26 

Deciduous  leaves  simple:  flowers  racemose:  petals  oblong 27 

«.     Flowers  6  lines  broad  or  more:  stamens  and  carpels  numerous:  fruit  like  a  blackberry  or 

raspberry. 10 

/.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  small',  petals  none:  calyx  white,  the  limb  deciduous:  carpel  1 

(rarely  2),  long  plumose  tailed 11 

g.    Flowers  rose-colored  an  inch  or  more  across:  stamens  many:  ovary  apparently  inferior: 

stems  slender,  prickly:  leaves  pinnate 23 

*  Herbs. 

a.  Flowers  6  lines  broad  or  more:  alcenes  forming  a  berry 10 

b.  Flowers  very  small  (except  1  sp.  in  S),  white:  calyx  kibes  6  (no  intermediate  lobes  or  bract- 

lets):  stamens  SO  or  more:  carpels  S-10. 

Leaves  very  large,  tripinnate:  spikes  in  large  panicles 4 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  3-cleft:  raceme  shuix 6 

Leaves  entire,  rosulate,  silky:  scape  low 3d  sp.  in  3 

Leaves  5-7-lobed  with  small  basal  leaflets:  petals  2-3  lines  long 4th  sp.  in  8 

8 


114  ROSACBJE. 

c.  Flowers  yellow,  white  or  purple:  calyx  appendaged  between  the  lobes,  or  apparently  un- 

equally  10-lobed. 
Stamens  20  or  more:  carpels  very  numerous:  receptacle  conical  to  clavate 

Akenea  with  hooked  or  plumose  tails  .................................  .  .....  12 

Akenes  seed-like  on  a  juicy  receptacle:  leaves  3-foliolate  .....................  13 

Akenes  seed-like  on  a  dry  receptacle.     (Try  No.  16  and  17.  )  ..................  14 

Stamens  20  or  less:  carpels  few  or  many  on  a  dry  receptacle. 

Stamens  10  (or  20  and  corolla  pink):  corolla  white:  receptacle  nearly  naked  ----  16 

Stamens  5  to  20;  filaments  slender:  carpels  few  or  1:  receptacle  hairy  ..........  17 

Stamens  5:  carpels  5  to  10:  leaflets  3,  cuneate,  3-5-toothed  ....................  15 

d.  Flowers  small:  carpels  1  to  S  becoming  akenes  enclosed  by  the  firm  calyx-tube  forming  a 

apparently  inferior  ovary. 

Leaves  pinnate  flowers  in  heads  or  spikes. 

Calyx  with  barbed  prickles:  petals  none:  anthers  purple  ......................  21 

Calyx  with  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles:  petals  yellow  .......................  20 

Calyx  4-angled,  naked,  limb  petaloid:  petals  none  .........................   ..22 

Leaves  palmately  lobed:  greenish  apetalous  flowers  axillary  ........................  19 

1.  PBUNUS,  Tournefort 

Flowert  white:  scraggy  or  spiny:  leaves  ovate,  an  inch  long  or  less  ...............  1,  8 

branches  slender:  leaves  1  to  4  inches  long.  ......................  2,  4 

low:  leaves  spatulate,  entire,  6  lines  long,  sessile  ....................  7 

evergreen  leaves,  shining,  prickly  toothed,  broad.  ..................  5 

Flowers  rose-color:  low,  spiny:  leaves  oblanceolate,  6  to  12  lines  long.  ...............  6 

[The  first  species  is  a  small  plum,  the  others  scarcely  edible  cherries.] 

1.  P.     subcordata,  Benth.     Bark  ashy  gray:  flowers  in  small  lateral  clusters. 

2.  P.     exnarginata,  Walpers.     Bark  chestnut  brown:  corymbs  6-12-flowered. 
Var.  mollis,  Brewer.     Taller,  becoming  25  ft.  high,  woolly.     Oregon. 

3.  P.     Fremonti,  Walp.     Flowers  solitary  or  few  together:  ovary  densely  hairy. 

4.  P.     demissa,  Walp.     Dense  racemes  3-4  inches  long,  erect:  leaves  large. 

5.  P.     ilicifolia,  Walp.     Racemes  small,  axillary:  fruit  ripening  in  November. 

6.  P.     Andersoni,  Grl     Low,  diffuse:  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute:  fruit  velvety. 

7.  P.     fasciculata,  Gr.     Similar:  slender  petals  recurved:  stamens  10-15: 

2.  NTJTTAT.LIA,  Gray. 

1.    N.    cerasifonnis,  T.  &  G.     Dioecious:  1  to  4  of  the  carpels  maturing  drapes. 


3.    SPIBJBA, 

*  Shrubs  with  rose-colored  or  purplish  flowers:  carpels  5. 
1.     S.     betulaefolia:  Pallas.     Pale  purple  flowers  in  corymbs.     Alpine, 


UOSACEJB.     /  115 

2.  S.     Doug-lasii,  Hooker.     Darker  flowers  in  dense  panicles.     Wet  places. 

*  *  Herbaceous  with  a  woody  base:  flowers  white. 

3.  8.    caespitosa,  Nutt.     Tufted:  flowers  in  dense  spikes  on  leafy  scapes. 

4.  8.     occidentalis,  Watson.     Simple  glabrous  stems  2-6  ft.  high:  panicle  cymose. 

4.     ABUNCUS.   Linnaeus. 
1.     A.     Sylvester,  Kost.     Smooth,  3-5  ft.  high:  flowers  dioecious:  stamens  exserted. 

5.    EBIOGYNIA,   Hooker. 
1.     E.     pectinate,  Hook.     Cespitose,  creeping;  branches  erect:  stamens  included. 

6.     HOLODISCUS,   Maximowicz. 
1.    H.    discolor,  Max.    Flowers  mostly  dull  white  or  light  buff:  carpels  hairy. 

7.    PHYSOCABPUS,   Maximowicz. 
i.     P.     opulifolia,  Max.    Bark  shreddy:  leaves  3-lobed:  corymbs  2  inches  broad. 


8.    nTTATVTJg-RATTATfcTA    Maximowicz. 
1.     C.    Blillefolium,  Max.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long. 

9.     GHAMJ9SBATIA,    Bentham. 
i.     C.    foliolosa,  Benth.     Strong  scented,  viscid:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong. 

1O.     BUBTJS.    Linnaeus. 

Stems  woody:  leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed:  no  prickles  ..............  .  ..........  1 

Steins  woody:  leaves  mostly  3-foliolate:  more  or  less  prickly  ..................  2t  3,  4 

Steins  herbaceous,  trailing,  not  prickly  :  carpels  few  .............................  5,  6 

1.  R.     Nutkanus,  Mocino.     Large  leaves:  large  rose-like  flowers. 

2.  B.     leucodermis,  Dougl.     Leaves  white  below,  veins  pricky.     (Raspberry.) 

3.  R.     epectabilis,  Pursh.     Flowers  large,  red-purple:  fruit  yellow  or  crimson. 

4.  H.     ur  sinus,  C.  &  S.    Stems  weak,  often  long-  trailing:  very  prickly.   (Blackberry.) 

5.  B     pedatus,  Smith.     Leaves  3-foliolate  or  nearly  5-foliolate:  fruit  red. 

6.  B.     lasiococcus,  Gr.     Stouter:  leaves  mostly  3-5  -lobed:  fruit  tomentose. 

11.    CEBCOCABPUS,   HBK. 

1.  C.    parvifolius,  Nutt.    Evergreen:  leaves  veiny,  serrate  above:  wood  hard. 

2.  O.    ledif  olius,  Nutt.     Leaves  narrow,  entire  margins  revolute.    (Mt.  Mahogony  .  ; 


116  ROSACBJL 

12.     GETTM,    Linnaeus. 

1.  G.     macrophyllum,  Wild.      Flowers  yellow:  style  jointed:  akene-tails  hooked. 

2.  O.     triflorum,  Pnrsh.     Flowers  purplish:  styles  plumose:  akene-tails  feathery. 

13.  FRAGARIA,    Tournefort. 

*  Akenes  deeply  pitted  in  the  depressed-globose  fruit. 

1.  F.     Chilensis,  Ehrh,     Leaves  thick,  dark  green,  shining:  flowers  large.    Coast. 

2.  F.     Virginiana,  Ehrh.     Similar:  flowers  smaller:  fruit  darker. 

*  *  Akenes  on  tlve,  surface  of  the,  ovoid  fruit. 

3.  F.     Calif ornlca,  0.  &  8.     Light  green  thin  leaves:  petioles  not  silky. 
4."^  F.     vesca,  L.     Similar:  larger.     Perhaps  No.  3  is  only  a  variety  of  this. 

14.  POTENTILL.A,    Linnaeus. 

*  Style,  attached  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary. 

A  foot  or  two  high:  leaflets  5-9,  coarsely  serrate:  petals  yellow  or  white 1 

Creeping:  leaves  and  peduncles  radical:  leaflets  7  to  many:  petals  yellow 2 

Stems  stout,  rooting  at  the  joints:  flowers  dark  lurid-purple 3 

Shrubby    leaflets  entire,  silky,  margins  revolute 4 

*  Style  attached  at  or  near  the  top  of  the  ovary:  stamens  SO. 
Alpine  or  subalpine  (altitude  7,000  ft.  or  more)  leaflets  an  inch  long  or  less. 

Densely  white  tomentose:  leaflets  7  to  13:  carpels  stipitate 5 

Silky- villous:  leaflets  closely  pinnate  or  palmate 8,  9 

Glabrous:  leaflets  3,  broadly  cuneiform,  7-9- toothed. 11 

In  the  mountains  but  mostly  lower  than  7,000  ft. 

.  Leaflets  5-15,  deeply  serrate  or  pinnatifid. ., 6,  7 

Leaflets  3,  toothed  above 10,  11 

1.  P.    glandulosa,  Lindley.     Petals  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Var.  Nevadensis,  Watson.     More  slender:  stamens  sometimes  only  20. 

2.  P.     Anserina,  L.     Long  runners:  leaflets  with  smaller  ones  between.    Wet  places. 

3.  P.     palustris,  Scop.   JMany  fibrous  roots:  leaves  palmate:  leaflets  serrate.   Swamps 
P.     fmticosa,  L.     Much  branched:  stamens  30:  carpels  very  villous. 

5.  P.     Breweri,  Watson.     Leaflets  nearly  equal,  3-6  lines  long:  petals  large. 

6.  P.     Plattensis,  Nutt.     Slender  stems  3-12  inches  long:  leaflets  pinnatifid. 

7.  P.     gracilis,  Dougl.     Taller,  more  hairy:  leaflets  and  flowers  larger. 
Var.  rigida,  Watson.     Tall  and  stout,  not  tomentose.     The  common  form. 

8.  P.     dissecta,  Pursh.     Leaflets  pinnatifid  or  coarsely  serrate:  tufted -hairy. 

9.  P.     Wheeleri,  Watson.     Leaflets  cuneate,  3 -5 -toothed,  6  lines  long  or  less. 

10.  P.     Grayi,  Watson.     Low  stems  3-6-flowered:  leaflets  5-7- toothed. 

11.  P.     gelida,  C.  A.  Meyer.     Leaflets  larger,  broader,  end  one  nearly  sessile. 


•  117 

KOSACJKA. 

15.  SLBALDIA,   Linnaeus. 

1.     8.     procumbens,  L     Steins  creeping:  calyx  lobes  exceeding  the  minute  petals. 

16.  HOBKELIA,   0.  &  S. 

Styles  thickened  at  the  base:  leaflets  incised  6-12  lines  long. 1 

Calyx-bracts  nearly  as  broad  as  the  lobes:  leaflets  3-8  lines  long 9 

Calyx-bracts  mnch  narrower  than  the  lobes. 

Leaflets  deeply  incised  or  lobed 3,  4,  5,  6 

Leaflets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex 7 

Leaflets  bifid,  2  or  3  lines  long,  silky..... 8 

1.  H.     fusca,  Lindl,     Cymes  dense:  petals  2  lines  long,  sepals  longer. 

2.  H.     Californica,  C.  &  S.     Glandular:  sepals  and  petals  3-6  lines  long. 
Var .  sericea,  Gr.     Stouter:  leaflets  larger:  canescent  with  silky  hairs. 

5.  H.    congesta,  Hook.     Sparsely  stiff-hairy:  leaflets  6-9  lines  long. 

4.  H.  tenuiloba,  Gr.     White-hairy:  leaflets  8-12  pairs,  2-3  lines  long. 

5  H.  Bo  lander  i,  Gr.     Densely  hoary,  pubescent,  tufted,  3-4  inches  high. 

6.  H.  purpurascens,  Watson.     Purplish  calyx  3-4  lines  long:  petals  rose-color. 

7.  H.  tridentata,  Torr.     Silky:  leaflets  2-5  pairs,  mostly  3-toothed  at  apex. 

8.  EL  sericata,  Wataon.     Tufted:  some  stem  leaflets  entire:  petals  notched. 

17.    IVESIA,  Torrey  &  Gray. 

Flowers  in  rather  close  panlcled  cymes:  stems  mostly  leafy 1,  3,  3 

Flowers  yellow,  in  cymes  on  nearly  naked  stems.     Alpine 4,  5 

Flowers  white,  in  diffuse  panicles  upon  leafy  stems 6 

1.  I.    Pickeringii,  Torr.     Densely  white-silky:  petals  yellowish,  spatulate. 

2.  I.     unguiculata,  Gr.     Similar:  petals  white,  clawed,  orbicular:  carpels  5-8. 

3.  I.    Webberi,  Gr.     Low,  loosely  villous:  petals  yellow:  stamens  5-10. 

4.  I.     G-ordoni,  T.  &  G.     Viscid:  3-10  inches  high:  stem  leaves  pinnatifid. 
Var.  pygmaea,  Watson.     An  inch  or  two  high:  stamens  sometimes  10. 

Var.  lycopsoides,  Watson.     Nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  thick,  rounded,  imbricated. 

5.  I.     Muirii,  Gr.     Densely  silky,  an  inch  high:  leaves  terete:  carpels  2. 

6.  I.     santalinoides,  Gr.     Stems  6-18  inches  high:  leaves  silky:  terete:  carpel  L 

18.    ADENOSTOMA,   H.  &  A. 

1.  A.    fasciculatum,  H.  &  A.     Bark  becoming  shreddy:  leaves  subulate,  acute. 

2.  A.     sparsifolium,  Torr.     Resinous:  leaves  scattered,  obtuse.     San  Diego, 

19.      ATXmTE'MTT.T.  A  ?    Tournefort. 
1.     Ar     arvensis,  Scopoli.     An  obscure  under- herb:  stipules  enclosing  the  floweM. 


118  ROSACE2E. 

20.    AGBIMONIA.    Tournefort. 
*.-     A.     Eupitoria,  L.     Hairy:  2-4  ft.  high:  racemes  spicate:  akene  subglobose. 

81.    AC.ZENA,  Limueos. 
i.     A.    trifida,  R.  &  P.     Leaves  crowded  at  base:  green  flowers  in  terminal  spike. 

22.    POTEBIUM,  Linnaeus. 

1.  P.    offlcixxale,  B.  &  H.    Flowers  deep  purple  or  red  in  a  short  spike. 

2.  P.     annuum,  Nntt.     Smaller:  leaflets  pinnatifid:  flowers  greenish. 

23.     ROSA,   Tournefort. 

1.  B.    Nntkana,  PresL    Spines  stout:  stipules  broad;  flowers  2  or  3  inches  broad. 

2.  B.    pisocarpa,  Gr.    Globose  fruit  smaller,  with  a  neck. 

3.  B.     Calif ornica,  C.  &  S.     Often  tall:  fruit  ovoid,  with  a  neck. 

4.  B.     spithamea,  Watson.     A  span  high  or  less:  globose  fruit  glandular-prickly. 
6.     B.     gymnocarpa,  Nutt.     Slender:  calyx-lobes  deciduous,  leaving  fruit  naked. 

• 

24.    HETEBOMELES,  J.  Earner. 
1.     H.     arbutifolia,  Boem.     Panicles  terminal:  fruit  ripe  in  December.     (Toyon.} 

25.     PIBUS,    Linnaeus. 

1.  P.     rivularis,  Dougl.     Leaves  simple,  woolly:  fruit  ovoid. 

2.  P.     sambucifolia,  C.  &  S.     Leaves  pinnate:  fruit  globose,  red. 

26.     CBAT2EGT7S,    Linnaeus. 

1.  0.     rivularis,  Nutt.     Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  rarely  lobed.     (Hawthorn. ) 

2.  0.     Douglasii,  LindL     A  large  tree:  leaves  often  incised:  fruit  6  lines  thick. 

27.    AMELiANCHIEB,  Medicns. 
i.     A.     alnifolia»  Nntt.     Flowers  in  short  racemes:  petals  not  ovate.     (Shad-berry.) 


CALYCANTHACEJE. 

1.     CALYCANTHTJS,    Linnaeus. 

0.     oceidentalis,  H.  &  A     Inner  sepals  and  outer  petals  lurid  purple  or  red, 
inch  or  more  long,  slender,  leathery:  inner  petals  shorter,  incurved. 


8AXIFRAQACEA  119 

SAXIFRAGACEJE. 

9  1.  Herb  a  with  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical  (except  No.  2  in  7):  styles  2  or  3  (sessile 
Rtigm*A  3  or  4  in  11):  carpels  united  or  rarely  distinct,  the  tips  divergent  (flattened* 
obcordate  in  19.). 

Stamens  apparently  many  in  clusters,  only  6  perfect 11 

Stamen*  8-10:  petals  none:  flowers  minute,  axillary,  solitary 19 

Stamens  10  (rarely  more  or  less  in  No.  1):  flowers  in  terminal  racemose  or  cymoee  clusters. 

Petals  broad,  entire :  ovary  2-celled  or  carpels  distinct 1 

Petals  pinnatifid,  3-7  lobed  or  entire:  ovary  1 -celled:  racemes  simple 7 

Petals  entire,  very  slender:  styles  slender;  carpels  unequal. 8 

Stamens  5:  petioles  expanded  stipule-like,  or  bristly  at  base. 

Petals  deciduous,  entire,  broad:  radical  leaves  3 -parted No.  2  In  1 

leaves  3-9-lobed  or  cleft:  ovary  inferior.  2 

Petals  deciduous,  often  crenate,  white:  seeds  winged 6 

pinnatifid  or  3-cleft;  lobes  filiform-:  ovary  globular. 9 

entire  or  wanting,  small:  ovary  1-ceiled 10 

Petals  persistent,  entire  or  3 -lobed,  spatulate,  violet:  ovary  inferior 8 

entire,  slender,  purple:  ovary  superior 4 

Stamens  3:  petals  entire,  filiform,  recurved  persistent 6 

I  2.     Shrubs  with  large  white  flower*  or  woody -bated  herbs:  leave*  opposite. 

Shrubs:  stamens  20  or  more:  petals  4  or  5:  stigmas  distinct 18 

petals  5  toT:  stigmas  united 14 

Herbaceous:  branches  terminated  by  capitate  clusters  of  small  flowers. 15 

|  3.  Slender  shrub*:  leave*  alternate:  flower*  mottly  in  drooping  clusters:  ovary  inferior, 
globose*  calyx-lobe*  larger  than  the  erect  petal*,  utually  petaloid 16 

I.     SAXTFRAGA,    Linnaeus. 

*  Stemle**,  or  rarely  a  leaf  or  two  on  the  scape  below. 

Leaves  large,  peltate,  cupped  in  the  center:  flowers  pink, 1 

Leaves  an  inch  or  less  broad,  short  petioled:  scape  2  to  4  inches  high 2 

Leaves  rounded-cordate,  long  petioled:  filaments  broadest  above:  calyx  soon  reflexed  8,  G 
Leaves  not  cordate,  contracted  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole  or  nearly  sessile. 

Calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading 8,  6 

Calyx-lobes  reflexed  in  fruit  or  sooner. 4,  6,  7 

*  •  Stem*  leafy,  tufted  (except  No.  IS):  petiole*  thort. 

Leaves  small,  evergreen,  entire,  crowded.  Alpine, 10 

Leaves  like  strawberry  leaflets:  flowers  greenish 11 

Leaves  few  on  the  stem:  stamens  5 1Q 

I.     8.     peltata,  Torr.     Scape  stout,  1-3  ft.  high:  carpels  distinct.     Streams. 

&     8.     Parryi,  Torr.     Calyx  and  white  petals  brown  or  purple-veined. 


120  8AZIFRAGACE2K. 

3.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.     Petals  obovate,  twice  the  length  of 

4.  S.  reflexa,  Hook.     Calyx  rcllexed:  filaments  often  thick  above. 

5.  S.  nivalis,  L.     Flowers  fewer,  more  crowded;  petals  narrow,  small. 

6.  3.  integrifolia,  Hook.     Scape  1-3  ft.  high,  viscid:  seeds  large. 

7.  S.  bryophora,  Or.    Leaves  slender,  entire:  many  pedicels  bulb-bearing. 

8.  S.  Mertensiana,  Bong.     Leaves  many-lobed:  pedicels  often  bulbifernoR. 

9.  S.  punctata,  L.     Leaves  coarsely  toothed:  panicle  not  bulbiferous. 

10.  S.     Tolxniei,  T.  &  G.     Peduncles  2  inches  long:  carpels  often  3  or  4. 

11.  S.     fragarioides,  Greene.     Woody  caudex  branched:  petals  persistent. 

12.  S.     ranunculifolia,  Hook.     Slender,  a  foot  high  or  less:  flowers  corymbose, 

2.    BOYKINIA,  NuttalL 

1.  B.     occid  entails,  T.  &  G.     Leaves  thin,  1-3  inches  broad,  incisely  toothed. 

2.  B,     major,  Gr.     Stouter,  larger:  leaves  4-8  inches  broad,  5-9-cleft. 

8.     SUKSDORFIA,   Gray. 
\    S.    violacea,  Gr.     Weak,  viscid:  flower  parts  rarely  in  7'a.     Or.  Wash. 

4.     BOLANDBA,   Gray. 

1.  B.     Calif ornica,  Gr.    Sterna  slender:  petals  dull  purple.     Yoeexnite. 

2.  B.     Oregana,  Watson.     Stouter:  petals  deep  purple:  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit* 

5.     SULIVANTIA,   Torrey&Gray. 
1.    8.    Oregana,  Watson.     Scape  nearly  leafless:  leaves  an  inch  or  less  broad. 

6.    TOLMIEA,  Torrey&Gray. 
1.    T.     Menziesii,  T.  &  G.     Calyx  gibbous,  finally  splitting  down  one  side. 

7.    TELLIMA,  Hobt.  Brown. 

Petals  laciniately  pinnatifid,  reflexed,  rose-color  or  greenish 1 

Petals  entire,  spatula te-obovate,  white  or  pinkish:  calyx-base  acute,  adnate S 

Petals  entire  or  with  small  side-teeth,  obovate  or  oval,  white:  calyx-base  broad. 8 

Petals  3-lobed,  nearly  cuneate,  white  or  pinkish:  calyx-base  broad:  styles  smooth 4 

calyx-base  turbinate,  styles  rough. . .  6 

Petals  deeply  3-cleft,  pink  or  white:  ovary  half  inferior:  bulblet-bearing 6 

Petals  palmately  3-7-parted,  mostly  pink:  ovary  nearly  free:  bulblet-bearing 7 

1.  T.     grandiflora,  R.  Br.     Stout,  1-3  ft.  high:  calyx  inflated.     Monterey  to  Alaska. 

2.  T.     Cymbalaria,  Walp.     Stem  aliform,  usually  a  pair  of  leaves.     S.  CaL 

3.  T     Bolanderi,  Bol.     Stems  often  branching:  styles  smooth.     Cunt.  CaL 


8AXIFRAGACE2B.  121 

4.  T.  heterophylla,  H.  &  A.     Similar,  very  slender:  petals  acute.     Cent.  OaL 

5.  T.  affinis,  Bolander.     Stouter:  calyx-tube  rough,  partly  adnate.     Cal. 

6.  T.  parviflora,  Hook.    Calyx  obconical:  ovary  half  inferior.    Or.  Wash. 

7.  T.  tenella,  Walp.     Slender,  2-9  in.  high:  ovary  nearly  free.    N.  E.  CaL 

8.     TTA-R.TgT.TA,   Linnams. 

1.  T.    unifoliata,  Hook.     Leaves  3-5-lobed,  crenately  toothed.    S.  F.  Bay,  N. 

2.  T.     trifoliata,  L.     Most  of  the  leaves  3-f  oliolate.     Or.  to  Alaska. 

0.    MTTELLA,  Tournefort. 

1.  M.    Breweri,  Gr.     Leaves  2-3  in.  broad:  scape  naked:  petals  }  in.  long.   8.N.  Mte. 

2.  M.     trifida,  Grab.     Petals  smaller,  3-5-parted.     In  shade.     Coast  Ranges. 

S.     M.     caulescens,  Nutt     Stouter:  1  or  more  leaves  on  scape.     Elamath  River,  N. 

10.     BLEU  CHER  A,    Linnaeus. 

1.  EL     glabra,  Willd.     Leaves  acutely  lobed,  incised:  panicle  loose.     Or.,  N. 

2.  H.     rubescens,  Torr.     Leaves  crenately  lobed  £-1  in.  broad.     S.  N.  Mts.,  N.  A  K. 

8.  H.     xnicrantha,  Dongl.     Leaves  obtusely  lobed,  crenate,  2-4  in.  broad. 

4.  H.     pilosissima,  F.  &  M.    Very  villous,  viscid:  calyx-base  rounded.     Cal.  Coast. 

5.  H.     cylindrica,  Dougl.     Flowers  nearly  spicate,  £-&  in.  long:  petals  minute. 

11.     PABNASSIA,   Tournefort. 

1.  P.    palustris,  L.     Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-cordate  &.  1  in.  long:  petals  $-$  ia.  long. 
Var.  Califomica,  Gr.     Larger  in  every  way.     In  wet  places,  mountains. 

2.  P.     fiznbriata,  Banks.     Leaves  reniform  to  cordate:  appendages  few  cr  a  scola, 

12.     CHBYSOSPLENITJM,   Linnaus. 
1.    O.    glecboxnCBfolium,  Nutt.     Decumbent  in  wet  places:  leaves  }-£  in.  long, 


13.      PTTTT^  A  T>ET^'PH  US^    T.innmn* 

1.  P.     Lewisii,  Purah.     Spreading,  3-5  ft.  high:  stigmas  narrow.    S.  N.  Mta. 

2.  P.     Gordonianus,  LindL     Larger  in  every  way:  leaves  mostly  toothed.    Ooanfc. 

14.     OABPENTEBIA,  Torrey. 
L     0.     Califomica,  Torr.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.     King's  River,  Cat 

15.    WHIPPUEA,   Torrey. 
L     W.    modesta,  Torr.     Stems  slender,  spreading:  calyx  and  corolla  whita 


122  8AXIFRAGACEJB 

16.     KIBES,    Linnaeus. 

§  1.     More  or  less  thorny  and  prickly:  leaves  3-5-lobed,  parted  or  divided:  peduncle*  1-5 
flowered  (5-9-flowered  in  No.  10),     (Gooseberries.) 

Calyx  bright  red:  fruit  bristly  or  prickly I,  2,  4 

Calyx  yellow :  leaves  very  small:  fruit  smooth 5,  7 

Calyx  white  or  pinkish,  lobes  erect:  ovary  white- villous;  fruit  veivety 6 

Calyx  greenish,  villous:  stamens  short:  fruit  spiny-prickly 8 

Calyx  greenish  or  dull-purplish:  ovary  and  fruit  smooch 8,  8 

Calyx  greenish  white,  limb  saucer-shaped,  3  lines  broad:  stamens  short. 10 

§  2.     Thornless,  no  prickles:  stamens  short:  berry  not  prickly.     (Currants.) 

Calyx  greenish  white,  rotate  above  the  ovary:  berry  £-1  in.  long,  black 11 

Calyx  waxy- white,  greenish  or  pinkish;  tube  cylindrical,  £-£  in.  long 12 

Calyx  dull  white,  greenish  or  purplish;  tube  cylindrical-campanulate 13 

Calyx  rose- red  to  nearly  white;  tube  short,  broad t  racemes  dense:  fruit  dry 14 

Calyx  golden  yellow,  salverform;  tube  £-£  in;  long:  spicy-fragrant 15 

1.  B.     epeciosum,  Fursh.    Tall:  Flowers  nearly  an  inch  long,  parts  often  in  4's. 

2.  B.    Menziesii,  Pursh.     Very  thorny:  anthers  sharp-sagittate. 

3.  B.     ambiguum,  Watson.     Glandular,  villous:  white  petals  nearly  as  long  as  the 
stamens. 

4.  B.    Lobbii,  Gr.    Flowers  9  lines  long:  anthers  oval:  very  obtuse,  white. 

5.  B.    leptanthum,  Gr.     Rigid,  much  branched:  style  undivided,  smooth. 

6.  B.     velutinuxn,  Greene.    Rigid  recurved  branches:  stout  thorns  solitary 

7.  B.    quercetorum,  Greene.     Calyx-lobes  ciliate,  reflexed,  bright  yellow. 

8.  B.     divaricatum,  Dongl.     Stems  widely  spreading:  stamens  exserted. 

9.  B.     oxycanthoides,  L.     Similar:  flowers  smaller;  stamens  little  exserted. 

10.  B.  lacustre,  Pciret.  var.  molle,  Gr.     Low:  leaves  downy:  berry  light  red. 

11.  B.  bracteosum,  Dougl.     Leaves  6-7-cleft,  lobes  acute,  5-9  in.  wide. 

12.  B.  ceroum,  Dougl.     Leaves  3-lobed,  an  inch  broad  or  less,  crenate. 

13.  B.  viscosissimum,  Pursh.     Viscid:  leaves  moderately  lobed. 

14.  B.  sangruineum,  Pursh.   Leaves  obtusely  3-5-lobed:  petals  often  white:  variable. 

15.  B.  aureum,  Pursh.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  racemes  5-10-flowered. 


CRASS  CLACE.E. 

Obscure  under  herbs:  minute  greenish  flowers  in  the  axils  of  minute  leaves. 1 

Very  fleshy  herbs:  leaves  entire  (serrate  in  1st  sp.  No.  2):  petals  distinct 8 

petals  more  or  less  united. . .  8 

1.     TILU32A,    Linnaeus. 
,.     T.     minima,  Mien.     Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils:  leaves  ovate,  a  line  long. 


CKASSDLACE2E.  123 

2.     T.     ang-ustifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  rooting,  1  in.  long:  leaves  1-2  lines  long. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Watson.     Stems  3-4  in.  high:  flower-parts  in  3's  or  4's. 

3      T.     peduncularis,  Smith.     Pedicels  4-6  lines  long  in  fruit:  carpels  purplish. 

2.     SEDUM,   Linnaeus. 

Flowers  dioecious,  deep  purple,  parts  mostly  in  4V 1 

Leaves  narrowed  toward  the  base,  obtuse 2,  8,  4 

Leaves  broadest  near  the  base,  acute 6,  6,  7 

1.  8.     Rhodiola,  DC.     Stems  simple:  leaves  acute,  rarely  entire.     Alpine. 

2.  8.     spathulifolium,  Hook.     Glaucous:  petals  yellow,  3  lines  long,  acute. 

3.  8.     Oreg-anum,  Nutt.   Not  glaucous:  petals  pale  rose,  much  exceeding  the  stamens. 

4.  8.     obtusatum,  Gr.    Similar  to  2  &  3:  flowers  pedicel!  ed;  petals  pale  yellow,  broader. 

5.  8.     variegatuzn, Watson.  Radical  leaves  slender :  petals  yellow,  often  purple-veined. 

6.  8.     radiatuxn,  Watson.     Carpels  broad,  the  beaks  horizontal,  star-like:  petals  yel. 

7.  8.     pumiltun,  Benth.     Annual;  1*3  inches  high:  leaves  1-2  lines  long:  carpels  1- 
seeded. 

3.    COTYLEDON,   Linnaeus. 

Leaves  cylindrical  and  somewhat  3-sided 1,  2 

Leaves  flattened:  carpels  nearly  distinct,  erect 

Petals  united  to  the  middle,  red 8 

Petals  united  &  the  length,  pale  yellow,  4  lines  long 4 

Petals  united  only  at  the  base,  yellow  or  orange. 

Leaves  glaucous,  white  dusty  or  mealy. . .  5,  6,  7,  8 
Leaves  not  glaucous  or  mealy,  reddish 0,  10 

1.  C.     edulis,  Brewer.     Petals  widely  spreading,  yellowish.     San  Diego. 

2.  0.     viscida,  Watson.     Leaves  numerous,  very  viscid:  corolla  reddish.    S.  Cal. 

3.  0.    pulverulenta,  B.  &  H.     Densely  white-dusty:  leaves  2  or  3  inches  broad. 

4.  0.     Oregonensis,  Watson.     Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse:  racemes  axillary. 

5.  C.     ianceolata,  B.  &  H.     Petals  orange,  mid- vein  glaucous:  calyx-base  broad. 

6.  C.     farinosa,  B.  &  H.     Usually  densely  mealy:  petals  lemon  yellow. 

7.  C.     caespitosa,  Haworth.     Sepals  ovate,  *2  lines  long  or  less:  petals  yellow. 

8.  C.     laxa,  B.  &  H.     Petals  orange-yellow,  keeled,  prominent  mid-vein  glaucous. 

9.  0.     Palnxeri,  Watson.    Flowering  stem  red:  petals  pale  yellow.    S.  Cal.  coaafc, 

10.  0.     Lingula,  Watson.    Leaves  an  inch  broad,  2  or  3  inches  long,  acute. 


DROSEEACE.3E. 

1.    DROSERA,   Linnaeus. 
1.     D.     rotundifolia,  L.     Leaf -blade  rounded,  26  line*  broad:  petals  2  lines  long. 


124  LYTHRACEJE 

•1.    D.    Anglica,  Hudson.    Leaf -blade  cuneate:  petals  much  exceeding  the  »epalii 

LYTHRACEJS. 

Calyx  slightly  4-angle J,  short:  petals  none:  capsule  globular 2 

Petals  4:  capsule  striate  under  microscope,  splitting  into  3  or  4  raises. 2 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  to  7  teeth  with  smaller  ones  between:  petals  4  to  7  (usually 
6):  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many:  capsule  2-celled. 8 

1.     ATVTlvrATJTAt    Linnaus, 
1 .    A.    latifolia,  L.     Stems  square:  leaves  opposite,  eared  at  base,  slender. 

2.     ROTAI*A,    Kcehne. 
1.     B.     ramosior,  Keen.     Capsule  not  bursting  irregularly. 

3.     LYTHBTTM,    Linnaeu*. 

1.  I*,    hyssopifolia,  L.     Petals  very  small:  stamens  usually  4  to  6,  included. 

2.  L.     album,  HBE.    Calyx  3  or  4  lines  long. 

3.  L.    Californicum,  Watson.    Calyx  6  to  9  lines  long:  rose-purple  petals  longet 

HALORAGEJE. 

Leaves  linear  or  broader  in  whorls  of  4  to  12:  flowers  sessile,  axillary 1 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  mostly  pinnate,  segments  filiform:  flowers  axillary .........  2 

1.    HIPPURIS,   Linnaeus. 
1.    EL    vulgaris,  L.    Style  filiform,  stamen  1:  calyx  globular,  limb  entire.    In  ponds. 

2.     MYRIOPHYLLUM,    Linnaras. 

1.  M.    spicatum;  L.     Stamens  8:  flowers  spicate:  petals  ovate,  greenish. 

2.  M.    hippurioides,  Nutt.     Stamens  4:  petals  white,  obovate:  toothed  bracts  3  to  6 
lines  long.    Both  species  aquatic. 

ONAGRACEJ2. 

Calyx  divided  to  the  ovary,  lobes  persistent:  aquatic  or  creeping  marsh  herbs:  solitary  A0***9 

in  axils  of  entire  leaves. 
Petals  4  to  6,  yellow:  stamens  8  to  12 :  leaves  alternate 1 


ONAGRACK2B.  125 

Petals  none  or  4,  reddish:  stamens  4:  leaves  opposite , .,.  2 

•  •  Calyx  deciduous  above  the  ovary:  parts  of  thcfiotoers  in  fa. 
t  Anther?  versatile  (attached  near  the  middle  to  the  filament). 
a.    Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs,  stamens  8:  lower  leaves  often  opposite. 

Calyx- tube  long-funnelf onn  above  the  ovary,  scarlet:  petals  2-lobed .,..„.....  8 

Oalyx-limb  4-parted :  anthers  elliptical  or  roundish 4 

4.     Seeds  not  tufted  with  hairs:  leaves  all  alternate:  calyx-lobes  reflexed. 
Calyx  divided  nearly  or  quite  to  the  ovary:  anthers  of  two  forms  (or  only  4). 

Leaves  entire:  small  or  minute  flowers:  capsules  not  an  inch  long 6 

Leaves  pinnatifidly  lobed:  capsules  3  or  4  inches  long 6 

Calyx  forming  a  cup  or  tube  (often  long  and  slender)  above  the  ovary 7 

ft  Anthers  erect,  attached  at  or  near  the  base  to  the  filaments;  those  opposite  the  petals 
shorter  or  sterile,  rarely  wanting:  calyx-lobes  reflexed,  except  in  No.  11:  annuals. 

Calyx- tube  obconical  above  the  ovary:  petals  not  long-clawed 8 

petals  long-clawed 0 

Calyx -tube  filiform  above  the  ovary:  petals  long-clawed,  lobed 10 

Calyx-lobes  erect:  petals  not  clawed,  2-lobed:  stigma  lobes  short 11 

Calyx-lobes  spreading:  petals  clawed,  entire:  stigma  discoid,  entire 12 

*  *  *  Minute  white  flowers  in  bractless  racemes,  the  parts  in  2's 13 

1.     JUSSLZBA,   Linnaeus. 

1.    J.    repens,  L.    Stems  a  foot  or  more  long,  rooting  at  base:  style  stout,  hairy. 
Var.  Calif  ornica,  Watson.    Smaller  flowers  6  to  8  lines  broad:  style  slender,  glabrous. 

2.    LTTDWIGIA,   Linnaeus. 
1.    I*,    palustrifl,  Ellis.    Smooth,  creeping  or  floating:  flowers  sessile:  capsule  smalL 

3.    ZATTSCHNEBIA,  Presl. 
1.    Z.    California,  Presl.     Villous  or  tomentose:  calyx  10-16  lines  long  above  ovary. 

4.    EPILOBIUM,   Linnams. 

•  Flowers  large:  stamens  and  style  declined:  stigma  lobes  finally  spreading  or  recurved: 

perennial. 

Stem  erect,  simple:  petals  clawed,  obovate,  lilac-purple 1,  2 

Stem  decumbent,  5  to  3  inches  long:  leaves  opposite,  glaucous. S 

Flowers  yellow 4 

*  *  Flowers  small,  parts  all  erect:  stigma  club-shaped  or  cylindrical. 

Perennial:  petioles  present  but  short:  in  wet  places:  not  alpine 5,  6 

Perennial:  stems  with  2  pubescent  lines:  leaves  mostly  opposite:  alpine 7,  8 

Perennial ;  leaves  sessile:  hoary  or  glaucous:  leaves  mostly  opposite:  not  alpine.  9,  10,  11 


126 


ON  AG  RACE.fi. 


Annual:  stems  round:  leaves  mostly  alternate:  petals  obcordate 12,  13,  14 

1.  E.  spicatum,  Lam.     Simple  stem  often  5  or  6  ft.  high:  flowers  spicate. 

2.  E.  latifolium,  Linn.     Shorter,  leas  erect,  often  branching:  style  glabrous. 

3.  E.  obc  or  datum,  Gr.     Petals  obcordate,  spreading,  rose-color.     Alpine. 

4.  E.  luteum,  Pursh.     Oregon  to  Alaska. 

5.  E.  Watsoni,  Barbey.     Hoary-pubescent,  branching:  petals  narrow,  obcordate. 

6.  E.  coloratura,  Muhl.     Erect,  branched,  pubemlent:  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

7.  E.  alpinum,  L.     Creeping,  2  to  6  inches  high:  flower-buds  ovoid:  anthers  globose. 

8.  E.  origunifolium,  Lane.     Taller:  large  petals  obcordate,  purple  to  white. 

9.  E.  Franciscanum,  Barb.     Stems  2  to  4  ridged:  petals  purple,  emarginate. 

10.  E.  brevistylum,  Barb.     Similar:  petals  smaller,  obcordate,  pinkish.     S.  N.  Mts. 

11.  E.  glaberimum,  Barb.     Glaucous:  leaves  connected  at  base:  petals  notched.. 

12.  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.     Often  tall,  very  slender:  leaves  slender,  often  fascicled. 

13.  E.  jocundum,  Gr.     Similar:  panicles  crowded:  petals  larger,  6  lines  long,  deep 
purple. 

14.  E.  minutum,  T,,fodL     Less  than  a  ft.  high:  petals  minute. 

5.     GAYOPH YTUM,   A.  Jussieu. 

1.  G.    ramosissimum,  T.  &  G.     Diffuse,  6  to  18  inches  high:  capsule  3-5-seeded. 

2.  G.     racemosum,  T.  &  G.     Less  branched,  more  flowers,  capsule  8  to  10  lines  long. 

3.  G.     pumilum,  Watson.     Smaller:  capsule  6  lines  long,  the  many  seeds  oblique. 

4»    G.     difiusum,  T.  &  G.     Flowers  1£  to  3  lines  broad,  usually  pink:  capsules  on 
pedicels. 

6.    EULOBUS,  NuttalL 
1.     B.     Californicus,  Nutt     Stout,  1  to  3  ft.  high:  petals  4  or  5  linen  broad,  yellow. 

7.     (ENOTHERA,    Linnsens. 

§  Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary:  stigma-lobes  slender. 

Tall:  flowers  yellow,  erect  in  bud:  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell 1 

Stems  white:  flowers  white  or  purplish,  1£  or  2  inches  broad:  buds  nodding 2,  3,  4 

Stemless:  calyx-tube  2  to  4  inches  long:  capsule  wing-angled t 6 

§  2.     Calyx-tube  JHtform,  stem-like  above  the  ovary:  stigma  capitate:  flowers  yellow,  sessile 
on  the  top  of  a  rootstock  in  the  axils  of  radical  leaves. 

Nearly  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate:  perennial 6,  7 

Canescently  villous:  leaves  linear:  capsule  4- winged:  annual 8 

§  3.     Calyx-tube  obconic  or  short-funnel  form:  stigma  capitate:  capsules  narrow,  sessile  or 

nearly  so,  often  contorted. 

Flowers  axillary,  yellow:  capsule  sharply  4-angled,  usually  contorted. 9,  10,  11 

Flowers  axillary,  small,  yellow:  capsule  obtusely  angled,  curved. 12.  13 


ONAGRACE^E.  127 

]  lowers  small,  in  a  nodding  spike,  white  or  rose-color:  capsule  contorted 14,  15 

1.  CE.     biennis,  L.     Stout,  1  to  5  ft.  high:  calyx-tube  1  to  1\  inches  long. 
Var.  grandifiora,  Lindl.     Capsule  hirsute:  petals  as  long  as  calyx-tube. 
Var.  hirsutissimus,  Gr.     Similar:  ovary  more  hirsute.     The  common  form. 

2.  <B.     albicaulis,  Nutt.     Erect,  £  to  4  ft.  high:  large  leaves  pinnatifid. 

3.  <B.     Calif ornica,  Watson.     Hoary,  decumbent:  ovary  and  calyx  villous. 

4.  CE.     trichocalyx,  Nutt.     Stouter,  more  erect:  capsule  thicker  at  base. 

5.  CE.     triloba,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous:  petals  i  to  1£  inches  long. 

6.  CE     heterantha,  Nutt.     Petals  3  to  6  lines  long:  capsules  ovoid-oblong. 
Var.  taraxacifolia,  Watson.     Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid:    Sierra  Nevada. 

7.  CE.     ovata,  Nutt.     Similar:  capsule  with  obtuse  angles.     Coast  Valleys. 

8.  CE.     graciliflora,  H.  &  A.     Petals  obcordate,  turning  greenish,  3  to  5  lines  long. 

9.  CB.     cheiranthifolia,  Hornem.     Prostrate  or  ascending:  leaves  thick. 
Var.  sufiruticosa,  Watson.     Woody  at  base,  leafy.     Both  on  sand  near  the  sea. 

10.  CE.  bistorta,  Nutt.     Similar:  petals  4  to  9  lines  long,  spot  at  base. 

11.  CE.  micrantha,  Hornem.     Flowers  smaller:  leaves  thin,  crimped. 

12.  CE.  dentata,  Cav.     Diffuse,  very  slender:  leaves  linear:  capsule  very  slender. 

13.  CE.  strigulosa,  T.  &  G.     Similar:  petals  smaller,  1  or  2  lines  long,  reddening. 

14.  CE.  alyssoides,  H.  &  A.   Slender,  canescent:  calyx-lobes  and  petals  2  or  3  lines  long. 

15.  CE.  gaurceflora,  T.  &  G.     Glabrous:  bark  loose,  white:  capsule  tapering  upward. 

8.     GODETIA,   Spach. 

*  Flowers  in  strict  mostly  close  spikes:  stems  leafy:  capsule  ovoid  to  oblong, 
t  Capsule  not  ribbed:  seeds  in  2  rows  in  the  cell:  stems  simple  or  few  branched. 

Calyx- tube  broadly  obconical,  4  to  6  lines  long:  petals  1  or  2  inches  long 1 

Calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  deep-purple 2 

t  f  Capsule  with  at  least  alternate* sides  2 -ribbed:  seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell:  stems  often  much 
branched:  canescently  puberulent. 

Capsule  5  to  8  linea  long  tapering  from  the  base 8 

Capsule  3  to  6  lines  long,  oblong,  short-hairy 4 

*  *  Flowers  mostly  scattered  in  a  simple  spike  or  raceme  and  nodding  in  the  bud:  capsule 
linear;  seeds  in  1  row:  stems  slender:  leaves  few. 

Capsules  sessile,  more  or  less  distinctly  ribbed 5  to  9 

Capsules  on  pedicels,  not  ribbed:  stigmas  mostly  yellow 10  to  13 

1.  G.     grandiflora,  Lindl.     Stout:  spike  leafy:  petals  often  with  a  spot.     N.  W.  Cal. 

2.  G.     purpurea,  Watson.     Ovary  densely  villous:  style  short:  stigma-lobes  purple. 

3.  G.     lepida,  Lindl.     Stem  shining  white:  petals  rose-color  with  a  spot  above. 
Var.  parviflora,  Watson,     Petals  smaller,  £-§  in.  long:  leaves  J-l  in.  long. 
Var.  Arnottii,  Watson.     Nearly  glabrous:  leaves  longer,  acute:  capsule  glabrous. 

4.  G.     albescens,  Lindl.     Flowers  small,  in  many  spikelets:  petals  purple-blue. 

6.     G.     Williamson!,  Watson.     Petals  yellowish  at  base,  purple  spot  in  center.     Cal 


128  ONAGRACK2E. 

6.  G.  quadrixrulnera,  Spach.   Petals  purple,  £-%  in.  long:  stigma-lobes  purple.   Coast 

7.  O.  tenella,  Watson.     Petals  similar:  style  short:  capsule  scarcely  ribbed.     Coast 

8.  O.  viminea,  Spach.     Similar  to  7:  petals  like  6  (or  all  purple)  but  larger. 

9.  G.  Romanzovii,  Spach.     Ovary  silky:  4  of  the  anthers  nearly  sessile:  style  short 

10.  O.  amcena,  Lilja.     Petals  (and  purple  anthers)  often  villous,  rose-color  to  white. 

11.  G.  BottfiB,  Spach.     Petals  light  purple:  stigma  yellow  or  purple.    Monterey,  S. 

12.  G.  epilobioides,  Watson.     Petals  purple  to  white,  i-£  in.  long:  calyx-tube  short 

13.  G.  hispidula,  Watson.     Hispid;  often  1 -flowered:  8-10  in.  high.     Cent.  Cal. 

14.  G.  biloba,  Watson.     A  span  to  4  ft.  high:  petals  2-lobed:  rose-purple.   Cent.  CaL 

9.    CLABKIA,   Pursh. 

1.  O.    pulchella,  Pursh.     Petals  3-lobed;  claw  2-toothed:  only  4  perfect  stamens.    Or 

2.  0.    Xantiana,  Gr.    Petals  2-lobed,  with  a  tooth  between;  claw  short.     S.  CaL 

3.  0.    elegans,  Dougl.     Petals  entire;  claw  long,  slender,  naked:  capsule  hairy.    Cal. 

4.  0.    rhoxnboidea,  Dougl.    Petals  entire;  claw  short,  broad,  often  toothed, 

10.    ETJCHABIDIUM,   Fischer  &  Meyer. 

1.  E.    concinnttm,  F.  &  M.   Petals  3-lobed:  filaments  slender:  capsule  6  to  9  lines  long. 

2.  E.    Breweri,  Gr.    Petals  deeply  2-lobed,  with  a  tooth  between:  calyx-tube  longer 

11.    BOISDUVALIA,   Spach. 

Canescently  pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous 1,  2 

Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  loosely  spicate 3,  4 

1.  B.    densiflora,  Watson.    Leafy  spikes  dense:  petals  3-6  lines  long. 

2.  B.    Torreyi,  Watson.    Floral  leaves  like  the  others:  petals  1  or  2  lines  long.  Or.  S. 

3.  B.     glabella,  Walp.     Similar:  petals  smaller:  seeds  a  line  long.     Or.  &  Wash. 

4.  B.    cleistogama,  Curran.     Capsules  curved  outward:  seeds  numerous,  minute. 

12.     HETEROGATJRA,    Rothrock. 
1.    K.    Californica,  Rothr,   Petals  spatulate,  2  lines  long:  fruit  obovoid,  nut-like.  Oil 


14.     CH&C2&A,    Linnaeus. 
1.    O.    Pacifies,  A.  &  M.   Leaves  ovate  to  cordate,  opposite:  ovary  ovoid,  hairy.  Wooda 

LOASACE^E. 

1.     MENTZELIA,   Linnaeus. 

Loaves  mostly  sinuate- toothed:  petals  1  to  3  lines  long 1,  8 

Leaves  mostly  pinnatind,  lanceolate:  petals  3  to  8  lines  long 8,  4 


CUCURBITACE^E. 


129 


Leavea  pectin atcly  pinnatifid  to  sinuate-toothed:  petals  1  to  2$  inches  long 59  6 

!.  M.  dispersa,  Watson.    Only  tipper  leaves  ovate:  seeds  £  line  long. 

2.  HE.  micrantha,  T.  &  6.    Leaves  ovate,  1  inch  long  or  less:  seeds  a  line  long. 

3.  M.  congest  a,  T.  &  G.     Bracts  membranous  at  base:  petals  3  to  6  lines  long. 

4.  M.  gracilenta,  T.  &  G.     Petals  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4  to  8  lines  long. 

5.  M.  Lmdleyi,  T.  A  G.    Leaves  ovate  or  narrower:  petals  ovate.    Cent.  Cat 

6.  M.  laevicaulifl,  T.  &  G.    Stout:  leaves  2  to  8  inches  long:  petals  2  to  2i  inches  long. 


CUCUKBITACEJJ. 

Flowers  all  solitary,  large,  yellow;  seeds  flat .„ ,,....«...  1 

Flowers  small,  white;  the  sterile  racemose:  seeds  turgid. 8 

1.     CUCUBBITA,   Lumens. 

1.  O.    perennis,  Gr.     Leaves  6-12  in.  long:  flowers  3  and  4  in.  long,  fragrant. 

2.  0.    palmata,  Watson.    Leaves  2-3  in.  long,  5-cleft:  calyx-tube  an  inch  long. 

3.  O.     Calif omica,  Torr.     Flowers  an  inch  long  or  more;  calyx  4  or  5  lines  long. 

2.     MEGABBHIZA,    Torrey. 

1.  M.     Califomica,  Torr.     Fruit  globose  or  ovoid:  seeds  4,  8-12  lines  long. 

2.  M.     xnacrocarpa.     Fruit  ovoid  oblong,  14-seeded.     Santa  Barbara,  south. 

3.  M.     Marah.,  Watson.     Fruit  4  in.  long:  seeds  suborbicular,  flattened. 

4.  M.     Oregana,  Torr.     Fruit  scarcely  or  not  at  all  armed  with  spines.     Or. -Wash, 

5.  M.    muricata,  Watson.     Fruit  globose,  an  inch  long,  2 -seeded,  mostly  naked. 

Perhaps  this  genus  should  be  united  with  Echinocystis,  which  has  flat  seeds. 

The  second  species  is  described  by  E  L.  Greene  under  the  name  Echinocyttis  maonoarpa. 


DATISCACEJE. 

1.     DATISCA,    Linnaeua. 
IX    glomerata,  B,  &  H.    Dioecious  or  perfect  flowers  in  leafy  spikes,  greenish. 


CACTACEJ:. 

Oval  or  cylindrical  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles 1 

Depressed-globose  plants  with  tubercnlate  ribs  and  woolly  at  top:  spines  stout,  ringed  9 

Cylindrical  ribbed  stems  branching,  2  to  4  ft.  high:  spines  numerous 8 

Stems  made  up  of  flattened  or  cylindrical  joints:  spines  barbed 4 


130  FICOIDE2E. 

1.      •M'ATVTTT.T.A-R.TA      HaWOrth. 

L    K.    Qoodridgii,  Soheer.     Petals  about  8,  ovate,  awned,  ddll  yellowish,    &  Oal 

2.    ECHINOCACTUS,  Link  &  Otto. 
1.    K.    viridescens,  Nutt     Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  greenish:  fruit  scaly.    8L  GaL 

3.     CEB.ET7S,   Haworth. 
1.    0.    JSfflOryi,  Engelm.     Flowers  greenish  yellow:  fruit  subgloboae,  spiny.    &  CaL 

4.    OPUNTIA,  Tournefort. 

Joints  much  flattened,  obovate:  fruit  juicy , ».. 1,  2 

Joints  cylindrical:  fruit  green,  fleshy:  flowers  red 8 

1.  O.    Engelmanni,  Salm.    Flowers  yellow,  3  inches  long.    Santa  Barbara,  & 

2.  O.    Ficus-Indica,  Mill.    Fruit  delicious.    The  Prickly  Pear. 

3.  O.    prolifera,  Engelm.     Tree-like  with  spiny  tubercles.     San  Diego. 


FICOIDEJJ. 

Ovary  inferior:  petals  and  stamens  numerous:  very  fleshy.  .......  ....  .....  ....  ......  1 

Ovary  superior:  petals  none:  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid:  stamens  many:  succulent.  ...   ......  .  ................  2 

Sepals  5,  greenish:  stamens  3  to  10:  styles  3:  not  succulent.  ...................  8 


1.     MTtftTg^/TTtRYA  W^H  Kfn  u  nff?    Linnaeus. 

1.  M.   aequilaterale,  Haworth.     Leaves  equally  3-sided,  very  thick,  opposite. 

2.  M.    coccineuxn,  Haw.     Leaves  semi-cylindrical,  a  line  broad. 

3.  M.    crystalluram,  L.     Leaves  flat,  covered  with  glistening  papilla*. 

^     8.     SESUV1UM,   Linnaeus. 
t.    8.    Portalacastniin,  L.    Calyx  3  to  5  lines  long,  more  or  less  purpllah. 

3.    KOLLUGO,  L. 
L    VL    vertiLoUIata»  U    Slender:  leaves  spatulate:  flowers  fasdoldd,  axfllary. 


UttBELLIFERJE. 

Herbs  with  usually  hollow  stems,  sheathing  petioles  and  small  flowers  in  simple  or 


OORNACE^E. 


131 


compound  umbels;  the  inferior  ovary  surmounted  by  a  disk  which  bean  6  petals  and  0 
otamena:  styles  2.     The  plants  of  this  order  are  not  here  described. 


CORNACE.E. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  heads:  petals  4:  style  1:  ovary  2 -celled. , 1 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  drooping  blue-gray  catkins:  petals  none:  styles  2. 8 

1.     CORNTTS,   Linnaeus. 

Flowers  in  a  head  with  involucre  of  4  to  6  large  white  petaloid  bracts 1,  8 

Flowers  yellowish  in  sessile  umbels  appearing  before  the  leaves:  bracts  4 8 

Flowers  white  or  cream-color  in  many-flowered  cymes 4  to  7 

1.  0.    Canadensis,  L.     Herbaceous,  3  to  8  inches  high:  leaves  in  a  whorl  at  top. 

2.  0.     Nuttallii,  Audubon.     A  tree:  involucre  often  tinged  with  red.     (Dogwood.) 

3.  0.     sessilis,  Torn     Bark  green:  leaves  pale  and  silky  beneath:  pedicels  silky. 

4.  0.     Calif brnica,  0.  A.  Meyer.   Branches  purplish:  leaves  ovate:  cyme  round- toppM. 

5.  0.    pubescens,  Xutt.     Similar:  leaves  rarely  ovate:  cyme  larger:  fruit  white. 

6.  0.    glabrata,  Benth.    Bark  gray:  leaves  acute  at  each  end:  cymes  small,  flat. 

7.  0.    Torreyi,  Watson.     Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  acute:  cyme  loose:  fruit  white. 

2.    GARBYA,  Douglas. 

Leaves  undulate,  base  obtuse,  tomentose  beneath   1 

Leaves  not  undulate,  acute  at  each  end 2,  8 

1.  G.     elliptica,  Dougl.     Sterile  aments  2  to  5  inches  long,  often  clustered. 

2.  G.     Fremonti,  Torr.   Petioles  4  to  6  lines  long:  aments  solitary,  2  or  3  inches  long. 

3.  OK    buadfolia,  Or.  Smaller,  2  to  5  ft.  high:  leaves  1  to  1}  inches  long,  silky  beneath. 


DIVISION  II.— GAMOPETAL^E. 
CAPRIFOLIACEJ!. 

§  1.    Corolla  regular,  rotate:  style  short;  stigmas  3  to  Siftowen  t*  cymes. 

Shrub  or  tree:  young  stems  thick,  pith  large:  leaves  pinnate , . .  1 

Slender  shrub:  leaves  simple:  fruit  a  drupe:  seeds  flat ,  £ 

$  2.     Corolla  tubular  and  irregular  or  campanula^:  stigma  1,  capitate. 
A  creeping  herb  with  pendulous  flowers  in  pairs. 8 


132 


CAPRIFOLIACKB. 


Slender  shrubs  with  small  pinkish  regular  flowers:  berries  white 4. 

Shrubby  climbers  or  erect  shrubs  with  irregular  tubular  flowers 6 

1.     SAMBT7CUS,   Tournefort. 

Cymes  round-topped;  pith  of  year-old  shoots  yellow-brown 1,  2 

Cymes  flat-topped,  1-sided:  pith  white:  berries  black 8,  4 

1.  S.     racemosa,  L.     Cymes  ovoid  or  oblong:  flowers  dull  white:  berries  scarlet. 

2.  S.     melanocarpa,  Gr.     Cymes  broader:  flowers  white:  fruit  black,  no  bloom. 

3.  8.     glauca,  Nutt.     Leaves  smooth:  fruit  black  with  a  white  bloom.     (Elders-berry. 

4.  S.     Mexicana,  PresL     Leaves  and  long  shoots  hairy:  fruit  black,  no  bloom. 

2.    VIBURNUM,   Linnaeus. 

Drupes  light  red,  globose,  acid:  leaves  all  or  some  of  them  lobed 1,  2 

Drupes  bluish-black,  flattened,  elliptical:  leaves  not  lobed 8 

1.  V.     opulus,  L.     Cymes  on  several-leaved  branches.     Or.  &  Wash.,  E.  &  N. 

2.  V.     pauciflorum,  Pylaie.     Cymes  on  short  2 -leaved  branches.    Wash.,  N.  &  E. 

3      V.     ellipticum,  Hooker.    Leaves  3-5 -ribbed:  corolla  4  or  6  lines  broad.    N.  Calais' 

3.    LINNJEA,  Gronovius. 
1.    L.     borealis,  Gronov.    Corolla  fnnnelform,  4  or  5  lines  long:  stamens  4. 

4.    SYMPHOKICABPOS,    Dillenius. 

Corolla  broadly  campannlate,  2  or  3  lines  long *.....»....  1,  2 

Corolla  narrowly  campanulate,  3  to  6  lines  long 8,  4 

1.  S.    racemosus,  Michx.     Smooth:  corolla  hairy,  narrow  at  base. 

2.  S.    rnollis,  Nutt.    Mostly  soft-hairy,  diffuse:  corolla  broad  at  base. 

3.  S.    rotundifolius,  Gr.     Leaves  orbicular  to  elliptical,  6  to  9  lines  long. 

4.  8.    oreophylus,  Gr.    Corolla  4  to  6  lines  long,  scarcely  hairy:  nutlets  sharp. 

5.    IiONICERA,    Linnaeus. 

Erect  shrubs:  flowers  in  axillary  pairs  on  a  single  peduncle. 

Ovaries  §  or  wholly  united  to  form  a  single  berry:  bracts  subulate 1,  2 

Ovaries  distinct  or  nearly  so:  corolla  saccate  at  base,  yellowish 3,  4 

Woody  climbers:  flowers  sessile,  clustered:  upper  leaves  often  united 5,  6 

1.  L.     ccerulea,  L.     Only  1  or  2  ft.  high:  leaves  pale:  corolla  yellowish  or  purplish. 

2.  L.     conjugialis,  Kellogg.     Corolla  dull  purple,  bilabiate,  4  or  5  lines  long. 

3.  L.     Utahensis,  Watson,     Bracts  small:  berries  red:  peduncles  short. 

4.  L.     involucrats,  Banks.     Bracts  large,  becoming  red:  berries  purple  black. 

5.  L.     ciliosa,  Foir.     Corolla  an  inch  long,  yellow  to  crimson-scarlet. 

6.  L.     hispidula,  DougL     Corolla  6  lines  long,  the  lobes  half  as  long:  variable. 


RUBIACE2K.  133 

RUBIACEJE. 

A  ohrub  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves:  flowers  in  globular  heads. 1 

Herb  with  opposite  leaves:  flower  parts  in  4's  (rarely  3's  or  5's):  fruit  briiitly 9 

Herbs  with  v/horled  leaves:  stems  square:  flowers  3-4-merous:  fruit  biglobul&r. . . .  ^ . .  8 

1.     CEPTTAT.ANTH.US,    Linnaeus. 
L     0.    occideatalia,  L.    Corolla  narrow  funnelfonn,  white,  4-lobed.    (BvttxmJKteh.) 

2.    KELLOGGIA,  Torrey. 
L     K.     galioides,  Torr.     Corolla  funnelfonn,  3  or  4  lines  long,  pinkish  or  white. 

3.     GAUTJM,    Linnaeus. 

Fruit  dry.  leaves  all  in  4's,  or  the  upper  in  pairs. 2,  3,  4,  8,  0 

leaves  mostly  in  6's  (some  in  4's,  5's  or  8's) 1,  5,  6,  7 

Fruit  juicy:  perennials  with  leaves  in  4's 1O  to  14 

1.  G.     Aparine,  L.     Retrorsely  hispid:  leaves  in  6's  and  8's:  fruit  erect. 

2.  G.     bifoliuxn,  Watson.     Smooth:  alternate  leaves  shorter:  peduncles  solitary. 

3.  G.     Kamtschaticum,  Steller.     Leaves  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  3-nerved. 

4.  G.     boreale,  L.     Leaves  narrow,  3-nerved:  flowers  white  in  terminal  panicles. 

5.  G.     trifidum,  L.   Leaves  slender,  obtuse,  4  to  7  lines  long:  flower  parts  often  in  3'a. 

6.  G.     asperrinram,  Gr.     Leaves  lanceolate,  6  to  12  lines  long,  cymea  dichotomons. 

7.  G.     trifLorum,  Michx.    Sweet  scented:  corolla  greenish  or  yellowish:  cymes  3-rayed. 

8.  G.     angustifolium,  Nutt.     Smooth,  woody  at  base,  rigid:  fruit  long-bristly. 

9.  G.     multiflorum,  Kellogg.     Tufted,  a  foot  high  or  less:  leaves  ovate. 

10.  G.    pubens,  Gr.     Grayish,  much  branched:  leaves  broad,  6  lines  long  or  less. 

11.  G.     Califormcum,  H.  &  A.     Similar:  Leaves  hispid-ciliate.     Coast  Hange. 

12.  G.     Nuttallii,  Gr.     Tall,  mostly  smooth:  leaves  small,  oval  or  narrower. 

13.  G.    Bolanderi,  Gr.    Mostly  smooth:  corolla  dull  purple:  berry  white. 

14.  G.     Andrews!!,  Gr.     Matted  tufts  2  to  4  inches  high,  leaves  crowded,  narrow, 
shining,  sharp. 

YALERIANACE.E. 

Calyx-limb  of  plume-like  lobes,  inrolled  until  fruiting:  leaves  lobed  or  parted. 1 

Calyx-limb  none:  flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters:  leaves  simple C 

1.     VALEEJANA,   Tournefort 

1.  V.     sylvatica,  Banks.     Stem  leaves  3-11-foliolate:  corolla  2  or  3  lines  long. 

2.  V.     Sitchexwis,  Bong.     Mor*  robust:  stem  leaves  3-5-foliolate:  corolla  larger. 


134  LOBELIACEJ&. 

0.    VALEBIANELLA,  Tournefort. 

1.  V.  macrocera,  Gr.     Corolla  1  or  2  lines  long,  nearly  regular,  white  or  pinkish. 

2.  V.  congests,  Lindl.     Stouter:  corolla  mostly  3  or  4  lines  long,  bilabiate  limb. 
&    V.  anomala,  Gr.    Freely  branching:  corolla  a  line  long,  spurless. 

4.    V.  aphanoptera,  Gr.    Slender:  corolla  a  line  long,  bilabiate,  spar  short 

6,    V.  samolifolia,  Gr.    Similar:  fruit  wingless,  buckwheat-like. 


DIPSACACILE. 

1.    DLPSACUS,   Tournefort. 
L    XX    fkLQamua,  K    Stiff  leaves  united  in  pairs:  fruit  oval,  main  hooked.    Nat 


COMPOSITE 

Sunflower*,  marigolds,  thistles  and  dandelions  are  types  of  the  conspicuous  plants 
kn  this  order.  It  would  be  difficult  for  the  beginner  to  determine  the  species  in  this 
order;  heaoe  it  is  omitted. 


LOBELIACRffl. 

Ovary  nearly  superior:  anthem  distinct:  branches  zigzag:  leaves  minute* .  ~*.  .„  .«.« . .  1 
Ovary  inferior:  anthers  united:  flowers  blue  or  red. 

Corolla  red,  an  inch  long:  adnate  calyx-tube  hemispherical. , 2 

Corolla  blue,  rarely  purple,  often  with  white  or  yellow  on  lower  lip. 

Ovary  top-shaped:  corolla-tube  6  to  9  lines  long,  hairy  inside 8 

Ovary  obconical  to  club-shaped:  peduncles  long , 4 

Ovary  slender,  stalk-like,  sessile  often  twisted 6 

1.    NEBLACLADUS,  NuttalL 
L    V.    rBmostadmna,  Nutt     Corolla  a  line  long:  unequal  calyx-lobes,  exceeding 

capsule. 
8.    N.    longifloma,  Gr.    Corolla  3  lines  long:  equal  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  capsule. 

2.    LOBELIA,  Linnaeus, 
L    It,     splandens,     Willd.    Simple  stem  2  or  3  ft.  high,  ending  in  naked  raoexn* 


LOBELIACBJB.  135 

3.  PALMERELLA,  Gray. 

1.    P.    deWlis,Or.    Sterna  very  leafy,  1  or  2  ft.  high,  ending  in  leafy-tasted  noon* 

4.  LAT7RENTIA,  Micheli. 

L    I*    mrnofftilli,  Bentk.    Booting  in  mud,  1  to  6  inches  high:  leaves  entba 

6.    DOWNING! A,  Torrey. 

1.  D.     elegans,  Torr.    Often  9  to  12  inches  high:  leavea  olendort  corolla  feto-  vtth 
white  and  yellow  spot  on  lower  lip  like  the  following: 

2.  D.    pulchella,  Torr.    Lower  corolla  lip  broader  than  long. 

3.  D.    bicornuta,  Gr.    Oorolla  lip  with  a  pair  of  hollow  appendages  at 

4.  IX    concolor,  Greene.    Slender,  diffuse:  corolla  bine  throughout. 


CAttPANULACEJE 

Capsule  club-shaped,  crowned  with  the  rigid  calyx-lobes,  opening  on  top 1 

Capsule  oblong,  opening  by  2  or  3  holes  in  the  sides:  seeds  flattened 9 

Capsule  short,  opening  as  in  No.  2:  flowers  all  with  corolla:  calyx-lobes  olendor. ..-.-.  8 
Capsule  obpyramidal,  bursting  indefinitely:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  toothed ...»  4 

1.    GITHOPSIS,  NuttalL 
1.  G.    speciLlarioidea,  Nutt.    Leaves  small,  coarsely  toothed:  flowers  all  alike- 

2.    SPECULABIA,  Heister. 

1.    8.     btflora,  Gr.     Leavea  ovate  to  lanceolate:  lower  flowers  apetalons,  HApala  3  or  4 
1    8.    perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Stouter:  leaves  round,  cordate-clasping:  lower  flowersaimilat 

3.     CAMPANULA,  Tournefort. 

Annual:  flowers  erect;  calyx-lobes  connivent  about  the  style  in  fruit 1 

Perennials:  calyx-lobes  not  connivent  in  fruit:  corolla  deeply  lobed. 

Style  not  longer  than  the  corolla. 2,  8,  4 

Style  filiform,  exceeding  the  corolla:  leaves  sharply  serrate 4,  6,  6 

1.  0.     exigna,  Rattan.     Branching  and  flowering  from  base,  2  to  8  inches  high. 

2.  O.     scabrella,  Engelm.    Whitened  with  short  hairs,  flowers  erect,  56  lines  long. 

3.  0.    rotundifolia,  L.     Stem  leaves  linear:  corolla  bright  blue,  6  to  12  lines  long. 

4.  0.    linnaBifolia,  Gr.    Leaves  broad,  obtuse,  crenately  serrate:  corolla  light  blue. 
6.    0.     Scouleri,  Hooker.    Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  short  petioled:  pedicels  long. 

(L    C.    prenantboideo,  Dunnd.    Leaves  mostly  sessile:  flowers  often  clustered:  pedi* 
eels  short. 


136  ERICACEAE. 

4.     HETEROCODON,  Nuttall. 
JL    H.    Tariflornm,  Nutt.    Stems  filiform:  leaves  orbicular,  toothed,  small 


ERICACEJ2. 

Suborder  I.    VACCINIE2&. 
Shmbs  (some  low  and  herbaceous):  ovary  inferior  becoming  an  ediblo  berry.*,*  ,•„...  1 

Suborder  II.     ERICINE.3E. 

Shrubs  or  trees:  calyz  free,  usually  small:  corolla  gamopetalous  (except  11,  12). 
*  Fruit  berry-like  or  fleshy:  flowers  drooping:  corolla  ovoid  to  campanulate  with  small  lobes', 
stamens  8  or  10  included:  bark  shedding  from  at  least  the  branches:  leave*  evergreen, 
coriaceous. 

Tree:  flowers  in  large  panicles:  orange-red  berries  many  seeded 2 

Shrubs:  flowers  in  small  racemes:  fleshy  fruit,  1-10  seeded 3 

Shrubs,  low  or  prostrate:  flowers  axillary :  berries  black  or  red 4 

**  Fruit,  a  dry,  many-seeded  capsule:  flowers  nodding:  anthers  awn-tipped. 

Shrub,  3  or  4  ft.  high:  oblong  leaves  1  to  3  inches  long 5 

Shrub,  a  foot  high  or  less:  small  scale-like  leaves  in  4  ranks 6 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  dry  capsule,  splitting  between  the  cells:  anther*  not  owned. 

+  Corolla  gamopetalous. 
Low  Alpine  evergreen;  leaves  re  volute:  flowers  umbellate  or  corymbose: 

Leaves  linear,  crowded  corolla  not  pouched 7 

Leaves  oblong,  opposite;  corolla  10-ribbed,  from  10  depressed  pouches..^. 8 

Not  alpine:  leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  branches,  entire. 

Corolla  usually  4- toothed,  ovoid  to  cylindrical,  dull  purple*^..  _ ....  ___.»^,..  »^._.  9 

Corolla  usually  5-lobed,  limb  spreading,  white  to  rose _^-. .  10 

1 1  Corolla  polypetalous  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  in  corymbs  or  umbels,  erect,  white,  cherry-like 11 

Flowers  solitary,  nodding,  reddish _ .._..„.,.   12 

Suborder  III.    PYBOT.E7R. 

Perennials,  herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  with  smooth  evergreen  leaves  (except  one  species 
in  No.  15):  flowers  nodding,  polypetalous;  petals  broad:  ovary  superior:  stamens  10: 
anthers  in  bud  extrorse,  at  length  by  inversion  introrse  with  2-horned  base  above. 

Blowers  umbellate  or  solitary  on  a  leafy  woody  stem 18 

Flowers  solitary  on  a  short  scape:  petals  spreading 14 

Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape;  petals  concave,  incurved 15 


ERICACEAE.  ^ 

Suborder  IV.     MONOTROPKZB. 

Herbs,  parasitic  upon  roots:  stems  juicy,  scaly- bract  ed,  not  green. 

Stem  striped,  red  or  purple  and  white:  sepals  and  bracts  white. , .. 16 

Stem  brown-red  or  purplish-red,  clammy,  hairy 17 

Stem  very  thick;  entire  plant  bright  red 18 

Stem  white,  tawny  or  reddish,  fleshy;  19  and  20  polypetalous. 

Sepals  2  to  5,  bract-like:  petals  3  to  6,  concave  at  base:  style  tubular 19 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5  each,  lacerate-f ringed,  flat 20 

Sepals  2  or  4,  petals  united;  filaments  and  style  hairy 21 

1.  VACCINTUM,  Linnams. 

•  Corotta  ovoid  or  globose,  4-5 -tooths. d:  filaments  smooth;  anther*  2-awned  on    (Ac  back 

included',  leaver  deciduous. 

Flowers  often  2  to  4  together;  corolla  usually  4-toothed,  leaves  entire 1,  2 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary:  corolla  usually  5- toothed:  calyx  not  deeply  lobed. 

Usually  less  than  a  foot  high;  leaves  serrate 3,  4 

Usually  several  (1  to  12)  ft.  high;  branches  spreading 6,  6,  7 

•  *  Corolla  obovoid  or  campanulate,  6-toothed:  leave*  evergreen. 8 

•  *  *  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  lobes  reflexed,  pale  rose-color:  leaves  evergreen 9 

1.  V.  ulignosum,  From  a  span  to  3  or  4  ft.  high:  leaves  thick  and  veiny. 

2.  V.  occidentale,  Gr.     Leaves  thinner,  less  veiny:  flowers  mostly  solitary. 

3.  V.  csespitosuxn,  Michx.     Branches  not  angled:  berries  blue.     Very  variable. 
4;  V.  Myrtillus,  L.  var.  microphyllum,  Hooker.     Branches  sharply  angled. 

5.  V.  xnyrtilloides,  Hooker.     Branchlets  slightly  angled:  leaves  serrulate,  veiny. 

6.  V.  ovalifolium,  Smith.     Smooth,  4  to  12  ft  high;  branchlets  angled. 

7.  V.  parvifoliuxii,  Smith.     Smooth;  branchlets  green,  jointed,  sharply  angled. 

8.  V.  ovatuxn,  Pursh.     Rigid;  leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  serrate:  flowers  clustered. 

9.  V.  oxycoccus,  I*,  var.  intermedium,  Gr.     Trailing,  slender;  flowers  umbellate, 

2.  ARBUTUS,  Tournefort. 

1.    A.    Menziesii,  Punk.     Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long;  corolla  white,  broad-ovoid. 

8.    ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adanson. 

a.     Seeds  not  united  or  easily  separable. 

Low  or  creeping,  rising  only  a  foot  cr  two:  flowers  1  or  2  lines  long. 

Trailing  or  creeping,  green,  no  bristly  hairs,  ovary  and  fruit  glabrous. .  1,  2 

Erect:  leaves  mostly  not  an  inch  long:  flowers  more  numerous 3,  4,  6 

Erect,  3-20  ft.  high:  flowers  3-4  lines  long:  fruit  4-5  lines  thick. 6,  7,  8 

&,     Seeds  united  into  a  solid  woody  or  bony  stone 9  to  IS 

1.     A,     Uva-ursi,  Spreng.     Leaves  oblong-spatulate,  retuse,  tapering  to  petiole. 


ERICACEJ&. 

2.  A.     Nevadenflis,  Or.    Leaves  obovate  or  narrower,  cnspidate-mucronate,  obtuse  aft 

base. 

3.  A.     pumila,  Nntt    Tomentulose,  pale  leaveg  oblong-obovate  obtuse  or  retuse. 

4.  A.     Hookeri,  Bon.     Diffuse:  leaves  green,  ovate  or  oval,  cuspidate  or  acuminate. 

5.  A.    nummularia,  Gr.     Very  leafy:  leaves  mostly  broadly  oval,  ends  rounded. 

6.  A.     Anderson!,  Gr.     Leaves  thin,  bright  green,  base  sagittate  or  cordate. 

7.  A.     toxnentosa,  Dougl.     Branchlets  bristly:  leaves  pale,  ovate  or  narrower. 

8.  A.     pungens,  HBK.     Leaves  rigid,  oblong-lanceolate  to  round-ovate,  entire. 
Var.  platyphylla,  Gr.     Leaves  paler,  broader,  1  or  2  inches  long;  not  cuspidate. 

9.  A     glauca,  Lindl.     Larger  (8  to  24ft.  high):  fruit  larger:  glabrous  branchiate. 

10.  A     tricolor,  Gr.     Leaves  tomentose  beneath:  flowers  rose-color  3  or  4  line*  long. 

11.  A.    Cleveland!!,  Gr.     More  hairy;  leaves  narrower,  sessile,  acuminate. 

12.  A.    polifolia,  HBK.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate:  fruit  rough,  purple. 

4.     GAULTHERIA,  Linnaeus. 

Flowers  in  slender  but  stiff,  often  branching,  bracteate,  viscid  racemes 1 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  not  awned 8,  8 

1.  G.    Shallon,  Fursh.     Spreading,  1  to  4  ft.  high;  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long;  serrulate. 

2.  G.    Myrsinites,  Hooker.     Spreading  in  tufts:  leaves  oval  or  orbicular  &  inch  long. 

3.  G.    ovatifolia,  Gr.    Larger:  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suboordate.    Or.  N. 

6.    LUCOTHOE,  Don. 
1.    I*.    DavifWB.  Torr.    Flowers  in  terminal,  often  clustered  racemes,  white,  8.  K.  Mts, 

6.    CASSIOPE,  Don. 

1.  0.    Mertensiana,  Don.    lieaves  keeled,  not  furrowed  on  back,  l}-2  lines  long. 

2.  0.    tetragona,  Don.     Leaves  thick,  deeply  furrowed  on  back,  often  pubescent. 

3.  O.     lycopodioidea,  Don.    Stems  creeping  filiform:  leaves  barely  a  line  long. 

7.     BUY ANTHUS,  Steller. 

1.  B.    Breweri,  Gr.  •  Corolla  rose-purple,  5-cleft  to  the  middle,  4-5  lines  broad. 

2.  B.    empetriformi*,  Gr.     Corolla  smaller  slightly  lobed:  stamens  included. 

8.     KAJLMIA,  Linnams. 
1.    X.    glauca,  Ait    Leaves  glaucous,  white  beneath:  flowers  saucer-shaped,    Alpine, 

0.    MENZEESIA,  Smith. 

1.  M.     glabella,  Gr.    Leaves  obovate,  usually  obtuse:  filaments  oiliate  below. 

2.  M.     f erruginea,  Sm.    Leaves  oblong  or  broadly  oblanceolate,  acnte,  rusty  •baby. 


.  139 

10.    RHODODENDRON,   Luuuraa. 

Deciduous:  flowers  from  lateral  buds,  nodding;  corolla  nearly  rotate. 1 

flowers  from  terminal  buds;  tube  funnel-form;  limb  spreading 8 

Evergreen:  many-flowered  corymbs  terminal:  corolla  campanulate,  lobes  broad 3 

1.  R.    albiflorum,  Hooker.    Low:  corolla  white,  5-cleft:  stamens  included. 

2.  R.     occidentale,  Or.    Taller:  corolla  white,  viscid;  stamens  exserted. 

3.  R,     Calif ornicum,  Hooker.     Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long:  corolla  rose-purple. 

11.    LEDUM,   Linnaeus. 

1.  Ii.    latifolium,  Ait.     Leaves  rusty-tomentose  below,  margins  strongly  revoluta, 

2.  L.     glandulosuin,  Nntt.     Leaves  whitish  beneath,  resinous,  scarcely  revolute. 

12.     CLADOTHAMNUS,    Bongard. 
1.    O.     pyrolafiorus,  Bong.    Tall,  slender,  smooth:  sepals  equaling  the  petals. 

13.     CHIMAPHILA,  Fursh. 

1.  0.    TCmudesii,  Spreng.     Leaves  often  mottled  above:  peduncle  1-3-fiowered. 

2.  O.    ^m^AllA-fa^  Nntt.     Taller  (1  or  2  ft.  high)  leaves  not  spotted:  flowers  4  to  & 

14.     MONESES,   Salisbury. 
1.     VL    uniflora,  Gr.    Corolla  white  or  rose-tinged,  &-£  in.  broad.    Cold  bogs. 

16.    PYROLA,   Tournefort. 

Stamens  connivent  about  the  straight  style,  not  declined:  stigma  peltate ,  1,  2 

Stamens  and  style  bending  downward  then  upward:  style  exserted. 

Corolla  greenish  white:  calyx-lobes  short 8,  4,  6 

Corolla  rose-purple  or  purplish:  scaly  bracts  large 6 

Leaves  sometimes  veined  or  splotched  with  white 6,  6 

Leaves  wanting:  scapes  reddish:  petals  obovate,  white. 7 

1.  P.    minor,  L.     Leaves  orbicular,  an  inch  long  or  less:  style  short 

2.  P.     secunda,  L.    Leaves  ovate,  1  to  2  inches  long:  petals  oblong:  style  long. 
8.     P.     chlorantha,  Swartz.     Leaves  orbicular,  6  to  8  lines  long:  sepals  obtuse. 

4.  P.     elllptica,  Nutt.     Leaves  1£  to  2£  inches  long,  longer  than  the  petioles. 

5.  P.     rotundifolia,  L.     Leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  shining  above.     Only  the 
var.  bracteata,  Gr.,  found  on  this  coast,  which  often  has  large  white-banded  leaves, 

f .    P.     picta,  Smith.    Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  narrow  or  spatulate,  coriaceous. 
7.    P.    aphylla,  Smith.     Scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  bracts  subulate. 

16.     ALLOTROPA,  Torrey  &  Gray. 
1.    A.    virgata,  T.  ft  G.     Thick  and  densely  bracteate  at  base,  ending  in  a  long  apika 


140  KK1CACKA. 

17.     PTEROSPORA,   NuttalL 
I.    P.     aadromedea,  Nutt.     Pedicels  slender,  soon  recurved:  corolla  globose,  white. 

18.     BARCODES,    Torrey. 
1.     S,     sang-uinea,  Torr.     A  span  to  a  foot  high:  flowers  orect  on  thick  pedicels. 

19.     MONOTROPA,   Linnaras. 

1,  M.     uniflora,  L.     Smooth:  mostly  white,  rarely  flesh-color:  single  flower  nodding, 

2,  M.     Hypopitys,  L.     Tawny  or  flesh-color:  petals  4,  except  in  terminal  flower. 

3,  M.     fimbriata,  Or.    Bracts  and  spatulate  sepals  lacerate-f  ringed:  petals  mostly  3. 

20.    PLEURICOSPORA,   Gray. 
L.     P.     fixnbriolata,  Or.     Brownish,  stout:  anthers  opening  lengthwise:  ovary  1 -celled. 

21.    NEWBERRYA,   Torrey. 

1.  X.    congesta,  Torr.    Flowers  capitate:  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  lobes. 

2.  N.    spicata,  Gr.    Flowers  spicate:  corolla-tube  broader,  as  long  as  the  lobes. 


LENNOACE^E. 

1.     PHOLISMA,   NuttalL 

L    P.     arenarium,  Nutt     Brownish  or  reddish  stems  in  clumps,*  spike  1  or  2  inches 
long:  purplish:  corolla  exceeding  the  linear  bracts  and  sepals.    Monterey,  S. 


PLCMBAGINACEJl. 

Petal oid  calyx  s carious,  plicate:  petals  long  clawed:  styles  filiform. 

Leaves  oblong  or  spatulate:  scapes  branching  paniculately :  spikes  1-sided 1 

Leaves  grass-like:  simple  scapes  bearing  a  globose  head  of  purplish  flowers...,. ......  2 

2.     STATICE,    Tournefort. 
1.    &     Limomum,  L.  var.  Califomica,  Gr.     Lavender  flower*  in  compound  splkon. 

3.    ARMERIA,  Willdenow. 
L     A*    vulgaxis,  Willd.     Short-pediceled  flowers  surrounded  by  ncarioun  braote. 


PRIMUIiACEA.  141 

PRIMULACEJS. 

e»ves  all  radical :  nodding  flowers  on  a  naked  scape  in  a  bracteate  umbel 1 

'.  -eaves  radical  or  crowded  on  tufted  stems,  cnneate-spatnlate,  5-7-toothed  at  apex. ...  9 

Leaves  in  a  whorl  at  top  of  stem,  bracts  below:  corolla  rotate,  rose  to  white 8 

Leaves  all  or  mostly  opposite:  flowers  axillary. 

Flowers  small,  yellowish,  in  close  clusters;  corolla  rotate .. . .  ^ 4 

apetalons,  solitary,  purplish  or  white 6 

solitary:  corolla  rotate  on  slender  pedicel 6 

Leaves  all  or  mostly  alternate:  flowers  solitary,  minute 7 

flowers  in  paniculate  racemes,  very  small 8 

1.     DODECATHEON,    Linnaeus. 

*  Short  Jilanents  united  to  farm  with  the  closely  connivcnt  anthers  a  dark  colored  beat  sur- 
mounting the  short  corolla  tube. 
Capsule  obtuse,  splitting  at  or  from  the  apex  into  valves. 

Leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  spat ul ate:  capsule  oblong  or  longer 1 

Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  short,  base  cuneate:  capsule  globular 2 

Capsule  cylindraceous;  apex  not  splitting,  but  coming  off  as  a  lid 8 

'  Short  distinct  filaments  included  in  the  corolla  throat,  only  the  anthers  exserted:  leaves 
oval  or  ovate  to  oblong,  not  tapering  at  base 4 

1  D.     Jeffrey!,  Moore.     Often  very  large:  capsule  exceeding  calyx. 

2  D.     ellipticum,  Nutt.     Leaves  $  to  2  inches  long:  calyx  minutely  glandular. 
3.     D.     Henderson!,  Gr.     Like  the  last  except  the  thin-walled  exserted  capsule. 
*.     D.     frigidum,  C.  &  S.  var.  deutatum.     Leaves  commonly  repand  or  dentate. 

2.     PRIMULA,    Linnaeus. 

1.     P.    suffrutescena,  Gr.     Scape  2  to  4  inches  long:  umbel  of  several  red-purple 
flowers. 

8.     TRIENTALJS,  .Linnaeus. 

1.     T.     Europaea,  L.     Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  among  the  leaves.    Oar  plants  are< 
Var.  latifolia,  Torr.,  with  leaves  mostly  acute,  i  to  4  inches  long,  and 
Var.  arc  tic  a,  Ledeb.,  with  obtuse  or  retuse  leaves  an  inch  long  or  less. 

4.     LYSIMACHIA,    Tournefort. 
1.     I*,    thyrsiflora,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate:  small  teeth  between  corolla  lobes. 

6.     GLAUX,   Tournefort. 
i      Q.     maritima,  L.     Succulent,  pale  green,  3  or  4  inches  high,  leafy. 


142  PRIMULACEJB. 

6.     ANAGALLIS,    Tournefort. 
L     A.     arvenfida,  L.    Square  stems:  leaves  ovate:  corolla  of  too  salmon-purple. 

7.     CENTTTNCTTIjUS,    Dillenius. 
1,     C.     minim-n^  L.    Slender:  corolla  lobes  acute,  shorter  than  calyx. 


8.     SAMOLUS,    Tournefort. 
L    S.    Valerandi,  L^  var.  Americanos,  Gr.    Corolla  white,  a  line  long  or  lesa 


STYRACACEJE. 

1.     STYBAX,   Tournefort. 
L    &    Oalifornica,  Torr.    Shrub:  spatulate  corolla  lobes,  8  or  9  lines  long,  white. 


OLEACEJE. 

X.     FBAXINTTS,   Tournefort. 

1.  F.     dipetala,  H.  &  A.     Leaflets  serrate:  petals  2,  white,  2  lines  long. 

2.  F.     Oregana,  Nntt.     Leaflets  mostly  entire:  flowers  dioecious,  apetaloua 

APOCYNACEJE. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymes:  corolla  campanulate,  white  or  pinkish. ..... ». ...,  1 

Flowers  on  scape-like  peduncles:  corolla  short:  funnelf orm,  rose-purple ,  . . . .  9 

1.     APOCYNUM,   Tournefort. 

1.  A.     androscemifolium,  L.     Spreading:  leaves  ovate:  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long. 

2.  A,     camxabinum,  L.     More  strict:  leaves  narrower,  nearly  sessile:  corolla  *m.oUer. 

2.     CYCLADENIA,   Bentham. 

1,     0.     humilis,  Benth.    Smooth,  low:  corolla  9  lines  long,  throat  hairy:  style  long. 
Var.  tome&tosa,  Gr.    Densely  hairy:  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  1  to  3  inches  long. 

ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

8 tern  twining:  anthers  with  scale-like  appendages :  corolla  rotate .-. 1 

Stem  erect:  anthers  with  hooded  or  cup-like  appendages:  petals  reflexed. 


GENTIANACEJB.  143 

Hoods  with  horn-like  process  within 2 

Hoods  cleft at  the  back  (outside),  hornless 8 

Hoods  cleft  on  the  inside,  hornless 4 

1.  PHXTiBEBiTIA,   TTRB[. 

1.    P.    lineoris,  xrar.  heterophylla,  Or.     Corolla  6  lines  broad,  dnll-oolored.    g.  Gal. 

2.  ASOLEPIAS,  Lumams. 

Corolla-lobes  4  or  5  lines  long:  hoods  5  or  6  lines  long,  back  prolonged 1 

Corolla-lobes  whitish,  3  lines  long:  hoods  truncate;  horns  little  exserted 9 

Corolla-lobes  greenish,  3  or  4  lines  long:  hoods  appendaged  on  sides 3 

Corolla-lobes  whitish,  ovate,  3  lines  long 4 

Corolla-lobe  a  greenish  or  purplish,  3  lines  long:  horns  triangular,  obtuse 5 

Corolla-lobes  greenish  or  purplish,  2  lines  long:  horns  slender,  exserted »....  6 

1.    A.     speciosa,  Torr.     Stout,  2  to  5  ft.  high:  follicles  with  soft  spines. 
8.     A.     Fremont i,  Torr.     A  foot  high  or  less:  short- woolly:  leaves  obtuse. 

3.  A.     erosa,  Torr.     Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  acuminate,  margins  scarious. 

4.  A     eriocarpa,  Benth.     Densely  woolly:  leaves  often  in  3's,  4  to  8  inches  long. 

ft.    A     vestita,  H.  &  A.     Dense  white  wool  deciduous  in  age:  leaves  very  acute,  long. 
fc,    A.    Mexlcana,  Car.     Smooth;  slender  leaves  in  whorls,  3  to  6  inches  long. 

3.  SCHIZNOTUS,  Gray. 

1.     a    purpuraacens,  Gr.     Decumbent  or  prostrate:  leaves  cordate:  corolla  reddish. 

4.     GOMPHOCARPUS,  Root.  Brown. 

JL     GK    cordifolrao,  Benth.     Smooth:  loosely  flowered:  corolla  dark  purple-red. 
t»    CK    tomento«ua,  Gr.    Woolly:  stem  angled:  corolla  greenish  or  purplish. 


GENTIANACEJB. 

Corolla  from  fonnelform  to  salverform:  leaves  opposite. 

Corolla  yellow,  4-lobed:  anthers  not  twisted. , I 

Corolla  red,  3-5-lobed:  anthers  spirally  twisted  in  age. ^. .........  0 

Corolla  blue  or  white:  stigma  fiat,  nearly  sessile 8 

Corolla  rotate,  4-parted  with  fringed  glands:  leaves  opposite  or  whorled 4 

Corolla  campanulate:  leaves  alternate  or  radical,  3-f  oliolate  or  renif onn *  C 

1.    MICXtOCALA,  Link, 
u    M.    quadrangrolaris,  Oriseb.    Slender,  2  or  3  inches  high: 


144  GENTIAN  ACE.fi. 


2.  ERYTH'R-fla  A   Renealm. 

Corolla-lobes  1%  to  2£  lines  long;  tube  much  longer:  anthers  oblong  .............  1,  2,  8 

Corolla-lobes  3£  to  6  lines  long:  tube  a  little  longer;  anthers  linear  ................  4,  6 

1.  E.     floribunda,  Benth.     Pedicels  short  or  none:  corolla-lobes  2  lines  long  or  less. 

2.  E.     Muhlenbergii,  Griseb.     Pedicels  short  or  2-bracted;  corolla-lobes  obtuse. 

3.  E.     Douglasii,  Gr.     Pedicels  slender:  corolla-lobes  obtuse:  seeds  globular. 

4.  E.    trichantha,  Griseb.     Flowers  often  corymbose,  some  sessile,  lobes  acute. 

5.  E.    venusta,  Gr.    Flowers  pediceled:  corolla-lobes  obtuse,  tube  yellowish, 

3.  GENTIANA,  Tournefort. 

a.    Corolla  without  plaited  folds  or  appendages  between  the  lobes. 

Flowers  solitary  on  terminal  peduncle,  12  to  18  lines  long  .................  „  ......  1,  2 

Flowers  several,  smaller,  5  to  7  lines  long:  calyx  5-cleft  ............................  3 

6.  Corolla  with  folds  between  the  (usually  5)  lobes  which  are  prolonged  into  thin  teeth  or 
accessory  lobes;  stigmas  distinct:  pod  on  a  stipe. 

Annual:  anthers  introrse:  stem  leaves  ovate-cordate  2  to  4  lines  long  .................  4 

Perennial:  anthers  more  or  less  extrorse:  usually  a  pair  of  bracts  or  leaves  under  the  short 
peduncled  or  sessile  flower. 
Steins  several  from  one  caudex,  1-2-  flowered:  stem-leaves  connate-sheathing. 

Stems  1  -flowered,  2  to  4  inches  high:  radical  leaves  rosulate  .....  .........     5 

Stems  longer:  upper  pair  of  leaves  enclosing  the  flower  ................   6,  7 

Stems  many-leaved:  style  manifest,  corolla  blue  or  bluish. 

Corolla-lobes  broad,  narrowed  at  base;  accessory  lobes  entire  ...........  8,  9 

Corolla-lobes  not  narrowed  at  base:  accessory  lobes  laciniate  .........  10,  11 

1.  O.     serrata,  Gunner,  var.  holopetala,  Gr.     Calyx  angular,  lobes  keeled. 

2.  G.     simplex,  Gr.     Leaves  linear-oblong,  3  to  9  lines  long:  calyx  hardly  angular. 

3.  G.     Amarella,  L.  var.  acuta,  Engelm.     Stem  acute-angled:  capsule  sessile. 

4.  G.     Douglasiana,  Bong.    Cymosely  branched:  radical  leaves  rosulate. 

5.  G.     Newberryi,  Gr.    Radical  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate:  corrolla  18  lines  long. 

6.  G.     setigera,  Gr.     Stems  decumbent:  1  or  3  bristles  between  corolla-lobes. 

7.  G.     calycosa,  Griseb.     Stems  erect:  accessory  corolla-tubes  laciniate  or  2-cleft. 

8.  G.     Menziesii,  Griseb.     Stems  slender,  a  ft.  long  or  less:  leaves  1£  in.  long  or  lees 
£.     G.     sceptrum,  Griseb.     Stem  2  to  4  ft.  high:  leaves  broader,  1£  to  3  in.  long. 

10.  G.     Oregana,  Engelm.     Corolla  over  an  inch  long,  lobes  roundish. 

11.  G.     afflnis,  Griseb,     Corolla  an  inch  long  or  less,  lobes  ovate,  acute. 

4.     FRASERA.     Walter. 
Stout,  2  to  5  ft.  high:  leaves  not  white  margined  ...........................  .....  1,  2 

Gray  -green,  1  to  3  ft.  high:  leaves  with  cartilaginous  white  margins.  ...........  3,  4,  6 

1.     F.     thy  rsifiora,  Hook.     Leaves  in  2's  or  3's:  a  gland  on  each  corolla-lobe. 


POLEMONIAC&E.  145 

2.  y.  speciosa,  Doagl.    Leaves  in  4'a  and  6's:  2  glands  on  eaoh  corolla-lobe, 

3.  F.  Parryi,  Torr.     Leaves  in  2's  or  3's:  corolla  white,  glands  lunate-oboordata. 

4.  F.  nitida,  Benth.    Slender:  light  blue  corolla  often  greenish  spotted. 

5.  F.  albicaulis,  Doagl.     Similar  bat  minutely  pnberalent:  glands  linear-obloiig. 

5.    MENYANTHES,  Toornefort. 

1.  M.     trifoliata,  L.     Leaves  3-foliolate:  flowers  racemose:  corolla  bearded. 

2.  M.    Christa-galli,  Men*.     Leaves  reniform:  flowers  cymose,  created. 


POLEMONIACE2E. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite:  corolla  salverform,  rose-purple  to  white:  stamens  inserted  at 
unequal  heights:  perennials 1 

Leaves  various;  rarely  all  opposite  and  entire,  then  the  stamens  are  inserted  at  equal 
heights:  corolla  from  salverf  onn  and  funnel  form  to  almost  rotate  2 

Leaves  simply  pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets  entire,  apex  sharp:  corolla  rotate  to  funnelform: 
stamens  declined,  hairy  at  base £ 

1.     PHLOX.  Linnaeus. 

Matted  cushion-like,  evergreen:  leaves  narrow,  crowded,  3  to  6  lines  long. 

Woolly,  in  mats  2  to  4  inches  high :  leaves  imbricated,  recurved ... .  1 

Not  woolly:  leaves  rigid,  hispid-ciliate,  sometimes  recurved 3 

Not  woolly,  less  densely  tufted:  leaves  narrower,  less  rigid 8 

Loosely  tufted:  leaves  linear  to  ovate,  mostly  exceeding  an  inch  long. 

Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  style  long,  slender 4,  6 

Leaves  linear  to  ovate:  corolla  usually  6  to  10  lines  broad 6,  7 

1.  P.     canescens,  T.  &  G.     Corolla  white,  6  to  9  lines  long,  tube  exserted. 

2.  P.     csespitosa,  Nutt.     Corolla  tube  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx  lobea. 

3.  P.     Douglasii,  Hook.     Leaves  with  margins  naked  or  cilia te  at  base. 

4.  P.    linear  if olia,  Or.     Much  branched:  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  a  line  wide, 

5.  P.    longifolia,  Nutt.     Similar  but  lower  and  cells  mostly  1-ovuled, 

6.  P.    adsurgons,  Torr.    Smooth  leaves  ovate  or  narrower:  corolla-tabe  long. 

7.  P.    upeciofia,  Pnrsh.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear:  corolla  tube  and  style  short. 

2.    CHLTA.Ruiz&Pavon. 
•  Leave*  opposite,  at  tout  betow,  palmately  parted  into  Uncar  or  filiform  divisions  (entire  in 

8  and  rarely  in  10). 
Diffusely  branching  to  nearly  simple  stems:  corolla  nearly  rotate  to  salverf  onn. 

flowers  scattered  on  filiform  pedicels 1  to  8 

Flowers  sessile,  a  few  together  or  solitary. 0,  10 


146  POLEMONIACKJR. 

Simple  or  sparingly  branched:  flowers  sessile  in  dense  leafy-braoted  heads:  corolla  salver- 
form 

Corolla-tube  little  or  not  at  all  exserted  beyond  the  leafy  bracts. 11,  15,  16 

Corolla  tube  much  exserted 13,13,  14 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  lobed  or  parted;  rarely  a  few  entire  or  opposite. 
t  Leaves  palmately  parted  into  rigid  pungent  divisions:  stems  woody:  flowers  large,  sessile: 

corolla  salverform:  stamens  included 17,  18 

tt  Leaves  pedately  6 -7 -parted:  soft-hairy  perenniak. 

Flowers  white  in  dense  heads:  some  leaves  3-parted  or  entire 34 

Flowers  violet  or  purplish,  solitary,  subsessile  in  forks  or  axils. 35 

ttt  Leaves  pinnately  incised  deft  or  divided,  rarely  a  few  entire  or  opposite:  bracts  some- 
times nearly  palmately  cleft. 
a.  Flown  In  dense  leafy-bractcd  clusters  or  heads:  lobes  of  the  calyx,  bracts  and  upper 

leaves  mostly  rigid  and  pungent. 

Much  branched  annuals:  sometimes  viscid:  never  woolly  except  in-  thoheads*  stigmasofteu 
only  2. 
At  least  some  of  the  leaves  bipinnatifid. 

More  or  less  viscid;  odor  disagreeable. 19,  20 

Not  viscid:  leaf -segments  filiform SI  to  24 

Leaves  simply  pinnatifid  or  many  entire. 

Not  viscid;  bracts  and  calyx  fine-woolly 25 

Viscid 36  to  28 

Densely  woolly,  at  least  when  young:  corolla  salverform:  stamens  exoerted. 

Leaves  rigid,  not  viscid:  filaments  exserted;  anthers  sagittate 39  to  33 

Leaves  not  rigid:  petioles  broad:  flowers  small,  white,  numerous 34 

6.  Inflorescence  bractleis  or  nearly  ao:  leaves  not  rigid  or  pungent. 

Stems  from  creeping  rootstocks,  1  or  2  incher  )pgh 35 

Flowers  in  long-pedunculate  ovoid  heads:  leaf -lobes  filiform 36,  37 

Flowers  clustered  or  solitary:  leaf -lobes  slender  (except  41) 38  to  ^  4 

Corolla  pinkish,  slender,  twice  as  long  as  calyx 45,  46 

*  *  *  Leaves  entire,  (rarely  £  or  3  small  lobes),  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite,  sessile:  corolla 
salverform  to  funnetform:  stamen  unequally  inserted:  more  or  less  viscid  annuals. 

Flowers  on  filiform  peduncles:  corolla  pink,  5  to  10  lines  long. 47 

Flowers  in  loose  cluster  or  scattered:  calyx-lobes  slender 48 

Flowers  in  the  forks  and  upper  axils:  calyx-lobes  awn-like 49 

Flowers  in  leafy -bracted  capitate  clusters  or  a  few  scattered. 

Calyx-lobe*  acute:  corolla  5  lines  long .., . . I . .  50 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse:  corolla  10  to  15 lines  long .«,^ 51 

1 1.    Dactylophyllum,  Gray. 
L    GK     Uniflora,  Benth.     Corolla  white  or  pinkish,  nearly  rotate.  W.  Cal 


POLEMONIACEJR.  147 

Var.    pharnaceoides,  Gr.    Smaller:  the  flowers  half  as  large,  3  to  5  lines  broad. 

2.  O.    pusilla,  Benth.    Corolla  abort  fannelform,  2  or  3  lines  long,  throat  yellowish, 
Var.     Calif o mica,  Gr.*   Corolla  larger,  twice  as  long  as  calyx.     Common  form. 

3.  G.    Harknessii,  Curran.    Corolla  white,  1  or  2  lines  long,  tube  equaling  lobes. 

4.  G.     Bolanderi,  Gr.     Corolla  purplish,  lobes  exceeding  the  narrow  tube. 

5.  Gr.    ambigua.     Tube,  dark  throat  and  lilac-purple  limb,  each  2  lines  long. 

6.  Gr.    Battani,  Gr.     Less  branched:  corolla  tube  long  exserted,  slender.     Cent  Gal 

7.  G.     aurea,  Nutt.     Diffuse:  leaves  hispidulous:  very  small:  corolla  yellow. 
Far.    decora,  Gr.    Corolla  white  or  purplish,  throat  often  dark.    Cent.  Cal  8. 

8.  G.    dianthoides,  Eadl.     Corolla  lilac  or  purple,  large,  lobes  fringed.     S.  Cal, 

9.  G.    Iiexnmoni,  Gr.    Leaves  minute:  calyx  lobes  rigid:  corolla  yellow.    S.  CeL 

g  2.    lananthus,  EndL,  Benth. 

10.  G.    dichotomy  Benth.    Smooth:  corolla  salverform,  satiny-white,  largo. 

§  3.     Leptosiphon,  Endl.,  Benth. 

11.  G.  densiflora,  Benth.     Stout:  leaf -lobes  stiff:  corolla  8  to  10  lines  broad. 

12.  OK  androsacea,  StendeL    Very  variable:  corolla -throat  yellow  or  dark. 

13.  G.  micrantha,  Steud.     Corolla  very  slender,  usually  yellow. 

14.  G'  tenella,  Benth.    Leaves  blspidulous-ciliate:  corolla  pink,  throat  yellow* 

15.  G.  ciliata,  Benth.     Rigid,  grayish-hispid:  corolla  rose  color. 

§  4.    Siphonella,  Gray. 
10.    O.     Nnttallii,  Gr.    Perennial:  corolla  white;  throat  broad,  yellow. 

§  5.    Leptodactyion,  Bentham. 

17.    G.    Californica,  Benth.    Corolla  often  18  lines  broad.    Coast      . 
2.8.    G.    pungens,  Benth.    Viscid:  corolla  smaller.     Sierra  Nevada^ 

§  6.    Navarretia,  Gray, 

19.  G.  squarrosa,  H.  &  A.     Corolla  blue  to  white:  stamens  included. 

20.  G.  cotulsefolia,  Steud.     Less  viscid:  stamens  exserted. 

21.  G.  intertexta,  Steud,     Calyx  and  spiny  bracts  white  and  woolly  afc  besot 

22.  G.  Breweri,  Gr,     Less  pungent:  corolla  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long. 

23.  G.  leucocepkala,  Gr.     Erect  or  branches  procumbent,  pale  green. 

24.  G.  prostrata,  Gr.     Similar;  prostrate  branches  from  a  central  head. 

25.  G.  divaricata,  Torr.     Heads  small;  bracts  nearly  palmately  cleft. 

26.  G.  filicaulis,  Torr.     Small  corolla  similar,  but  stamens  exserted. 

27.  G.  viscidula,  Gr.     Stout,  Diffuse:  corolla  violet  to  purple. 


14S  POLEMONlACEvK. 

Var.  heterodox*,  Gr.    Slender  bracts  broad,  less  rigid:  corolla  tube  shorter. 

28.  G.     atractyloides,  Stend.    More  rigid  and  viscid:  mint  scented. 

S  7.     Hugelia,  Gray. 

29.  G.     densifolia,  Benth.     Corolla  violet-blue,  tube  much  exserted. 

30.  G.     virgata,  Stead.     More  slender:  flowers  fewer,  blue  or  lavender, 
Var.  fl.oribun.da,  Or.     Corymbose  branches  ending  in  dense  heads. 

31.  G.     fioccosa,  Gr.     Corolla  tube  3  or  4  lines  long:  anthers  shorter. 

32.  G.     filifolia,  Nutt.     Corolla  lobes  a  line  long:  anthers  cordate-ovaL 

33.  G.     lutescens,  Stead.     Corolla  yellow,  3  lines  long:  pod  3-seeded, 

§  8.     Elaphocera,  Nuttall. 
84.     G.     congesta,  Hook.     Leaves  pedately  5-7-parted,  lobes  2  lines  long. 

§  G.    Eugilia,  Benthaxn,  Gray. 

35.  G.     debilis,  Watson.     Soft  hairy:  Flowers  sessile  among  crowded  leavea 

36.  G.     capitata,  Dougl.    Flowers  light  blue:  calyx  scarcely  hairy. 

37.  G.     achillesefolia,  Benth.     Flowers  violet  to  lavender:  calyx-tips  recurred, 

39.  G.  multicaulis,  Benth.     Corolla  violet,  4  lines  long:  capsule  ovoid. 

40.  G.  tricolor,  Benth.     Corolla-lobes  violet  or  lilac,  throat  dark  purple. 

41.  G.  latifolia,  Gr.     Corolla  9  or  10  lines  long,  purple  with  dark  throat. 

42.  G.  tenuiflora,  Benth.    Corolla  narrow,  7  to  9  lines  long,  rose  and  violet. 

43.  G.  inconspicua,  Dongl.     Corolla  narrow,  3  to  5  lines  long,  variable. 

§  10.     Ipomopsis,  Bentham. 

44.  G.     aggregata,  Spreng.     Large  corolla,  scarlet  to  white,  dotted;  lobes  acute. 
Var.  Bridgesii,  Gr.     Lower,  6  to  18  inches  high:  corolla  bright  red.    S.  N.  Mta 

§  11.     Courtoisia,  Gray. 

45.  G.     glutinosa,  Gr.     Cajyx  rounded  at  base,  deeply  cleft:  capsule  globular. 

46.  G.    heterophylla,  Dougl.     Diffuse:  calyx-base  acute:  clusters  close. 

47.  G.     capiilaris,  Kellogg.    Calyx  small:  corolla-lobes  equaling  throat, 

§  12.    Collomia,  Gray. 

48.  G.     gracilia,  Hook.     Leaves  narrow;  lowest  opposite,  broader. 

49.  G.     ari stella,  Gr.     Corolla  purplish  4  to  6  lines  long:  capsule  3-lobed.   N.  CaL  N. 

50.  G.     iinearis,  Nutt.     Corolla  lilac-purple  to  white,  slender. 

Var.     subulata,  Gr.     Low,  much  branched,  flowers  few  in  lower  forks. 

51.  G.    grandifLora,  Dongl.     Corolla  salmon  color,  12  lines  long. 


HTDROPHYLLACBJE.  149 

8.    POLEMONIUSt. 

Tufted,  more  or  less  viscid:  corolla  funnelform:  alpine 1,  8 

Stems  1  to  3  ft.  high:  leaflets  mostly  an  inch  or  more  long 8,  4 

Slender,  much  branched:  leaflets  2  to  4  lines  long:  annual 6 

1.  P.     confertum,  Or.     Small  leaflets  2-3-divided:  flowers  in  heads,  6  to  12  lines  long. 

2.  P.    htunile,  Willd.,  var.  pulchellum,  Gr.     Leaflets  entire:  flowers  fewer. 
ft.    P.     cceruleum,  L.     Flowers  blue,  numerous,  in  a  narrow  naked  panicle. 
4.     P.     carneum,  Gr.     Corolla  salmon  or  flesh  color,  often  over  an  inch  long. 
Var.  luteum,  Gr.    Corolla  yellow,  lobes  (as  in  the  species)  broadly  obovate,    OR 
fi.    P.    micranthum,  Benth.     Corolla  whitish,  nearly  rotate,  small. 


HTDBOPHYLLACBJJ. 

|  1.    Ovary  and  pod  globose,  1 -celled,  lined  with  a  pair  of  expanded  placenta:  corolla 
usually  convolute  in  the  bud.     Herbs. 

*  Stamens  and  style  much  exserted:  calyx  not  enlarged  in  fruit:  flowers  in  dense  dusters  or 

heads:  leaves  alternate:  perennial. 1 

*  *  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla:  calyx  enlarging  in  fruit:  flower*  scattered  of  in  loose 

clusters:  lower  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  opposite:  annual: 

Calyx  with  reflexed  appendages  between  the  lobes 8 

Calyx  not  appendaged:  the  lobes  broad  and  obtuse:  corolla  white 8 

§  2.     Ovary  1-2-celled:  calyx  deeply  parted:  corolla  imbricated  in  tho  bud. 

Leaves  all  entire  and  opposite ~~..  4 

Leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lowest  alternate  simple  or  compound:  style  2-olof  t. 

Corolla  deciduous,  not  yellow 5 

Corolla  persistant,  yellow 6 

Leaves  mostly  radical,  long  petioled,  round-cordate,  crenately  7-8-lobed. 

Style  and  stigma  entire:  cymes  braotless,  racemose 7 

Leaves  and  1  -flowered  peduncles  all  radical:  corolla  lobes  5  to  7 .  • 8 

§  3.     Ovary  completely  or  nearly  2-celled:  styles  distinct,  the  tips  thickened:  corolla 
imbricated  not  appendaged:  leaves  simple. 

Woody  at  base  or  tufted:  corolla  narrow  funnelform. .«.»........*->..»*».  9 

Shrubs;  leaves  thick,  toothed:  cymes  terminal ..*. . ....  „ 10 

1.     HYDROPHYLXUM,  Tournofort 

L    H.     capitatum,  Dougl.     Leaves  6-7-parted,  lobes  2-3-claft. 

2.  H.    occidentale,  Gr.     Leaves  7-15-parted,  lobes  cleft,  obtuse, 
Var.  Watsoni,  Gr.     Almost  stemless,  softer  hairy. 

3.  H.     Virginicum,  L.     Leaves  bright  green,  nearly  smooth,  3-5-parfced. 


150  HTDROPHYLLACEJE. 

2.    NEMOPHIL^,  NuttalL 

Leaves  all  or  nearly  all  opposite,  seeds  5  or  more 1,  2,  8 

Leaves  all  or  many  alternate:  stems  weak:  seeds  4  or  less 4,  6 

1.  N.    znaculata,  Benth.    CoroHa  white  with  5  violet  spots. 

2.  N.    insignis,  Dougl.     Leaves  7-13-lobed:  corolla  bright  blue. 

3.  N.    Menziesii,  H.  &  A.     Corola  blue  to  white,  dark  dotted  in  center. 

4.  N.    aurita,  Lindl.    Leaves  2  to  4  in.  long,  lobes  and  prickles  retrorse:  limb  violet 

5.  1ST.    parviflora,  Dougl.    Leaves  variable:  white,  dotted  corolla  2  to  6  lines  long. 

8.     EULISIA,  Linn»us. 

1.  E.    membranacea,  Benth.     Leaves  3-9-divided:  lobes  mostly  entire. 

2.  E.     chrysanthemifolia,  Benth      Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid. 

4.     DBAPERIA,  Torrey. 


1. 


D.    aystyla,  Torr.     Silky  viscid:  leaves  opposite,  entire:  stamens  unequal. 


6.     PHACELIA,  Jusaien. 


*  Leaves  simple  and  entire  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  with  small  entire  lobes  at  the  base. 

All  simple  and  entire,  narrow,  the  lower  (and  the  branches)  opposite 1)  2 

Mostly  simple  and  entire,  ovate  or  oblong:  spikes  long 20 

Simple  and  entire  or  with  2  or  3  slender  basal  lobes,  narrow 25 

Often  simple  and  entire  but  lower  ones  usually  with  1  to  3  pairs  of  basal  lobes,  all  lanceo- 
late or  ovate:  veins  simple,  distinct.     Ovules  4 8,  4,  5 

Ovules  8  or  more 28,  29,  80 

*  *  Leave*  simple  and  more  or  leu  notched  or  lobed,  or  lower  ones  with  small  basal  lobes, 

ovate  or  cordate. 

Hispid  with  spreading  stinging  hairs,  annual. , •  6,  7 

Hispid,  viscid:  leaves  often  pinnatifidly  lobed 21 

Viscid:  flowers  large  in  loose  racemes,  blue,  violet  or  white. 

Very  viscid:  style  2-parted 14,  15 

Less  viscid:  style  2-cleft;  corolla  blue  or  violet 16,  17 

Leaves  doubly  toothed  or  some  pinnately  parted. 18 

Leaves  small,  shorter  than  the  petioles 19 

Lower  leaves  with  small  basal  divisions. 

Leaves  and  flowers  large,  viscid 22 

Leaves  silky:  somewhat  hispid  and  glandular 23 

*  *  *  Leave*  1-3-pinnately  divided  and  indeed, 

Calyx  not  hispid,  2  lines  long  in  fruit:  seed  mostly  solitary . 8 

Calyx  hispid  or  ciliate:  style  2-parted 9,10,11,  IS,  \R 


HYDKOPHYLLACEJE. 

Style  cleft  to  near  the  middle,  leaves  simply  pinnate.  | 

Tall  perennial,  soft  pubescent;  leaves  large 84 

Leaves  with  7  to  15  entire  or  few-toothed  obtuse  lobes. 96 

Leaves  mostly  at  base:  flowers  on  pedicels  6  to  12  lines  long 27 

Style  deft  at  apex:  corolla  nearly  tubular,  5  to  7  lines  long . ... , 81 

§  1.    Euphacelia,  Or.    Ovule*  4. 

1.  P.    namatoides,  Gr.     A  span  high:  corolla  blue,  1  or  2  lines  long. 

2.  P.    Pringlei,  Gr.    Taller:  corolla  more  broadly  campanulate.    N.  CaL 

3.  P.    circinata,  Jacq.  f.     Hispid:  grayish  leaves  strigose:  spikes  dense. 
Var.  calycosa,  Gr.     Calyx-lobes  broader,  veiny:  stamens  as  much  exserted. 

4.  P.     Breweri,  Gr.    Similar  but  annual,  smaller:  hairless  filaments  not  exserted. 

5.  P.     humilis,  T.  &  G.     Diffuse:  a  span  high:  corolla  deep  blue,  2  or  3  lines  long, 

6.  P.    malvaefolia,  Cham.     Corolla  white,  3  or  4  lines  broad:  stamens  exserted. 

7.  P.    Kattani,  Gr.     More  slender:  corolla  2  lines  long:  stamens  included. 

8.  P.    platyloba,  Gr.     Corolla  nearly  rotate,  bluish,  little  exceeding  calyx. 

9.  P.     distans,  Benth.     Corolla  dull- white  to  violet:  stamens  scarcely  exserted. 

10.  P.     tanacetifolia,  Benth.     Similar  but  stamens  much  exserted:  capsule  oval 

11.  P.     hispida,    Gr.      White-hispid:  sepals  very  slender,  much  exceeding  globose 
capsule. 

12.  P,     ramosissima,  Dougl.     Perennial:  stems  weak:  leaves  rather  coarsely  lobed. 

13.  P.     ciliata,  Benth.     Calyx  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  lobes  ovate,  ciliate,  veiny. 

§  2.    Gymnobathus,  Or.     Ovule*  and  teed*  numerous:  no  appendages  to  rotate  campafr 

ulate  corolla. 

14.  P.     viscida.  Torr.     Corolla  deep  blue  with  lighter  center,  6  to  12  lines  broad. 
Var.  albiflora,  Gr.     Flowers  white.     With  next  species.     Santa  Barbara,  S. 

15.  P.    grandiflora,  Gr.     Similar:  light  blue  to  white  corolla  much  larger. 

§  3.     Whit  la  via  ,Gr.     Ovule*  8  to  many,  flowers  showy. 

16.  P.    Whit  la  via,  Gr.     Corolla- tube  cylindrical,  spreading  lobes  much  shorter. 

17.  P.    campanularia,  Gr.     Corolla  campanulate,  8  to  10  lines  long.     San  Diego. 

18.  P.    Parryi,  Torr.     Corolla  cleft  below  the  middle,  violet,  often  5  spots  in  throat. 

19.  P.    longipes,  Torr.     Slender:  corolla  5  or  6  lines  long,  white.     Los  Angeles,  8. 

§  4.    Eutoca,  Or.     Ovule*  10  to  many:  capsule  ovoid  or  oblong. 

20.  P.    grisea,  Gr.     Corolla  whitish:  filaments  retrorsely  hairy,  exserted. 

21.  P.     loassBfolia,  Torr.     Corolla  3  lines  long:  naked  filaments  much  exserted. 

22.  P.    Bolanderi,  Gr.     Corolla  nearly  rotate,  10  or  12  lines  broad,  violet  to  white. 

23.  P.    hydrophylloides,  Torr.     Corolla  3  or  4  lines  broad:  naked  filaments  mnoh 
oxserted. 


152  HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

24.  P.  procera,  Gr.    Leaf -lofces  acute:  filaments  much  exserted. 

26.  P.  Menziesii,  Torr.     Corolla  violet  or  white,  6  to  10  lines  broad. 

26.  P.  brachyloba,  Gr.     Corolla  small,  whitish:  stamens  not  exserted. 

27.  P.  Douglasii,  Torr.    Diffuse:  corolla  campanulate,  5  to  10  lines  broad. 

28.  P.  Davidson!,  Gr.     Hoary:  leaves  strigose:  pedicels  equaling  calyx. 

29.  P.  circinatiformis,  Gr.    Spikes  dense:  stamens  included:  seeds  6  or  more. 

30.  P.  divaricata,  Gr.     Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  blue,  7  to  10  lines  broad. 
§  5.    Microgenetes,  Or.    Style  deft  only  at  apex:  stamens  unequal,  included. 

31.  P.  tricolor,   Torr.     Diffuse:  racemes  loose:  corolla-tube  yellowish. 

6.  EMMENANTHE,  Bentham. 

1.  E.    parviflora,  Gr.     Very  viscid:  corolla  not  exceeding  calyx. 

2.  E.    penduliflora,  Benth.     Less  viscid:  corolla  exceeding  calyx. 

7.  ROMANZOFFIA,   Chamisso. 

1.  R.     Unalaskensis,  Cham.     Calyx-lobes  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

2.  R.     Sitcheasis,  Bong.     Pedicels,  funnelform  corolla  and  style  longer. 

8.    HESPEROCHIRON,    Watson. 

1.  H.    Californicus,  Wat.     Corolla-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

2.  H.    pumilus,  Porter.     Corolla  nearly  rotate,  tube  bearded  within. 

9.    NAMA,  Linnams. 

1.  N.     Lobbi,  Gr.     Silky- woolly:  leaves  entire:  flowers  nearly  sessile. 

2.  N.    Rothrockii,  Gr.     Leaves  almost  pinnatifid:  flowers  in  terminal  heads. 

3.  N.    Parryi,  Gr.     Cymes  scorpioid:  leaves  linear,  undulate,  viilous. 

10.    ERIODICTYON,   Bentham. 

1.    E.    tomentosum,  Benth.    Whitened  or  rusty  with  dense  pubescence.     S.  CaL 
1    E.    glutinosum,  Benth.    Sticky,  resinous  coated:  corolla  6  lines  long.    CaL 


BORRAGINACE3). 

§  1.    Ovary  merely  4-lobed:  stigma  broad,  sessile:  glabrous:  succulent ....%*....- 1 

§  2.     Ovary  4-parted  into  seed-like  nutlets;  style  conspicuous;  stigma  small. 
*  Nutlets  fixed  by  the  base  to  a  fiat  receptacle*  smooth  and  shining. 

Flowers  leaf y-bracted:  corolla  imbricated,  yellow:  soft-hairy 8 

Flowers  bractleas:  corolla  convolute,  blue  or  white 8 


BORRAOIXACEJE.  153 

*  *  Nuiltt*  fixed  to  a  prominent  base  (gynobase)  by  gome  part  of  the  inner  angle  or  /own: 

corolla  imbricated. 
Nutlets  not  armed  with  prickles,  not  appendaged. 

Corolla  blue  or  whitish:  smooth  glaucous  perennials. 4 

Corolla  yellow:  hispid  annuals 6 

Corolla  white,  mostly  yellow-crested  in  the  throat:  hirsute  or  hispid. 

Nutlets  erect  and  straight:  calyx  in  fruit  not  rotate 6 

Nutlets  oblique  or  incurved  on  a  rounded  base 7 

Corolla  blue,  rotate:  a  dwarf  alpine  tufted  perennial .......  8 

Nutlets  armed  with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles,  or  flat  and  wing-margined. 
Corolla  blue,  purple  or  white;  throat  with  a  ring  of  2-lobed  crests. 

Racemes  bract  eat  e  at  base:  nutlets  erect,  prickles  barbed 0 

Racemes  on  naked  peduncles :  nutlets  globose 10 

Corolla  minute,  white:  flowers  scattered  along  leafy  branches. 

Nutlets  flattened,  forming  an  x-shaped  or  star-like  bur. 11 

1.  HELIOTBOPIUM,   Tournefort. 

1.    H.    Curassavicum,  L.     Nearly  or  quite  prostrate:  corolla  bluish  or  white. 

2,  LITHOSPERMUM,    Tournefort 

1.  L.    Calif  orrucum,  Gr.    Corolla  9  or  10  lines  long:  throat  exceeding  lobes. 

2.  I*,    pilosum,  Nntt.    Corolla  greenish  yellow,  silky,  5  or  6  lines  long. 

3.  MTTOSOTIS,    Linnaeus. 

1.  M.    verna,  Nutt.     Hispid  calyx  unequal:  corolla  white,  small.     Oregon. 

2.  M.    sylvatica,  Hoffm.  var.  alpestris,  Koch.     Corolla  blue,  3  or  4  lines  broad. 

4.  MEBTENSIA,  Roth. 

1.  M.    maritima,  Don.    Corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  tube  shorter  than  calyx. 

2.  M.    Siberica,  Don.     Corolla-tube  much  exserted:  calyx  lobes  obtuse. 

6.    AMSINCKIA,  Lehmann. 

Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  straight,  smooth,  shining 1 

Nutlets  broad;  the  back  nearly  flat,  wavy -wrinkled  cross- wise 2 

Nutlets  incurved,  convex  and  ridged  on  the  back,  rough 3,4,  5 

1.  A.    vernicosa,  H.  &  A.     Sparingly  hispid:  corolla-tube  a  little  exserted. 
Var.  grandiflora,  Gr.     Very  bristly -hispid:  corolla-tube  longer,  limb  broader. 

2.  A.    tessellata,  Or.     Coarsely  hispid:  leaves  mostly  obtuse:  calyx  rusty. 

3.  A.    intermedia,  F.  &  M.     Calyx  whitish  or  tawny  hispid:  corolla  2  or  3  linea 

4.  A.     spectabilis.  F.  &  M.     Corolla  bright  orange  much  exserted. 


BOR&AGINACBJE. 

S.  A  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  Stiff  bristles  with  pimple-like  base:  leaf  margins  often 
undulate:  often  branching:  very  variable. 

6.     KEYNTTZKIA,   Fischer  &  Meyer. 
§  1.    Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth,  shining,  a  ridge  down  the  back,  a  groove  down  the  inner 

side,  attached  to  the  gynobase  one  quarter  the  length 1 

|  2.    Nutlets  ovoid,  somewhat  rugose,  a  ridge  down  the  inner  side,  fixed  by  the  base  of 

the  inner  angle.     Entire  plant  light  green. 

*  Mostly  diffuse:  lower  leave*  often  opposite:  corolla  1  or  2  lines  broad 2,  3 

4  *  Flowers  numerous:  limb  ofcoroUa  nearly  rotate,  S  to  5  lines  broad:  yellow  crests  in  the 

throat  conspicuous:  lower  leaves  mostly  opposite  (except  in  No.  6) 4,  5,  0 

|  S.  Nutlets  never  rugose;  inner  angle  furrowed  from  less  than  half  to  all  the  way;  back 
convex;  side  angles  mostly  obtuse,  never  margined:  calyx  in  fruit  erect  or  closed: 
corolla  small,  throat  naked  or  the  crests  not  exserted:  numerous  flowers  sessile  in 
scorpioid  spikes. 

*  Fruiting  calyx  often  falling  with  the  enclosed  nutlets,  these  smooth,  shining,  acute:  sepaU 

narrow,  hispid,  slender. 

Nutlets  solitary,  rarely  2,  acuminate,  fixed  below  the  middle 7,  8,  9 

Nutlets  usually  all  maturing  scarcely  a  line  long 10,  11 

Nutlets  unequal,  one  much  larger  than  the  others 13 

Nutlets  3-angled-ovoid,  papillose,  sharply  muricate  or  scabrous,  attached  nearly  or  quite 

up  to  the  apex:  usually  erect  and  hispid;  spikes  bractless:  calyx  pungent-bristly. 

Calyx  very  villous-hispid,  In  fruit  3-5  lines  long,  mid-rib  strong 18 

Calyx  3  lines  long  or  less;  bristles  pungent,  whitish  or  yellowish. 

In  fruit  double  the  lengjbh  of  the  nutlets  not  connivent 14,  15 

In  fruit  1  or  2  lines  long,  more  or  less  connivent  over  the  angular  nutlets..  16, 17, 18 

*  *  Fruiting  calyx  deciduous  above  a  persistent  basal  cup:  nutlets  ovate-deltoid,  S -angled, 

usually  very  smooth,  groove  forked. 
Much  branched,  with  flowers  almost  from  base,  hispid , 19 

1.  K.     lithocarya,  Greene.     Corolla  not  surpassing  the  rusty  calyx:  spike  simple. 

2.  K.     Calif ornica,  Gr.     Leaves  small,  narrow:  flowering  from  near  the  base. 
Var.  flrubglochidiata,  Gr.     Succulent:  nutlets  minute-bristly  with  barbed  hairs. 

3.  X.    trachycarpa,  Gr.     More  lower  leaves  opposite:  nutlets  broader,  granulate. 

4.  K  t  Chorisiana,  Gr.     Some  pedicels  2  to  12  lines  long:  leaves  large. 

5.  K.     Scouleri,  Gr.     Slender:  spikes  often  branching  mostly  bractless. 

5.  K.  mollis,  Gr.     Perennial  stems  creeping,  soft-hairy.     Wet  borders  of  ponds. 

7.  X.  spar siflora,  Greene.     Sepals  with  stiff  hooked  bristles:  nutlet  flattened. 

8.  K.  oxycarya,  Gr.   Strigulose:  leaves  linear:  calyx  in  fruit  deflexed-bristly  at  base 

9.  X.  microstachys,  Greene.     Smaller,  hispidulous:  calyx  bristles  not  deflexed. 

10.  K.     leiocarpa,  F.  &  M.     Nutlets  attached  for  nearly  the  whole  length. 

11.  X.     Torreyana,  Gr.    Nutlets  attached  half  way  up,  groove  forked. 


BORBAGINACBJ&.  155 

V 
Var,  oalyoosa,  Gr.    Flowers  crowded,  somewhat  capitate:  calyx  longer. 

12.  E.  dumetorum,  Greene.     Almost  climbing:  papillose-hispid:  2  sepals  united. 

13.  E.  barbigera,  Gr.    Nutlets  gray,  very  rough,  rarely  all  fertile. 

14.  E.  intermedia,  Gr.    Nutlets  thickly  muricate,  groove  with  open  basal  BOAT. 

15.  E,  ambigua,  Gr.     Nutlets  minutely  muricate,  groove  widely  forked. 

16.  E.  muriculata,  Gr.     Stout:  spikes  2-3-radiate:  nutlets  triangular-ovate. 

17.  E.  Jonesii,  Gr.     Slender:  spikes  more  numerous,  paniculate:  calyx  smaller. 

18.  EL  micromeres,  Gr.    Hispid,  diffuse:  spikes  filiform:  flowers  minute. 

19.  E.  micrantha,  Gr.  var.  lepida,  Gr.    Hoots  red:  hispid:  corolla  2&  Unea  long. 

7.    PLAGIOBOTHBYS,  Fischer  &  Meyer. 
9  Nutlets  not  on  stipe-like  attachments:  calyx  more  or  less  vittous  with  yellowish  or  nuty 

hairs,  sometimes  deciduous  above  the  base  (circumscissile). 
Sepals  nearly  distinct;  in  fruit  3  lines  long,  lax:  nutlets  broadly  ovate  ...............  1 

Calyx  deeply  5-clef  t:  giving  a  violet  stain  to  paper  ...........................  2,  3,  4 

Calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  2-3  lines  long  in  fruit  not  cbnnivent  ..................  5 

Calyx  cleft  half  way,  silky,  in  fruit  conni  vent,  soon  circumscissile  ...................  0 

*  •  Nutlets  on  stipe-like  attachments:  hispidulous  ...........................  .........  7 

1.  P.    rufescens,  F.  &  M.     Stems  slender  from  rosulate  tuft  of  radical  leaves. 

2.  P.     tenellus,  Gr.    Radical  leaves  rosulate:  nutlets  4-lobed  or  cross-like,  shining. 

3.  P.     Shastensis,  Greene.     Similar,  with  larger  flowers  and  nutlets.     Mt.  Shasta. 

4.  P.    Torreyi,  Gr.     Diffusely  procumbent,  hispidulous:  leaves  oblong.  . 
6.     P.     canescens,  Benth.     Villous:  spikes,  as  in  the  last,  often  leafy  below. 

6.  P.     nothofulvus,  Gr.     Rosulate  leaves  thin:  corolla  2  or  3  lines  broad. 

7,  P.     Oooperi,  Gr.     Diffuse:  corolla  2  or  3  lines  broad,  throat  closed. 


^ 


8.    OMPHALODES,   Tournefort. 
O.    Howard!,  Gr.    Silky,  silvery:  flowers  few:  corolla  4-5  lines  broad.    Or. 


9.    ECHINOSPERMUM,  Lehmann. 
Prickles  of  the  fruit  barbed  at  apex  only  :  calyx  in  fruit  reflexed.  ..............  !,«,  8 

Prickles  barbed  to  the  base:  crests  of  small  white  corolla  small  .....................  .4 

1.  E.     Calif  ornicum,  Gr.     Corolla  short-funnelform,  blue,  2-6  lines  broad. 

2.  E.     floribundum,  Lehm.     Corolla  rotate,  blue  or  often  white,  2-3  lines  broad. 

3.  E.     diffusum,  Lehm.     Similar  corolla  4-9  lines  broad:  back  of  nutlet  naked. 
4     B.     Qreenei,  Gr.     Diffuse:  nutlets  triangular-ovoid:  prickles  terete.    N.  Gat 

10.    OYNOG-LOSSUM,   Lehmann. 

1.  0.     Occident  ale,  Gr.     Hispidulous:  upper  leaves  sessile;  lower,  spatulate. 

2.  0.     grande,  Dougl.     Soft-viUous  becoming  glabrate:  leaves  all  petioled. 
Var.  Iseve,  Gr.     Smooth:  corolla  smaller,  lobes  shorter  than  tube. 


156  CONVOLVULACKJB. 

11.     PECTOCABYA,    De  CaadoUe. 

Nutlets  forming  an  x-shaped  bur,  the  wings  undulate  or  laciniate 1,  S 

Nutlets  forming  a  flat  +-  shaped  bur,  the  thin  margins  entire 3,  4 

1.  P.     linearis,  DC.     Wings  of  nutlets  toothed,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped. 

2.  P.     penicillata,  A.  DC.     More  diffuse:  nutlets  fiddle-shaped;  apex  bristly. 

3.  P.     setosa,  Gr.     Hispid,   stouter:  calyx -lobes  with    3  or  4   very  large  bristles, 

4.  P.     pusilla,  Gr.     Strigulose:  nutlets  angular,  flat,  wingless,  with  a  midnerve. 


CONTOLVCLACE.E. 

Twining  or  trailing:  corolla  fnnnelform,  large,  limb  entire:  stigmas  2.. 

Not  twining:  corolla  2-3  lines  long,  5-cleft,  white:  styles  2 

Corolla  i  in.  long,  5-cleft,  purplish:  stigmas  2 Sp.  7  in  No. 

Twining  leafless  thread-like  orange  or  yellowish  stems:  parasitic. 

1.     CONVOLVULUS,  Linnams. 

Solitary  flower  with  a  pair  of  broad  bracts  enclosing  the  calyx. 

Stems  very  short  and  erect  or  prostrate,  trailing  (See  var.  No,  5). 1,  3, 

Stems  twining  freely:  bracts  cordate-ovate  or  sagittate  (See  5) 

Flowers  often  2-3  together  with  small  bracts;  stems  often  woody 

Flowers  with  a  pair  of  subulate  bracts  at  base  of  pedicel:  stamens  slender 

Flowers  3  lines  long,  deeply  5-cleft:  not  twining 

1.  C.     Soldanella,  L.     Glabrous,  fleshy:  leaves  renifonn:  flowers  pinkish. 

2.  C.     sepium,  L.,  var.  Americanus,  Gr.     Leaves  acute:  corolla  rose, 

3.  0.     Californicus,  Choisy.     Short,  erect,  or  at  length  prostrate;  pubescent. 

4.  C.     villosus,  Gr.     Densely  white- velvety:  leaves  an  inch  long  or  less. 
Var.  fulcratus,  Gr.     Bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  (hastate):  corolla  yellowish. 

D.     C.     occidentalis,  Gr.     Bracts  variable:  stems  often  very  long:  corolla  white. 
Var.  tenuissimus,  Gr.     Only  a  ft.  or  a  yd.  high:  leaves  slender-hastate. 

6.  C.     arvensis,  L.     Creeping  in  moist  places:  corolla  an  inch  long  or  leas* 

7.  C.    pentapetaloides,  L.     A  diffusely  branched  slender  annual  with  spatnlate  - 
lanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves.     This  with  No.  6  naturalized  from  En. 

2.     CRESSA,  Linnaeus. 
1.    0.     Cretica,  L.  Gray  silky  leaves  numerous,  small,  entire:  flowers  axillary. 

3.     CUSCUTA,  Tournefort 

Ovary  and  capsule  depressed  glabose:  stamens  low,  very  slender ....,.-...„  1, 

Ovary  and  capsule  pointed;  corolla  withering-persistent:  scales  fringed. 


80LANACEA  157 

Stems  slender,  low,  growing  on  salt-marsh  plants & 

Stems  coarser:  corolla  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  2£  to  4  lines  long 4 

Stems  coarse:  corolla  lobes  acute,  usually  inflexed 6,  6 

1.  C.     arvensis,  Bey  rich.     Flowers  scarcely  a  line  long  iu  dense  clusters. 

2.  C.     California  a,  Choisy.     Calyx  lobes  acute:  corolla  lobes  slender. 

3.  0.     salina,  Eugelm.     Delicate  white  flowers  l£-2£  lines  long, 

4.  0.     subinclusa,  D.  &  H.     Flower  clusters  globose,  6  to  12  lines  thick. 

5.  0.     decora,  Choisy.     Flowers  fleshy  and  papillose:  clusters  close. 

6.  0.    racemosa,  Martina,  var.  Chiliana,  Engelm.     Corolla  thin.    From  Chili. 


SOL  AN  ICE  JE. 

Corolla  rotate:  anthers  connivont  around  the  style:  fruit  a  berry 1 

Corolla  rotate-campanula  te:  anthers  not  connivent:  berry  enclosed  in  the  loose  inflated 
calyx.     May  appear  in  cultivated  ground.     Physalia. 

Corolla  tubular-funnelfonn,  £  in.  long  or  less:  spiny  shrubs 2 

Corolla  funnelform,  large:  fruit  large,  covered  with  spines 3 

Corolla  funnelform  or  tubular:  capsule  small,  smooth 4 

Corolla  funnelform,  3-5-lines  long:  limb  purple:  stamens  unequal 5 

1.     SOTiANTTM,  Tournefort. 

Corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  white  or  bluish :  berries  black  or  red 1,  3 

Corolla  only  5-angled  or  slightly  lobed,  violet  or  blue 8,  4 

1.  8.     nigruxn,  L.     Herbaceous:  leaves  mostly  ovate,  sinuate-toothed,  acute. 

2.  3.     Douglasii,  Dunal.     Woody-stemmed:  flowers  5-8  lines  broad,  often  bluish. 

3.  8.    Xanti,  Or.     Woody  at  base:  hairs  jointed:  leaves  mostly  obtuse  at  base. 

4.  8.     umbelliferum,  Each.     More  woody:  hairs  branched:  leaf -base  mostly  narrow. 

2.     LYCIUM,  Linnaeus. 

1.     3L.     Calif ornicum,  Nutt.     Leaves  fleshy,  1-3  lines  long:  flower  parts  in  4's. 
L    X<.     Anderson!,  Gr.     Leaves  larger:  flowers  largei ,  5-6  lines  long.     San  Diego. 

3.    DATURA.  Linnaeus. 

Qftlyx  acutely  5-angled:  fruit  erect,  ovoid 1,  2,  3 

Fruit  nodding,  globose T. ."".... 4 

Ualyx  scarcely  angled:  corolla  5  or  6  in.  long:  fruit  nodding  globose 6 

1.     D.     Stramonium,  L.     Smooth:  corolla  white:  lower  prickles  of  capsule  shorter. 

L     D.     Tatula,  L.     Similar:  Stems  usually  purple:  corolla  pale  violet. 

L     D.     quercifolia,  HBK.     Leaves  sinuate  pinnatifid:  prickles  unequal,  flat 


158  8CROPHULARIACE.K 

4.    D.     discolor,  Bernh.     Corolla  purplish:  capsule  and  stout  prickles  pubescent 
ft.     D.     meteloides,  DC.  Leaves  entire  or  repand,  one-sided:  capsule  large.     S.  CaL 

4.     NICOTIANA,  Tournefort. 

Vary  viscid,  ill-scented  herbs:  flowers  soon  closing  in  sunshine. 

Corolla  salverform,  the  limb  4  or  6  lines  broad 1,  9 

Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  white;  stamens  unequally  inserted 3,  4 

Very  smooth  glaucous  shrub:  corolla  tubular,  greenish  yellow 5; 

1.  N.     Cleveland!,  Gr.     Corolla  greenish  white,  violet  tinged,  an  inch  long.   S.  CaL 

2.  N.     attenuate,  Torr.     Calyx  shorter:  corolla  longer,  limb  white. 

3.  N.     Bigelovii,  Watson.     Corolla  1-2  inches  long,  nearly  as  broad. 
Var.  Wallace!,  Gr.     Corolla  smaller:  leaves  often  nearly  clasping.   S.  CaL 

4.  N.     quadrivalis,  Pursk.     Corolla  broader  than  long:  capsule  globular.    Or.  E. 
Var,  multivalis,  Gr.     Corolla  often  2  in.  broad,  5-8-lobed:  capsule  large.   Or. 

6.    MT.     glauca,  Graham.    Leaves  long-petioled,  subcordate.     Naturalized.  S.  CaL 

5.     PETUNIA,  Juss. 
1.    P.    parviflora,  Juss.    Spreading  or  prostrate  on  the  sea  shore. 


SCROPHULARIACEJ3. 

A.     LEAVES  all  or  all  but  the  lower  ones  alternate,  rarely  all  radical. 

*  Leaves  simple,  and  entire  (except  in  No.  1  and  16):  corotta  sometime*  nearly  regular,  upper  j 

lip  not  beak-like. 

Corolla  6-lobed,  rotate:  stamens  5;  filaments  woolly 11 

Corolla  bilabiate,  throat  nearly  closed:  stamens  4. 

Base  of  corolla  prolonged  into  a  slender  spur  on  lower  aide. m 

Base  of  corolla  swollen  or  saccate  on  lower  side 3 

Corolla  large,  open  bilabiate  with  dentate  lobes:  stamens  2 4 

Corolla  nearly  regular:  stamens  4:  leaves  narrow,  mostly  radical 14| 

Corolla  large,  campanulate-bilabiate,  4-lobed :  stamens  4. 15 

Corolla  and  calyx  4-lobed:  flowers  small:  stamens  2. 

Leaves  cordate-orbicular,  all  radical,  scapes  slender 16 

Leaves  on  the  stem:  corolla  rotate,  4-lobed 17 

*  "  Leaves  or  at  least  the  bracts  incisely  lobed  or  pinnate:  corotta  tubular-bilabiate,  closed 

upper  lip  beak-like  or  compressed  on  the  sides. 
Leaves  or  lobes  not  serrate:  anther  cells  unequal  or  only  one. 

Upper  corolla-lip  much  surpassing  the  3-toothed  obscure  lower  lip 

Upper  lip  erect,  much  smaller  than  the  3-saccate,  3-toothed  lower  lip 19 

Lips  of  club-shaped  corolla  nearly  equal:  calyx  1-3-leaved 20 


8CBOPHULA.RIACE.fi.  159 

Leaves  or  lobes  serrate:  anthers  equally  2-celled. 

Upper  lip  or  its  beak  exceeding  the  3- toothed  lower  lip  (except  Bp.  7)~ 81 

B.     LBATXS  all  opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  alternate  above  in  No.  9). 

*  Stamens  4  with  anthers;  sterile  filament  often  rudimentary  or  none. 

Corolla  declined:  stamens  and  style  infolded  bj  lower  lip 5 

Corolla  small,  lobes  spreading:  tipper  leaves  3-lobed  or  parted 6 

Corolla  erect,  front  lobe  reflexed:  scale  in  throat  on  upper  side 7 

Corolla  etc.  as  in  No.  9,  but  the  seeds  winged:  odor  rank 1 ...  8 

Corolla  open:  sterile  filament  conspicuous:  stigma  entire 9 

Corolla-throat  open  or  closed:  no  eter'le  filament:  calyx  5-angled  (except  1  sp.) 10 

Corolla  blue  or  white,  tube  short,  li, «  spreading,  the  upper  emarginate 11 

*  *  Stamens  2  with  anthers:  flowers  small:  growing  in  wet  ground. 
Calyx  5- parted  into  narrow,  nearly  equal  divisions:  corolla  bilabiate. 

Sterile  filaments  simple  or  none:  corolla  small,  whitish 12 

Sterile  filaments  forked:  corolla  violet  or  bluish 13 

Calyx  4- parted:  corolla  rotate,  4-lobed. 17 

1.     VERBASCUM,  Linnaeus. 

1.  V.     Thapsus,  L.     Densely  velvety- woolly,  leaves  decnrrent:  corolla  yellow. 

2.  V.    virgattun,  With.     Slender,  green:  filaments  violet  bearded  or  woolly, 
8.    V.    Blattaria,  L.     Similar  but  pedicels  solitary  and  longer  than  calyx, 

2.     LIN  ARIA,  Tournefort. 
1.    I*    Ganadensia,  Dtunont.    Straight,  smooth:  leaves  narrow:  flowers  blue. 

3.     ANTIRRHINUM,  Tournefort. 

*  Ertet,  9  to  7  Jt.  high,  leafy:  flowers  in  a  dense  spike,  light  rose  colon  filaments  broadest  at 

the  top. 

Stems  many  from  a  perennial  base,  simple,  glabrous,  light  green 1 

Stem  stout,  branching,  very  viscid-pubescent,  3-5  ft.  high 9 

*  *  Branching  with  filiform  axillary  branchlets  which  coil  around  objects:  sepals  unequal. 

Flowers  in  a  more  or  less  villous- viscid  spike:  bracts  minute 5,  6,  7 

Flowers  scattered  along  the  stem  and  slender  branches. 

Leaves  on  the  main  stem,  orate  or  subcordate 8,  9 

Leaves  on  main  stem  mostly  narrow:  corolla  purple 10,  11 

*  *  *  •  Erect,  nearly  simple  stems:  peduncles  slender,  twisting  around  objects 19 

1.  A.  virga,  Or.     Deflexed  lower  lip  of  corolla  upward  indexed  from  middle. 

2.  A  glandulostun,  Liudley.     Corolla  with  yellowish  palate.    Monterey  S. 

3.  A.  cornutuxn,  Benth.     Filaments  all  broadest  at  top.     Sac.  Val.,  rare. 

4.  A.  leptaleum,  Gr.     Leaves  rarely  linear:  style  shorter  than  pod.     Sac.  Valley  8, 


160  SCROPHULARIACEJfi. 

6.  A.  Cbulterianum,  Benth.     Leaves  linear  to  oval,  distinct:  spike  dense. 

6.  A.  Orcuttianum,  Gr.     More  slender:  spike  loose:  corolla  smaller,  4  lines  long. 

7.  -A .  Nevinianum,  Gr.     Similar,  but  seeds  ribbed  not  honeycomb-pitted. 

8.  A.  subcordatum,  Gr.     Leaves  sessile,  each  subtending  a  flower  and  branchlet. 

9.  A.  Nuttalianum,  Benth.     Leaves  petioled:  pedicels  often  long  as  violet  corolla. 

10.  A.    vagans,  Gr.     Very  diffuse:  broad  upper  sepal  equaling  corolla- tube. 
Var.  Bolanderi,  Gr.  Leaves  orbicular  on  branchlet s:  upper  sepal  broader. 

11.  A.    Breweri,  Gr.     Similar:  slender  corolla-tube  exceeding  upper  sepal.    N.  CaL 

12.  A.    strictum,  Gr.    Corolla  violet-purple,  palate  hairy.    Santa  Barbara. 

4.     MOHAVEA,  Gray. 

L    M.     Viscida,  Gr.    Very  viscid:  lower  leaves  opposite:  corolla  yellow,  purple  dotted 

5.     COLUNSIA,  Nuttall. 

*  Flowers  on  short  pedicels  or  sessik  in  axillary  v>horl»,  6-8  lines  long. 
Corolla  strongly  declined,  the  throat  as  broad  as  long,  nearly  or  quite  at  right  angles  with 

the  short  tube:  gland  sessile . . 1,  2 

Corolla  less  declined,  throat  narrower,  leaves  obtuse 3,  4,  6 

*  Flowers  but  little  longer  or  not  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 

Corolla  usually  more  than  5  lines  long,  strongly  declined  sepals  acute 6,  7,  8 

Corolla  mostly  less  than  4  lines  long:  lips  nearly  equal:  stems  slender 9  to  12 

1.  0.     bicolor,  Benth.     Upper  corolla  lip  recurved,  paler  than  the  violet  lower  lip. 

2.  0.     tinctoria,  Hartweg.     Stains  brown:  corolla  purple-striped,  upper  lip  very  short. 

3.  0.     bartsieefolia,  Benth.     Leaves  crenate,  obtuse:  calyx  often  white-hairy. 

4.  0.     corymb osa,  Herder.     Branching:  flower  clusters  nearly  capitate.     N.  Cal  C'st. 

5.  O.     Greenei,  Gr.     Corolla  rich  violet  or  lavender;  upper  lip  short;  side  lobes  small 

6.  0.    grandiflora,  Dongl.     Flowers  in  whorls  of  3  to  9:  lower  lip  deep  blue  or  violet. 
Var.  pusilla,  Gr.     Small  form:  corolla  only  4  or  5  lines  long,  deeply  colored. 

7.  C.    sparsiflora,  F.  &  M.     Slender:  only  upper  flowers  in  3's,  &-|  in.  long. 
Var.  divaricata.     Only  2  or  3  in.  high:  flowers  smaller,  solitary.     S.  F.  Bay. 

8.  0.     linearis,  Gr.     Paniculately  branched:  leaves  very  slender:  pale  corolla  dark- 
dotted.     N.  CaL 

9.  O.    parviflora,  Dougl.     Often  diffuse:  corolla  little  exserted,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

10.  C.     Battani,  Gr.     Stem  strict,  mostly  simple:  corolla  lips  violet,  1-2  lines  long, 

11.  O.    Childii,  Parry.    Stem  similar:  corolla  light  blue.    In  forests  S.  CaL 

12.  0.    Torreyi,  Gr.  Much  branched:  flowers  in  3's  and  6's,  blue  or  violet. 

6.     TONELLA,  Nuttall. 
1.    T.     collinsioides,  Nutt.     Diffuse:  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  a  line  long. 


BCROPnULARIACEJB.  161 

7.     SCROPHTJL  ARIA,  Tournefort. 
L     8.     Calif Oinica,  Cham.     Stems  square:  flowers  dull  purple,  3-4  lines  long. 

8.     CHELONE,  Linnaeus. 
L    O.     nemoTOsa.  Dougl.     Corolla  violet-purple.     In  woods.  Or.,  northward. 

9.    PENTSTEMON,  Mitchell 

5  1.  Anther-cells  soon  widely  separating  at  base,  united  more  or  leas  completely  at  top* 
splitting  open  nearly  or  quite  the  whole  length. 

*  Anthers  densely  toooGy,  becoming  shield-shaped  after  shedding  pollen 1 

*  *  Anthers  glabrous,  splitting  through  the  apex  and  spreading  out:  stems  branching  and 

shrubby,  at  least  below:  leaves  leathery  or  parchment-like,  mostly  small,  and  short' 
petioled:  filaments  all  hairy  at  base. 

Corolla  scarlet,  marrow- tubular,  its  upper  lip  erect  and  the  lower  more  or  less  spreading: 
sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side. 

Leaves  subcordate  or  ovate  acutely  toothed,  1  in.  long  or  less. 8 

Leaves  oblong  or  oval  £  to  2  in.  long,  often  canescent 3 

Leaves  slender,  rigid,  acutely  toothed,  glaucous 4 

Corolla  yellow  or  yellowish,  purple-tinged,  not  an  inch  long,  the  gaping  limb  longer  than 
the  tube  (except  No.  7):  upper  lip  concave,  lower  recurved. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate , 0 

Leaves  similar,  yellowish  green,  remotely  serrate 6 

Leaves  spatulate  or  oval,  entire,  6  lines  long  or  less 7 

*  *  *  Anthers  with  spreading  distinct  cells  splitting  from  base  nearly  to  the  topi  corolla 

scarcely  bilabiate,  blue  or  purple. 

Leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  glaucous 8 

*  *  *  *  Anthers  splitting  open  from  base  through  the  united  apex. 
Glaucous  or  pale  and  glabrous:  leaves  leathery  or  thick:  corolla  9-12  lines  long. 

Stems  thick,  1  to  3  ft.  high:  leaves  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  entire 0 

Taller:  leaves  thinner;  upper  pairs  acuminate,  united,  acutely  dentate 10 

Similar  but  leaves  thicker:  corolla  crimson,  9  lines  long,  throat  .narrow 11 

Leaves  1^  to  4  in.  long,  the  upper  often  united:  corolla  cream-white,  pinkish. .  19 
Corolla  8  lines  long  or  less  (more  in  13):  thyrsus  viscid  in  13,  14,  16,  18. 

Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate  lower  lip  and  sterile  filament  hairy. . .  13,  14,  15,  16 

Corolla  funnelform  or  tubular:  sterile  filament  nearly  or  quite  naked 17,  18 

|  2.  Anthers  sagittate  or  horse-shoe  shaped,  the  cells  opening  by  a  continuous  cleft 
around  the  apex  which  reaches  about  half  way  to  the  bases  of  the  cells,  these  remain- 
ing closed  and  saccate,  sometimes  hairy  but  never  woolly:  corolla  some  shade  of 
purple  and  blue,  from  rose  purple  to  lavender  (scarlet  red  in  the  last). 

*  Soft-pubescent,  viscid,  stout:  radical  leaves  6-8  inches  long 10 

11 


162  8CROPHULARIACKJB. 

*  *  Glabrous*  orinftortscenscpuberuknt  or  viscid:  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  tterile  filament 
hairy:  corolla  funmlform,  moderately  bilibiate. 

Corolla  over  an  inch  long,  lobes  and  all  the  stamens  sparsely  hairy 20 

Corolla  an  inch  long  or  usually  less 21,  22,  23 

*  *  *  Glabrous  orpuberknt:  leaves  all  entire. 

Corolla  6  lines  long,  slender:  sterile  filaments  bearded 24 

Corolla  abort  bilabiate,  8  to  18  lines  long:  sterile  filament  naked. 

Calyx  glandular  or  viscid:  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate 25,  26 

Calyx  not  glandular  or  viscid:  thyrsus  usually  narrow 27,  28,  29 

1.  P.    Menziesii,  Hooker.     Leaves  3-12  lines  long:  corolla  violet  to  pink.    Cal.  N. 
Var.  Newberryi,  Gr.    Corolla  rose-purple  or  pink.     Southern  Sierras. 

2.  P.     cordifolius,  Benth.    Climbing  over  bushes,  very  leafy.     San  Luis  Obiapo.  8. 

3.  P.    corymbosus,  Benth.     Erect,  1  or  2  ft.  high,  leafy:  cyme  corymbose. 

4.  P.    ternatus,  Torr.     Branches  slender:  upper  leaves  in  3's.    Kern  Co.  S. 

5.  P.     breviflorus,  Lindl.     Sterile  filament  naked.     Sierra  Nevada. 

6.  P.    Lemmoni,  Gr.    Paniculate:  sterile  filament  yellow  bearded.     N.  Cent.  CaL 

7.  P.     antirrhinoides,  Benth.     Branched,  leafy,  paniculate:  corolla  pale  yellow. 

8.  P.     glaber,  Pursh.    Wide  corolla  1  to  14  in.  long.     Sierras  eastward. 

9.  P.     centranthifolius,  Benth.    Very  glaucous:  corolla  tubular,  bright  scarlet. 

10.  P.     spectabilis,  Thurber.     Corolla  roae-purple  or  lilac,  the  limb  violet. 

11.  P.     Cleveland!,  Gr.     Corolla  crimson,  9  lines  long:  sterile  filaments  bearded. 

12.  P.    Palxneri,  Gr.    Corolla  8-9  lines  broad:  sterile  fil.  densely  yellow-bearded. 

13.  P.    Rattan!,  Gr.    Leaves  3-8  in.  long,  denticulate:  corolla  pale  purple.  N.  W.G& 
Var.  minor,  Gr.     Smaller:  corolla  6-7  lines  long.     Klamath  and  Trinity  H. 

Var.  KLeei,  Gr.     Between  the  foregoing  in  size.     High  peak  near  Santa  Cruz, 

14.  P.  pruinosus,  Dougl.     Pubescent:  corolla  deep  blue,  hairy.     Or.  Wash. 

15.  P.  ovatus,  Dougl.     Pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  green:  corolla  purple  blue. 

16.  P.  confertus,  Dougl.    Thyrsus  in  2-5  dense  whorls:  corolla  yellowish,  small. 

17.  P.  deustus,  Dougl.    Tufted,  woody  at  base:  corolla  yellow  to  dull  white. 

18.  P.  heterodoxos,  Gr.    Leaves  obtuse,  entire.    Near  Conner  Pass,  CaL 

19.  P.  glandulosus,  Lindl.     Corolla  lilac:  sterile  filaments  naked.     Or.  Wash. 

20.  P.  venustus,  DdugL     Leaves  closely  serrate:  sepals  small.    Or. 

21.  P.  diffusus,  Dougl.    Often  diffuse:  leaves  unequally  serrate.     Or.  Wash. 

22.  P.  Richardson!,  Dougl.    Leaves  incised  or  laciniate-pinnatifid.    Or. 

23.  P.  triphyllus,  Dougl.    Leaves  lonceolate  or  linear,  rigid,  often  laciniate. 

24.  P.  gracilentus,  Gr.    Peduncles  and  calyx  viscid.    Mts.  N.  Cal.,  Or. 

25.  P.  laetus,  Gr.     Ashy-pubescent:  corolla  an  inch  long  blue.    Mts.  CaL 

26.  P.  Boezli,  Hegel.     Smaller:  corolla  smaller,  paler.     Sierra  Nev.  to  Or. 

27.  P.  azureus,  Benth.     Glaucous;  leaves  ovate  or  narrower:  corolla  broad. 
Var.  Jaffrayanus,  Gr.     Low  broad-leaved  form  in  the  Sierras. 

Var.  parvulus,  Gr.    Broad  leaves  an  Inch  or  less  long:  corolla  9  lines  long.    Alpine. 


8CROPHULARIACEJB.  Igg 

Var.  angTLstissimus,  Or.     Leaves  very  slender.     Yoeemite  Valley,  etc. 
28.     P.     heterophyllus,  Lindl.     Similar:  bnda  often  yellowish.     W.  O&L 
20.    P.     Bridgesii,  Or.     Thyrsus  one-sided:  corolla  lips  long.     8.  Sierras. 

10.    BirttTOXUS,  Linnaeus. 

*  Corottabuff,  salmon-color  or  orange,  large:  a  viscid  shrub. 1 

*  *  Corolla-limb  rose  or  crimson-purple  (scarlet  in  No.  17):  sticky  viscid  or  slimy  (lete  to  *• 

gt  10,  17, 18,  S8);  often  ill  scented. 

a.  Style  pubescent  above;  stigma  unequally  lobed  or  entire,  usually  peltate- funnelfontu 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Corolla-tube  long,  slender;  lower  lip  very  short;  upper  lip  erect , 6 

Corolla  scarcely  exserted,  3-4  lines  long:  capsule  much  exserted ._ 6 

Corolla  exceeding  £  inch;  lower  lip  shorter;  throat  dark  or  yellow , 8 

Corolla  trumpet  shape,  6-9  lines  broad,  crimson:  calyx  hardly  oblique 10 

Corolla  similar,  6  lines  long,  4-5  lines  broad,  deep  red:  calyx  oblique 11 

Corolla  nearly  fnnnelform,  2-6  lines  long,  crimson:  calyx-teeth  spreading 19 

Corolla  6-9  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  obtuse,  nearly  equal 13 

Corolla  often  an  inch  long:  calyx-teeth  very  unequal,  acute:  very  viscid 14 

Corolla  oblique-salverform,  white,  crimson-veined 16 

b.  Style  smooth;  stigma  of  2  equal  flat  lobes  which  upon  irritation  close:  flown*  on  long 
or  short  peduncles. 

Corolla  oblique-bilabiate,  exceeding  1  inch,  lobes  reflexed,  scarlet 17 

Corolla  open-bilabiate,  1 J-2  inches  long,  lobes  spreading,  rose-color 18 

Corolla  little  surpassing  calyx;  very  slimy-villous , 84 

Corolla  2-3  lines  long;  lower  lip  entire,  upper  2  lobed 88 

*  *  *  Corolla-limb  rose  or  crimson-purple:  not  viscid,  or  very  slightly  so. 

a.  Almost  stemless:  corolla-tube  long  and  slender:  style  pubescent. 

Flowers  erect,  sessile,  surpassing  the  leaves,  1-2  inches  long 9,  8,  4 

b.  Stems  much  longer  than  the  flowers:  style  smooth;  stigma  equally  2-lobed,  lobes  flat 
and  often  closed. 18,  80,  38,  80 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  yellow,  often  spotted:  viscid  or  slimy. 

Corolla-throat  often  purple-tinged  or  dotted:  odor  strong,  fetid. 7 

Corolla  1  inch  long  or  longer,  nearly  as  broad,  lobes  subequal 15 

Corolla  3-9  lines  long:  peduncles  scape-like:  leaves  rosulate-crowded 10 

Corolla  £-1  inch  long:  slimy,  musky,  spreading  and  creeping fiO 

Corolla  fc-f  inch  long:  fruiting  calyx  &  inch  long,  mouth  closed 87 

Corolla  $-&  inch  long:  fruiting  calyx  on  long  peduncle,  lower  teeth  shortest 89 

Corolla  light  yellow,  limb  often  pinkish:  petioles  margined 81 

Corolla  as  broad  as  long  (&  inch) :  peduncles  much  exceeding  oval  leaves. 38 

Corolla  narrower,  £-£  inch  long:  peduncles  little  exceeding  the  leave*. 83 


164  8CBOPHULARIACE2BL 

Corolla-tube  narrow,  exaerted;  throat  and  bearded  lip  spotted 30 

Corolla  3-4  lines  long,  lobes  nearly  equal,  often  a  pair  of  spots. 40 

*****  Corolla  yellow,  often  spotted,  not  viscid. 

Leaves  orate  to  oblong:  rootstocks  tuber  bearing:  corolla  £  inch  broad 21 

Leaves  similar,  coarsely  serrate,  acute:  corolla  orange-yellow,  1  inch  broad 22 

Lower  leaves  broad,  acutely  and  irregularly  dentate  or  laciniate 23 

Lower  leaves  narrow,  petioled,  thick,  shining,  denticulate,  email. 24 

Lower  leaves  clasping,  the  others  orbicular-perfoliate,  glaucous 25 

Leaves  mostly  basal:  stem  wing-angled:  upper  calyx- tooth  prominent 26 

Leaves  very  small,  often  purplish :  diffuse :  peduncles  spreading 27 

Leaves  narrow,  laciniately  lobed:  corolla  pale,  24  lines  long:  diffuse 28 

Leaves  narrow,  entire:  corolla  £  in.  broad,  purple  dotted;  lip  bearded 36 

Leaves  narrow,  entire:  corolla  2-3  lines  long:  lobes  all  notched ,  37 

Leaves  entire,  soft-hairy:  diffuse:  corolla  with  2  brownish  spots. » 40 

*  *  CoroUa  white  or  white  and  yellow,  often  purple-marked. 

White  or  yellowish,  throat  with  8  or  10  purple  stripes. 9 

White  purple  or  yellowish,  3-6  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  very  short 30 

White,  veined  with  crimson,  oblique  salverform 16 

Yellow  with  white  or  pinkish  border,  £  in.  long:  viscidnlous 31 

Upper  lip  white,  lower  yellow,  purple  dotted:  viscid. 35 

f  1.     DXPLACUS,  Gr.     Shrubs  3-5  ft.  high:  glutinous- viscid. 

1.  X.     glutinosus,  Wendl.     Variable.     Common  in  Central  and  W.  CaL 

|  2.     O3NOE,  Gr.     Corolla  1-2  in.  long;  tube  long  exserted,  slender:  capsule  1-sided. 

2.  M.    tricolor,  Lindl.     Corolla  limb  with  5  crimson,  spots,  palate  yellow. 

3.  M.     angustatus,  Gr.     Similar:  corolla  tube  3-8  times  as  long  as  the  short  throat. 

4.  M.     Donglasii,  Gr.     Upper  corolla  lip  erect,  lower  almost  none:  stemless. 

ft,     ML    Kelloggii,  Cnrran.     Becoming  a  span  or  a  ft.  high:  lower  lip  larger.     CaL 

8  3.     EUNANUS,  Gr.     Style  glandular:  capsule  not  1 -aided. 

flu    M,    Battanl,  Gr.    A  span  high:  calyx  very  viscid.    Mt.  Tamalpai*  and  Lake 
Co.,  CaL 

7.  1C.    mephiticus,  Greene.    Corolla  6-8  lines  long.     Sierra  Nevada. 

8.  M.     nanus,  H.  &;  A.    A  span  high  or  less,  blossoming  from  near  base.     CaL,  N. 

9.  M,     Whitney i,  Gr.     Dwarf,  1  or  2  in.  high:  corolla  &  in.  long.     Alpine,  CaL 

10.  M.  Fremont i,  Gr.     Leaves  narrow:  corolla  rarely  white.     Common  in  8.  CaL 

11.  M.  aubsecundus,  Gr.    Diffuse:  flowers  spicate,  turned  to  one  side.    CaL 

12.  M.  leptaleus,  Gr.    A  span  or  less  high,  often  depauperate.    Mts.,  CaL 

13.  M.  Torreyi,  Gr.    A  span  or  more  high,  simple  or  branching.    S.  N.  Mts. 

14.  ML  Bolanderi,  Gr.    Very  viscid,  strong  scented,  1-3  ft  high,  simple.    Cent.  CaL 


8OBOPHULABIACEA.  165 

15.    M.    brevipes,  Benth,    Very  viscid,  1-2  ft.  high:  leaves  slender.    Monterey,  a 

|  4.    MIMUI*ASraUM,  Or.    Corolla  throat  contracted  at  mouth:  limb  rotate. 

18.    M.    pictua,  Or.    Simple  sterna  or  basal  branches  erect    Tehachapi,  CaL 

f  6.    EUBLUBLUJUUS,  Or.    Calyx  plicately  angled:  style  smooth;  stigma-lobes  flat. 

17.  M.    cardinalis,  Dongl.    Viscid- villous,  2-4  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate,  erose, 

18.  M.    Lewisii,  Porsh.    More  slender,  greener.    Snbalpine.    Cal.-Or. 

19.  K.    priinnloides,  Benth.    Scapes  1-4  in.  long:  light  green.    S.  N.  Mta. 

20.  M.    moschatus,  Dongl.     Stems  1-3  ft  long:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  1-2  in.  long, 
Var.  longiflorus,  Or.    Less  viscid,  corolla  longer. 

Var.  sessilifolius,  Gr.    Leaves  sessile:  corolla  1  in.  long.    M.  inodorous,  Greene. 

21.  ML  moniliformi*,  Greene.    Leaves  sparingly  denticulate.    S.  N.  Mta. 

22.  M.  dentatus,  Nutt,     Simple  stems  a  foot  high  or  less.     Humboldt  Bay,  N. 

23.  M.  luteus,  L.     Erect,  i  to  4  ft.  high:  corolla  large;  palate  prominent. 

24.  M.  Scouleri,  Hook.    Erect,  1-2  ft.  high:  flowers  smaller.    Colombia  B. 

25.  M.  glauceacena,  Greene.    Corolla  1  in.  long  and  broad,  not  dotted.     S.  N.  Mts, 

26.  M.  nasutus,  Greene.    Corolla  short,  often  with  a  spot.    Common. 

27.  M.  nudatus,  Curran.    Corolla  i-f  in.  long,  deep  yellow.    CaL 

28.  M.  laciniatus,  Gr.     Slender:  }-l  ft  high.    Merced  R.,  CaL 

29.  M.  alsinoidea,  BongL    Slender,  branching,  3-12  in.  high.     Moist  rock*. 

30.  M.  incoaspicuiLB,  Gr.    Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  entire,  }  in.  long  or  leak 
Var.  acutidens,  Gr.    Calyx-teeth  subulate:  leaves  denticulate.    King's  R. 
Var.  latidens,  Gr.    Calyx-teeth  triangular  ovate.     Monte  Diablo,  S. 

31.  M.  Pulsifersa,  Gr.    Branching,  6-8  in.  high:  leaves  3-nerved.    N.  CaL  to  W. 

32.  M.  peduacularis,  DongL     Erect,  slender:  leaves  £-&  in.  long.     Columbia  B. 

33.  M.  floribtmdus,  Dongl.     Similar,  slimy,  musky.    Common. 

34.  M.  Parish!!,  Greene.     Stout,  erect,  1-2  ft.  high,  leafy.    Los  Angeles,  8. 

35.  X.  tricolor,  Hartweg.     Leaves  small:  calyx  ribbed.    Foot-hills,  S.  N.  Mts. 

36.  M.  xnontioides,  Gr.     Branching  from  base  or  simple:  leaves  slender.    S.  N.  Mts. 

37.  M.  Suksdorfli,  Gr.     Leaves  often  reddish,  H  i°-  long.    Cascade  and  8.  N.  Nta, 

38.  M.  rubellus,  Gr.    Leaves  lanceolate,  }-!}  i&-  long.     Cascade  and  S.  N.  Mta. 

39.  M.  Palmeri,  Gr.    Leaves  narrow:  corolla-limb  nearly  rotate.     S.  E.  CaL 

Var.  androsaceus,  Gr.     M.  andnuaccu*,  Cnrran.     Much  branched:  leaves  broaden 
oorolla  smaller,  3-6  lines  long.     S.  E.  CaL 

$  6.     MUffULOIDES,  Gr.    Calyx  deeply  cleft,  almost  nerveless. 

40.  K.     esilis,  Durand.     M.  pUomu,  Watson,    Much  branched,  leafy,  very 
Common  in  Gal. 


IQQ  BCROPHULAKIACEjE. 

11.     HERPESTIS,  C.  T.  Gseertner. 
1.    H.    rotundifolia,  Pnrsh.    Creeping  in  wet  places:  leaves  obovate.    Fresno,  Oal 

12.     GBATIOLA,    Lianaus. 

1.  Q.    ebracteata,  Benth.     Leaves  lanceolate:  sepals  eqnaling  corolla. 

2.  CK    Virginiana,  L.    More  viscid:  leaves  broader:  calyx  much  shorter. 

13.    ILYSANTHES,  Rafinesque. 
L    X.    gratioloides,  Benth.     Diffuse:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong:  corolla  ±  In.  long. 

14.    UMOSEULA,   litmams. 
L    I*,    aquatica,  L.     Tufts  1-2  in.  high:  leaves  fleshy,  slenders  semi.aqustitf, 

15.  DIGITALIS,  Linnams. 

L    D.    pnrpurea,  L.     Tall  stems  with  terminal  spike  of  rose  or  white  flowers  mostly 
•potted.    The  common  foxglove  now  naturalized.    Hnmboldt  Bay  to  Or. 

16.  SYNTHYBIS,   Bentham. 

1.  8.    rotundifolia;  Gr.     Scapes  naked  3-4  in.  high,  not  exceeding  leaves.     Or. 
Var.  cordata,  Gr.     Leaves  smaller,  cordate,  simply  crenate.    N.  W.  Col. 

2.  S.    reniformia,  Benth.     Scapes  bracteate,  surpassing  leaves,  pedicels  shorter.     Or. 

17.  VERONICA,    Linnaeus. 

*  Perennial*  subaquatic:  raceme*  in  the  axil*  of  opposite  leave*:  corolla  blue. 

1.  V.    Anagallis,  L.     Leaves  sessile  oblong-lanceolate,  subclasping. 

2.  V.    Americana,  Schweinitz.     Leaves  often  petioled,  broader.     Common. 
8.    V.     scutellata,  L.     Slender:  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute. 

*  Perennial*:  racemes  terminal:  leave*  broad,  an  inch  long  or  less. 

4.  V,     Cusickii,  Gr.     Stems  erect  3-4  in.  high,  leafy:  naked  peduncle  3-9-flow«red. 

5.  V.    alpina,  L.     Not  so  leafy:  racemes  dense:  corolla  smaller,  2-3  lines  broad. 

6.  V.     serpyllifolia,  L.     Stums  creeping  and  branching:  spike-like  raceme  leafy. 

*  *  "  Lower  annuals:  Jlower*  in  the  axils  of  mostly  alternate  leaves. 

7.  V.     peregrina,  L.     Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  branching:  flowers  small. 

8.  V.     arvensis,  L.     Pubescent,  soon  spreading:  lower  leaves  crenate. 

9.  V.    Buxbaumii.  Tenore.     Very  pubescent  decumbent;  pedicels  long.     &  F,  Bay 

18.  CA3TTLLEIA,    Mutis. 

Leaves  and  bracts  all  linear-lanceolate  and  entire:  calyx  nil  green.   1 

Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrow:  calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  mostly  red:  corolla 
li-2  in.  long;  upper  lip  (galea)  8-1  in.  long J8,  8 


SCROPHULARIACEA  167 

Calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind:  floral  bracts  more  or  less  dilated,  red  vary- 
ing  to  yellow  or  whitish. 

Galea  (upper  lip)  as  long  or  longer  than  the  tube,  lip  very  short 4,  5,  6 

Galea  hardly  as  long  as  tube:  leaves  linear,  entire,  white- woolly 7 

Galea  much  shorter  than  tube,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lip , . .  8,  9 

1.  0.     Btenantha,  Gr.     Slender:  corolla  1-1£  in.  long.     Cent,  to  S.  Cat 

2.  0.     afflnis,  H.  <fc  A.     Calyx  cleft  twice  as  deep  before  as  behind.     Cal.  Coast 

3.  0.    linearifolia,  Gr.     Calyx  cleft  much  deeper  before.     S.  N.  Mts. 

4.  0.    latifolia,  H.  &  A.     Diffuse,  viscid- villous:  leaves  broad,  obtuse.     Cal. 

5.  0.    parviflora,  Bong.    Leaves  laciniate -cleft  or  entire:  galea  partly  exserted. 

6.  0.    miniata,  DougL     Leaves  and  bracts  mostly  entire:  galea  more  exserted. 

7.  0.    foliolosa,  H.  &  A.    Many  stems  from  woody  base  leaves  crowded.    CaL  Gooat 

8.  0.    pallida,  Benth,  var.  occidentals,  Gr.     Flowers  whitish:  low:  alpine. 
8.    0.    Lexnmoni,  Gr.    Taller:  spike  dense,  reddish.     Sierra  Co.,  CaL 

19.     OBTHOCABPUS,   Nuttall. 

8  1.    Castilleoid.es,  Gr.    Lip  of  the  corolla  simply  or  somewhat  triply  saccate  the  lobee 
(teeth)  erect:  anthers  all  2-celled:  bracts  with  colored  tips. 

Perennial :  very  leafy:  leaves  mostly  3-5-parted :  galea  obtuse 1 

Annual  (as  are  all  the  remaining  species):  galea  nearly  straight 2,  8,  4 

Galea  densely  bearded,  incurved  at  apex:  filaments  hairy 5 

§  2.     Corolla-lip  simply  saccate;  teeth  inconspicuous  or  wanting:  galea  ovate-triangular: 
anthers  2-celled. 

Bracts  colored,  dilated:  corolla  rose-purple 6,  7 

Bracts  not  colored,  leaf-like,  3-5-cleft,  lobes  acute 8,  9 

g  3.    Triphysaria,  Benth.    Corolla-lip  conspicuously  3-saccate,  teeth  minute  or  small; 
tube  slender:  bracts  all  similar  to  the  leaves. 

Slender,  diffusely  spreading:  minute  flowers  in  nearly  all  the  axils 10 

Stams  erect,  often  corymbosely  or  fastigiately  branched. 

Stamens  soon  exserted:  spikes  of  yellowish  or  white  flowers  dense 11 

Stamens  included;  anthers  1-celled:  leaf  divisions  filiform 12,  13 

Stamens  included;  anthers  2-celled  but  lower  cell  often  imperfect 14,  15 

Stamens  included;  anthers  2-celled:  stems  strict,  often  simple. 

Very  leafy  and  hirsute  above:  spike  very  dense;  bracts  broad. 16 

Spikes  leafy:  corolla  yellow;  sacs  2  lines  long:  viscid 17 

corolla  white  sacs  1-2  lines  deep , 18,  19 

1.  O.     pilosus,  Watson.     Sierra  Nevada  above  5000  ft.  to  Mts.  of  Oregon. 

2.  O.     attenuates,  Gr.     Slender:  spike  of  pale  flowers  very  slender.     Coast. 
S,     O.     densiflorus,  Benth.     Spikes  dense:  leaves  entire  or  few-lobed.     CaL 

&     O.     castilleioides,  Benth.     Spikes  shorten  leaves  mostly  laciniate.     Coast. 


168  8CROPHULABIACEJL 

6.  O.  purpurascens,  Benth.     Crimson  or  rose-color  spikes  showy.     CaL 

6.  O.  imbricatus,  Torr.     Slender:  cor.  hardly  \  inch  long.     S.  N.  and  Cascade  Mta. 

7.  O.  pach.ystacb.yus,  Or.     Low,  stout:  cor.  over  1  inch  long,  galea  hooked.  N.  CaL 

8.  O.  bracteosus,  Benth.    Hirsute,  strict:  corolla  rose-purple.    Br.  Col.  to  CaL 

9.  O.  -luteus,  Nutt.     Corolla  golden  yellow:  galea  obtuse  straight.     S.  N.  Mtg. 

10.  O.     pusillus,  Benth.     Leaves  3-5-parted  into  filiform  lobes,  often  brownish. 

11.  O.     floribundus,  Benth.     Erect  3-8  in.  high:  corolla  £  in.  long.     8.  F.  Bay. 

12.  O.     erianthus,  Benth.     Corolla  sulphur-yellow;  galea  dark.     Cal.  Coast. 
Var.  lee  vis,  Gr.     Often  a  foot  high:  corolla  yellow  to  white:  galea  pale. 
Var.  roseus,  Gr.     Corolla  larger,  white  or  rose-color.     San  Francisco. 

13.  O.     BidwelliaB,  Gr.     Similar:  smaller  in  every  way.    Sacramento  Valley* 
Var.  micranthus,  Gr.    Still  smaller:  lip  a  line  broad.    Fresno  Co.,  CaL 

14.  O.    gracilis,  Benth.    Bracts  with  purplish  tips:  corolla  purplish.    Rare. 

15.  O.     campestris,  Benth.     2-4  in.  high:  leaves  mostly  entire:  corolla  white. 

16.  O.     lithospermoides,  Benth.     Corolla  yellow  or  rose-tinged,  large. 

17.  O.     lacerus,  Benth.     Hairy  leaves  and  bracts  3-7-cleft.     S.  N.  Mts.  and  Sao,  VaL 

18.  O.     hispidus,  Benth.     Soft-hairy:  spike  slender.     Or.  and  Cal. 

19.  O.     linearilobus,  Benth.     Hirsute,  stouter,  more  branched.     Cent.  CaL 

20.  COBDYLANTHUS,  Nuttall. 

*  Calyx  g-leaved:  Jlowers  short -peduncled  or  sessile  subtended  by  2-4  brackets:  stamens  £\ 
filaments  hairy:  corolla  nearly  included. 

Leaves  mostly  3-5-parted,  the  upper  and  bracts  hispid-ciliate 1 

Leaves  entire  except  the  3-parted  bracts:  soft  villous 9 

Leaves  entire  very  slender;  bracts  obtusely  3-5-lobed,  fan-shaped 3 

Leaves  entire  very  slender:  flowers  scattered  on  slender  branches 4 

*  Calyx  of  oil*  posterior  leaf:  powers  in  short  spikes,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  clasping  bracts: 
no  bractleta:  low  salt-marsh  plants 6,  6 

1.  0.     filifolius.  Nutt.     Corolla  over  £  in.  long,  purplish.     Cal. 

2.  0.     pilosus,  Gr.     Tall:  viscidulous  flowers  few  in  clusters  or  solitary. 
Var.  Bo  lander  i,  Gr.     Lower,  more  viscid:  flowers  all  scattered. 

3.  C.     Pringlei,  Gr.     Corolla  4-5  lines  long,  pale  yellow.     Clear  Lake,  CaL 

4.  0.     tennis,  Gr.     Paniculate,  1-2  ft.  high.     Central  Cal. 
&     0.     mollis,  Gr.     Stamens  2:  anthers  2-celled.     S.  F.  Bay. 

6.     O.     maritimus,  Nutt.     Stamens  4.     San  Diego  to  Humboldt  Bay. 

21.  PEDICULABIS,  Tournefort. 

Galea  with  a  slender  projecting  or  upturned  beak:  corolla  dull  rose  or  crimson:  spike 

naked.     Alpine  in  S.  N.  Mts 1,  9 

Galea  with  incurved  beak:  corolla  white  or  whitish 8,  4,  5 

Galea  falcate  with  subulate  beak:  a  pair  of  stem  leaves 6 


BCBOPHULABIACBJC. 


169 


Qalea  not  beaked :  leaves  plnnately-parted,  lobes  pinnatifid 7,  8,  8 

1.  P.  Groenlandica,  Ketz.     Spike  glabrous:  corolla  i  in.  and  beak  J  in.  long. 

ft  P.  attollens,  Gr.     Spike  woolly;  beak  of  galea  2-S  lines  long. 

8.  P.  contorta,  Benth.     Leaves  pinnate,  linear  lobes  incised.     Or. 

4.  P.  racemosa,  Dougl.     Leaves  undivided,  crenate:  raceme  leafy.     Snbalpino. 

6.  P.  Howellii,  Gr.     Leaves  entire,  serrate  or  pinnate.     Siskiyou  Mts. 

6.  P.  ornithorhyncha,  Benth.    Spike  interrupted:  calyx  inflated.     Mt 

7.  P.  palustrifl,  L.  (Var.)    Calyx  2-cleft:  corolla  £  in.  long,  purplish. 

8.  P.  Semibarbata,  Gr.    Nearly  stemless:  spikes  sessile.     Mts.  Cal. 

9.  P.  densiflora,  Benth.    Corolla  scarlet  or  crimson;  galea  £  in  long. 


OROBANCHACEJ). 

I.    APHYLLON,  Mitchell. 

Scopes  or  long  peduncles  from  a  scaly,  fleshy  rootstock  or  short  stem. 8,  1 

Stems  rising  above  ground:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flower  or  none. 

Flowers  an  inch  or  more  long  on  distinct  pedicels 8,  4 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  about  \  in.  long:  anthers  glabrous 4,  5 

1.  A.     anifloruxn,  Gr.     Scapes  few:  corolla  often  violet  tinged:  calyx  lobes  slender. 

2.  A.     fasciculatum,  Gr.     Peduncles  often  many:  corolla  yellow:  calyx  lobes  abort. 

3.  A.     comosuxn,  Gr.     Calyx-lobes  half  as  long  as  pink  or  purple  corolla. 

4.  A.     Calif ornicum,  Gr.    Calyx-lobes  and  bractlets  nearly  equaling  corolla. 
6.     A,     tuber o sum,  Or.     Stems  thick,  1-3  in.  high:  flowers  densely  crowded, 
ft.    A,     pinetoruxn,  Gr,     More  slender,  i-1  ft.  high:  flowers  looser.     Oregon, 

2.    BOSCHNTAKTA,  C.  A.  Meyer. 
L    &     strobilacoa,  Gr.    A  thick,  brownish  rod  spike  of  striped  flowora 


LENTIBULARIACE2E. 


Stems  etont,  densely  leafy:  leaves  2-3-pinnate,  very  bladdery...^....  ......  ,  -----  ....  1 

Stems  filiform:  leaves  scattered,  repeatedly  forked,  bristly  .....................  .....  9 

Stems  slender:  leaves  2  -ranked,  not  bladdery,  f  or  king  ........  .....  .  ............  «...  8 

1.  TJ.     vulgaris,  L.     Scapes  6-16-flowered:  corolla  i  in.  broad  or  more. 

2.  TJ.     minor,  L.     Scapes  3-7  in.  high:  corolla  2-3  lines  broad:  spur  short 
5.     TJ.     intermedia,  Hayne.     Scape  1-4-flowered:  corolla  $  in.  broad. 


170  LABIATE. 

VERBENACEJB. 

Corolla  nearly  equally  5-lobed:  calyx  5- toothed:  small  flowers  in  spikes 1 

Corolla  bilabiate,  4-lobed:  calyx  2- cleft:  small  heads  on  slender  peduncles M.«.  fl 


1.    VERBENA,  Tournefort. 

1.  V.     offldnalia,  L.     Spikes  filiform,  bracts  minute;  leaves  pinnatifid. 

2.  V.     polystachya,  HBK.     Leaves  serrate:  corolla  a  line  broad.     Rare. 

3.  V.     hastata,  L.     Erect,  3-6  ft  high:  leaves  coarsely  serrate,  petioled. 

4.  V.     prostata,  R.  Br.     Diffuse,  spreading,  hairy:  corolla  2  lines  broad. 

6.     V.     bracteosa,  Michx.     Similar,  but  rigid  bracts  exceeding  smaller  flowers. 

2.     LIPPIA,  Linnaus. 
L     I*,     mxliflora,  Michx.     Creeping:  peduncles  1-4  in.  long:  flowers  rose  to  whit*. 


LABIATE. 

§  1.     Stamens  4,  coiled  in  the  bud,  much  ex  sorted  through  a  cleft  in  the  upper  lip:  leaves 

entire:  corolla  and  curved  filaments  blue  or  purple 1 

9  2.  Stamens  erect  or  ascending,  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting:  anther-cells 
short,  close  together  or  united:  upper  lip  of  corolla  not  concave  or  hooded  (except 
in  No.  9). 

'  Ctxrx&i  small,  almost  equally  4-lobed:  axillary  flowers  in  dense  whorl-like  cluster*,  the  vpptf 

axils  flowerless. 

Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  all  perfect:  calyx  5  toothed 8 

Stamens  2,  with  anthers,  posterior  pair  sterile  or  wanting. 8 

*  *  Corolla,  bilabiate:  stamens  4. 
Flowers  capitate:  calyx  equally  5- toothed:  stamens  distinct,  straight. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire  or  merely  notched 4 

Upper  lip  2-cleft:  stamens  exaerted 5 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters,  axillary:  curved  stamens  all  perfect. 

Flowers  small,  white  or  purple:  not  £  in.  long / 0 

Flowers  over  an  inch  long,  orange;  peduncles  bracteate 7 

Flowers  in  oblong  heads  or  interrupted  spikes,  blue  or  purple 8 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  rose  and  white:  upper  anthers  imperfect 0 

Flowers  with  white  or  purplish  corolla  an  inch  long:  stamens  perfect 10 

g  3.     Stamens  2,  the  upper  pair  rudimentary  or  wanting:  anthers  1 -celled  or  with  2  cells 
•widely  separated  on  the  ends  of  a  filament-like  connective:  flowers  in  dense  terminal 
heads  or  globose  whorls  (except  sp.  tf  of  JXo.  it». 
Oonnective  versatile  upon  the  short  filament.     Leaves  pinnatifid 11 


LABIATA  171 

Oonneotive  Joined  to  the  filament  by  one  end;  only  one  anther  cell ~ 19 

|  4.     Stamens  4,  perfect:  corolla  bilabiate:  calyx  15  nerved. 

Flowers  in  oblong  pednnoled  heads,  pale  violet:  stamens  ezserted , 18 

§  6.     Stamens  4,  perfect,  ascending  under  the  concave  or  hooded  tipper  lip. 

Calyx  with  a  projection  on  tipper  side:  flowers  solitary  axillary •« 14 

Calyx  purple- tinged,  upper  teeth  broad,  obtuse,  lower  two  lanceolate 15 

Calyx  10- toothed,  the  shorter  5  teeth  spiny,  recurved:  corolla  small,  white 16 

Calyx  nearly  equally  6- toothed :  flowers  in  whorls  or  interrupted  spikes ........  17 

1.    TBJCHOSTEM A ,  Gronovius. 

1.  T.    Oblong-urn,  Benth.     Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx.     Or.-CaL 

2.  T.    laxum,  Gr.     Diffuse:  leaves  petioled:  cymes  pednncled,  often  forked. 

3.  T.    lanceolatum,  Benth.     Gray-green:  leaves  crowded,  sessile.     Or.-CaL 

4.  T.     ovatum,  Curran,     Leaves  round-ovate:  calyx  densely  villous.     3.  Cal. 

5.  T.    lanatum,  Benth.     Shrubby:  leaves  narrow:  corolla  woolly.    Santa  Barbara,  & 

2.     MENTHA,  Linnaeus. 

1.    M.     Canadensis,  L.     Villous:  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  narrower. 
Var.  glabrata,  Benth.    The  similar  serrate  acute  leaves  nearly  glabrous. 

3.    LYCOPUS,  Tournefort. 

1.  It.    Virginicus,  L.     Stem  obtuse-angled:  sterile  filament  minute.     Or. 

2.  L.    lucidus,  Turcz,   var,  Americanus,  Gr.     Stem  acute-angled,  stont:  runners 
tuberiferons:  calyx-teeth  slender,  equaling  corolla. 

3.  I*,     sinuatus,  Ell.    Leaves  mostly  incised  or  pinna ti fid.     N.  CaL,  Or. 

4.    PYCNANTHEMUM,   Michaux. 
1.    P.    CalifomicturL,  Torr.    Leaves  ovate  or  narrower,  sessile,  1-3  in.  long. 

5.    MONARDELLA,  Bentham. 
|  1.    Calyx  over  £  in.  long:  corolla- tube  much  longer  than  the  lobes 1,8 

|  2.     Calyx  J.J  in.  long:  corolla-tube  but  little  longer  than  the  linear  or  oblong  flat  lobes? 

flowers  in  dense  involncrate  heads. 

*  Tufted:  corolla  flesh-color  to  rose,  lobes  linear:  calyx-teeth  soft. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  petioled,  pinnately  veined:  bracts  obtuse 8,  4,  6 

Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  entire,  £-f  in.  long,  upper  subsessile 6,  7 

•  *  Annuals  loosely  branching:  leaves  entire  or  undulate,  rather  distinct,  narrowed  into  a 

petiok:  calyx-teeth  with  margined  nerve- 
Bracts  rigidly  cuspidate  white  and  transparent  except  toe  vein*. 8,  0 


172  LABIATA 

Bracts  acute  or  obtuse  nervose,  less  transparent  or  the  outer  green 1O,  11 

Braots  broadly  orate,  white-scarious,  nervose  with  cross  veins:  corolla  white  or  nearly  so, 
only  3  or  4  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  with  scarions  tips 19,  18 

1.  M.     macrantha,  Gr.     Orange  red  or  scarlet  corolla  1-1$  in.  long.     San  Diego. 

2.  M.     nana,  Gr.     Similar,  more  hairy:  corolla  white,  rose-tinged,  smaller.     S.  Cal. 

3.  M.    hypoleuca,  Gr.     Densely  white-tomentose:  bracts  nervose.     S.  B.  OaL 

4.  M.     villosa,  Benth.     Soft-hairy  or  glabrate:  bracts  pinnatel'y  veined.    Western  GaL 

5.  M.     odoratissima,  Benth.     Nearly  glabrous:  bracts  thin,  whitish  or  purplish. 

6.  M.     linoides,  Gr.     Ashy-pubescent:  bracts  scarious,  white,  pinkish.     S.  CaL 

7.  M.     Palmeri,  Gr.     Green:  bracts  very  obtuse:  otherwise  like  the  last.     S.  CaL 

8.  M.     Douglasii,  Benth.     Bracts  silvery  between  pinnate  nerves  and  margin. 

9.  M.    Brewer!,  Gr.     Bracts  broader,  less  translucent,  wanting  marginal  nerve. 

10.  M.  lanceolata,  Gr.     Bracts  acute,  cross  veinlets  between  the  nerves. 

11.  M.  undulata,  Benth.     Bracts  broadly  ovate,  not  cross- veined.     Coast. 

12.  M.  candicans,  Benth.     Braots  with  greenish  nerves.     Cent.  CaL 

13.  M.  leu.coceph.ala,  Gr.    Bracts  whiter,  lightly  nerved  calyx-teeth  slender. 

6.    MICROMERIA,   Bentham. 

1.  M.     Douglasii,  Benth.     Creeping:  leaves  round-ovate:  pedicels  slender,    GOM&. 

2.  M.    purpurea,  Gr.     Erect:  leaves  lanceolate:  flowers  in  dense  clusters. 

7.     CAXATfflNTHA,   Tournefort. 
L    0.    mimuloides,  Benth.    Hirsute,  viscidulous.     Monterey  Bay. 

8.     POGOGYNE,   Bentham. 

Stamens  all  perfect:  stigmas  nearly  equal:  corolla  £-£  in.  long 1,  2,  S 

Stamens  2  perfect:  stigmas  very  unequal:  corolla  &  in.  long 4,  5 

1.     P.    Douglasii,  Benth.     Spikes  oblong,  white-hispid,  bracts  acute. 

?.     P.     parviflora,  Benth.     Smaller;  bracts  mostly  obtuse.     S.  P.  Bay,  N. 

3.  P.     nudiuscula,  Gr.     Flowers  in  whorl-like  clusters:  bracts  less  hispid.     S.  CaL 

4.  P.    ziziphoroides,  Benth.     Flowers  mostly  in  heads  or  short  spikes. 

5.  P.     serpylloides,  Gr.     Flowers  in  whorls  or  long  interrupted  spikes. 

9.     ACANTHOMINTHA,   Gray. 

1.  A.     ilicifolia,  Gr.     Rigid,  3-6  in.  high:  leaves  broad,  often  cuspidate-toothed. 

2.  A.     lanceolata,  Curran.     Taller:  leaves  lanceolate:  flowers  larger,  an  inch  long. 

10.     SPHACELE,    Bentham. 
1.     S.     calycina,  Benth.     Shrubby:  leaves  rugose:  hairy  ring  in  corolla-bane. 


LABIAT2EL  173 

11.    SAX.VIA,  LinxuBoa. 

L    a     earduaoeft,  Benth.     White-woolly,  thistle-like:  lavender  corolla  1  in.  long. 
£    O.    Oolumbarto,  Benth,    Branching:  leaves  pinnatifidi  blue  corolla  $-$  in.  long. 

19.    AUDIBEBTIA,    Bentham. 

CtaoHa  1| in.  long,  crimson-purple :  large  leaves  very  rugose 1 

Oorofla  $  in.  long  or  less,  violet  or  bluish 2,  8,  4,  7 

Corolla §•£  in.  long:  stems  woody  below,  3-10 ft.  high.... 5,  6,  8 

1.  A.     grandiflora,  Benth.     Stout,  slightly  woody.     S.  F.  Bay,  south. 

2.  A.    means,  Benth.     Leaves  not  rugose,  1  in.  long  or  less.     San  Diego. 

8.    A-    ImmiHa,  Benth.    A  span  high,  simple,  stems  nearly  naked,  base  leafy. 

4.  A.    stachyoides,  Benth.    Several  ft.  high:  forming  dense  thickets.    Oal.  Coast. 

5.  A.    Palmeri,  Gr.    Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute:  whorls  4-8,  distant.     San  Diego. 

6.  A.     Cleveland!,  Gr.    Similar:  leaves  obtuse:  whorls  fewer:  viscid.    San  Diego. 

7.  A     nivia,  Benth.     White-hoary,  3-4  ft.  high:  stamens  exserted.   Santa  Barbara,  8. 
&    A.    polystaohya,  Benth.     Mostly  very  white:  flowers  in  a  thyrsus.     S.  Coast. 

13.    LOPHANTHUS,   Benth. 
L    I*,    nrtidfoliua,  Benth.    Green,  4  to  6  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  large. 

14.    SCUTELLAB.IA,    Linnaus. 

Corolla  alender.  $-f  in.  long,  deep  blue  or  violet:  leaves  ovate. 1 

Corolla  burger,  $-1  in.  long,  violet-blue:  leaves  oblong  or  narrow 2,  8 

Corolla  white  or  dull  yellow:  upper  leaves  entire,  obtuse 4,  5 

1.  8.    tnberosa,  Benth.    Soft-hairy,  mostly  3  or  4  in  high:  many  tubers.    Cent.  CaL 

2.  8.    angnstifolia,  Pursh.     Stems  slender:  corolla  hairy  inside,  f -1  in.  long. 

3.  8.    antirrhinoides,  Benth.     Similar:  leaves  and  corolla  broader  and  shorter. 

4.  S.    Calif omica,  Gr.    Slender:  leaves  short-petioled;  upper  short. 

5.  8.    Bolanderi,  Gr.    More  pubescent,  very  leafy:  leaves  sessile,  broad,  veiny. 

15.    BRT7NELLA,  Tournefort. 
1.    B.    vtdgarifl,  L.    Simple  stems  ending  in  a  dense  spike  of  violet  flowws. 

16.    MABRUBIUM,  Tournefort 
L.    Hoary,  bitter.    Common  Horehound  natoraliaed. 

17.    STACHYS.   Tournefort 

Corolla  white  or  whitish:  leaves  soft-hairy  or  white  tomentose.... «...  1,  8,  8 

Corolla  purple  or  rose,  |in.  long  or  lets;  tube  not  exceeding  calyx. M 4 

Corolla  purple  or  rose;  tube  exceeding  the  calyx 5,  8,  7 


174  ALI8MACKK. 

1.  8.  ajugoides,  Benth.     Softly  white-hairy:  leaves  oblong  obtuse:  ill-scouted. 

1  8.  albens,  Or.     White-woolly,  leafy,  often  tall:  leaves  rather  acute. 

3.  S.  pycnantha,  Benth.     Tawny -hairy,  leafy:  leaves  obtuse,  spike  short,  dense. 

4.  8.  palustris,  L.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  sessile.     Or. 

6.  8.  bullata,  Benth.     Mostly  hispid,  light  rose  flowers  in  interrupted  spikes. 
&  8.  Chamissonis,  Benth.     Much  larger;  leaves  2-5  in.  long.     Wet  ground. 

7.  B.  ciliata,  DougL     Similar;  leaves  thinner,  leas  hairy.     Or.  Coast 


PLANTAGINACE2E. 

1.    PLANTAOO,  Toornefort 

Stamens  4,  Leaves  not  fleshy,  1-8-ribbed  or  nerved 1,  6,  6 

Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate  or  broader....  8,  3,  7 
Leaves  fleshy,  linear  to  filiform;  spike  dense,  cylindrical 4 

Stamens  2:  leaves  linear  to  filiform,  1-4  in.  long:  annuals 8,  9 

1.  P.    major,  L.  var.  Asiatica,  Decne.    Leaves  ovate  or  oval:  scape  £-2  high. 

2.  P.     eriopoda,  Torr.    Yellowish  wool  at  base:  scape  £-1  ft.  high.   N.  Cal.  to  Alaska. 

3.  P.     macrocarpa,  C.  &  S.    Petioles  long:  capsule  £-&  in.  long.     Coast,  Wash. 

4.  P.     xnaritima,  L.     Corolla-tube  pubescent:  seeds  2  to  4.    Common  on  the  Coast. 

5.  P.     lanceolata,  L.     Petioles  slender:  scape  deeply  furrowed;  spike  short.    Nat. 

6.  P.     Pat  agonic  a,  Jacq.     Usually  silky-woolly:  slender  leaves  acute:  spikes  short. 

7.  P.    hlrtella,  HBK.     Scape  with  long  dense  spike,  1-2  ft.  high.     Cal.  Coast. 

8.  P.    Bigelovii,  Gr.     Spike  dense,  $-1  in.  long:  capsule  4-seeded.    Saline  marshes. 

9.  P.    heterophylla,  Nutt.     Spike  2-5  in.  long,  very  slender:  seeds  10-28.    Cal 


CLASS  H— ENDOGENS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONa 


ALISMACEffi. 

perfect:  stamens  usually  6:  carpels  in  a  whorl. 

Carpels  numerous,  distinct,  obovate-oblong,  flattened:  scape  paniculate. 1 

Carpels  6-12,  united  at  base,  tapering  to  a  beak:  scape  simple 2 

:rio wei-a  monoecious  or  dioecious:  carpels  many,  capitate,  winged,  short-beaked 8 


ALISMACEJL  175 

1.    AUSMA,  Linnams. 

A.  Plantago,  L.  Scape  with  branches  in  whorls:  leaves  orate  to  lanoeoHte  or 
narrower:  petals  small,  white  or  pinkish.  In  water  or  mud. 

2.    DAMASONIUM,   Jussieu. 

D.  Californicum,  Torr.  Scapes  6-18  in.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate, 
loog-petioled:  flowers  in  3  or  4  whorls;  pedicels  1-2  in.  long:  petals  3-4  lines  long, 
incised  above,  white.  In  water  or  mud.  S.  N.  Mts. 

8.    SAGITTARIA,  Linnams. 

8.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Leaves  ovate-sagittate  or  some  linear:  flowcn  mostly  in 
8'a:  petals  white,  rounded  |-f  in.  long:  tubers  edible.  In  water  or  mad. 


ORCHIDACEJS. 

Herbs  with  a  more  or  less  irregular  perianth  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals;  the  lower  petal 
(made  so  by  a  twist  in  the  inferior  ovary),  called  the  lip,  usually  unlike  the  other  two 
which  generally  resemble  the  sepals.  Stamens  and  style  united  to  form  the  column  which 
Is  capped  by  a  single  perfect  2-oelled  anther,  or  (in  Cypripedium)  with  a  perfect  anther 
on  each  side  of  the  stigma  over  which  curves  a  triangular  sterile  stamen.  Our  genera  are 
usually  grouped  in  four  tribes  here  briefly  defined. 

L    Anther  resting  lid -like  upon  the  column,  deciduous:  pollen-masses  4 1,  2,  8 

EL.     Anther  united  with  column,  persistent  on  its  face  above  stigma:  pollen-masses  2. .  4 

EEL     Anther  erect  on  top  of  column,  persistent:  pollen-masses  2-4 5  to  0 

IV.    Anthers  2,  lateral;  the  sterile  stamen  petaloid,  incurved 10 

*  Herb*  with  one  to  many  green  leave*:  not  parasitic. 

Leaf  solitary  from  a  globose  conn.     Scape  1 -flowered «.,..,,.  1 

Scape  6-20-flo wered 8 

Leaves  several  to  many  from  a  creeping  rootstock 0 

Leaves  a  pair  below  the  raceme  of  small  flowers,  ovate  or  cordate 7 

Leaves  2  or  3  to  many  clasping  slender  or  stoutish  stems,  at  least  at  base. 
Flowers  not  leaf y -bracted,  white  or  greenish,  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

Lip  of  perianth  spurred  at  base .-^. ....  4 

Lip  not  spurred:  spike  twisted:  flowers  3-ranked • . ................ . .  0 

Flowers  leafy-bracted,  pedicellate,  1-20. 

Lip  concave  at  base,  constricted  in  middle 8 

Lip  an  inflated  sac,  the  mouth  with  incurved  margin ,10 

*  *  Plants  with  no  green  leaves:  stems  simple,  ecape-Kke. 


176  ORCHIDACEJB. 

Flowers  and  sterna  brownish,  purplish  or  yellowish,  often  mottled  or  striped. ...  M ....  2 

Flowers  and  stems  nearly  or  quite  white 9 

Flowers  and  stems  greenish:  bracts  membranaceous,  acute.     Sp.  Sin 4 

1.    CAJuYPSO,  Salisbury. 

L  O.  borealis,  Saliab.  Stem  3-6  in.  high:  slender  bract  at  top,  subtending  a  drooping 
showy  flower:  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  rose-tinged  &-£  in.  long;  lip  saccate,  2- 
spurred,  mottled.  Springy  places  or  bogs,  from  Russian  River  (Mist  Wood)  to  Br. 
Am.  and  B.  to  the  Atlantic.  Also  in  N.  Eu.  and  Asia. 

2.    CORAJLLORHIZA,  Haller. 

Sepals  and  petals  eimilar;  lip  dilated,  recurved,  fiat  or  concave,  2-ridged  at  base.  Column 
incurved.  Rootstocka  coral-like,  hence  the  name  Coral-root. 

1.  O.    multiflora,  Nutt.    Sepals  and  petals  3-4  lines  long,  yellowish  or  whitish,  purple 
tinged:  spur  formed  by  decurrent  side-sepals  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  lip  broadly 
ovate,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  with  undulate  or  denticulate  margin,  often  purple- 
mottled.     Mts.,  San  Diego  to  Br.  Col.,  E.  to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  C.     Mertensiana,  Bong.     Similar:  flowers  red:  lower  half  of  the  spur  free:  lip  nar- 
rower, entire  or  with  small  teeth  at  base.     Humboldt  Bay  to  Alaska. 

3.  C.    innata,  R.  Br.     Smaller:  sepals  1&-2  lines  long:  spar  very  short.     Wash. 

4.  C.    Bigelovii,  Watson.     Stout:  sepals  and  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  4  lines  long, 
purple- veined;  spur  none.     S.  N.  &  Coast  Mts.,  Cat. 

5.  O.     striata,  LindL    Similar:  perianth  6-7  lines  long.    8.  N.  Mts.,  N.  &  E. 

3.  APIaECTRUM,  Torrey. 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Torr.  Scape  a  foot  high  or  more:  leaf  plaited,  4-8  in.  long:  perianth  | 
in.  long,  greenish  brown;  lip  whitish,  somewhat  spotted,  deeply  3-lobed,  3-ridged. 
The  glutinous  bulbs  give  the  name  Putty-root.  Or.  E.  to  the  Atlantic. 

4.  HABENAJRIA,  Willd. 

Sterna  slender:  leaves  few  and  at  base:  perianth  2  lines  long  or  less 1,  2 

Sterna  leafy.     Spur  4-6  lines  long,  slender:  lip  narrow 8,  4,  5 

Spur  short  and  thick 6,  7 

1.  H.     elegans,  Bolander.     Spike  dense:  sepals  and  petals  equal.   Coast,  Monterey,  N. 

2.  H.    Unalaschensis,  Watson.     Spike  less  dense:  flowers  smaller:  bracts  ovate. 

3.  'H.     leucostachys,  Watson.     Stout:  flowers  many,  white:  capsule  sessile.   Swamps. 

4.  E.     sparsiflora,  Watson.     Lower,  more  slender:  leaves  narrower:  greenish  flowers 
10-20,  distant,  exceeded  by  the  slender  bracts:  capsule  sessile.     S.  N.  Mts.  &  N.  CaL 

5.  H.     pedicellata,  Watson.     Raceme  loose:  capsule  tapering  into  a  pedicel. 


ORCHIDACEJ&.  177 

6.  H.     Cooperi,  Watson.     Stout:  lip  ovate:  upper  sepal  ovate.    San  Diego. 

7.  H.    gracilis,  Watson.     Like  No.  4:  lip  linear:  spur  saccate.     Or.,  Wash. 

8.  H.     Michmli,  Greene.     Stout  stein,  leafless:  spike  dense:  sepals  £  in.  long.    &  CaL 

5.     SPIRANTHES,  Richard. 

1.  S.     Romanzofflana,  Chamisso.     Spike  dense,  conspicuously  bracteate,  1-4  in.  long* 
perianth  greenish- white,  &  in.  long,  curved  (Called  Ladies'  Tresses).     Wet  places. 

2.  S.     porrifolia,  LindL     Similar:  flowers  smaller:  2  callosities  at  base  of  lip. 

6.     GOODYEAHA,  Robt.  Brown. 

1.  O.  Menzaesii,  LindL  Scape  pubescent,  6-15  in.  high:  leaves  smooth,  2-3  in.  long, 
in  &  raralate  tuft:  spike  of  puberulent  white  flowers  1-sided.  (Sattksnakc  Plantain.) 

7.     LISTEBA,  Robt.  Brown. 

1.  L.     Comralarioidea,  Nutt.     Slender,  3-12  in.  high:  flowers  purplish  in  a  pubescent 
raceme:  lip  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  toothed  at  base,  2-5  lines  long.     Damp  woods. 

2.  1*     cordata,  R.  Br.     Smaller:  flowers  minute,  smooth.     (Twayblade.)     N.  CaL,  N. 

8.     EPIPACTIS,  HaUer. 

L  E.  gigantea,  Dougl.  Leafy,  1-4  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate:  flowers  3-10, 
greenish,  purple- veined:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  J-|  in.  long;  lip  as  long.  Along 
streams. 

9.     OEPHALANTHEBA,  Richard. 

i.  0.  Oregana,  Reich,  f.  Parasite:  perianth  &  in.  long;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate; 
lip  as  in  Epipactis  with  wavy -crested  nerves.  Forests,  N.  Cal  to  Or. 

10.     CYPBIPEDIUM,  Linnaeus. 

1.  0.    fasciculatum,  Kellogg.     Villous,  2-6  in.  high:  leaves  ovate,  a  pair:  peduncle 
viscid:  flowers  several  in  a  cluster  or  1,  greenish.     (Bradley's  Cypripcdium).     Rare. 

2.  C.    montanum,  Dougl.     Leafy,  1-2  ft.  high:  flowers  1-3;  sepals  and  wavy-twisted 
petals  brownish,  narrow,  1&-2&  in.  long:  lip  oblong,  white,  purple- veined.    Cent 
Cal.  to  Or. 

8.  0.  Galifornicum,  Or.  Often  taller:  flowers  3-12:  sepals  &  in.  long:  lip  obovoid- 
globose.  In  swamps  or  wet  places.  N.  CaL 


IBIDACRE. 

Perennial  herbs  with  sword-shaped  or  grass-like  leaves,  the  divisions  of  the  superior 
perianth  all  petaloid  and  oonvnlnte  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent. 


178  IRIDACE^E. 

Outer  segments  of  perianth  larger,  recurved  or  spreading;  the  inner  erect  or  Incurved: 

style-branches  petaloid,  curving  over  the  linear  anthers. 1 

Segments  nearly  alike :  stigmas  filiform :  filaments  often  united. 2 

1.     IBIS,  Tournefort. 

*  Perianth-tube  item-like  above  the  ovary,  ^-S  in.  long,  stems  leafy.. 1,  3 

*  *  Perianth-tube  short  and  funnelform  above  the  ovary. 

Stems  leafy:  bracts  (enclosing  peduncles  and  buds)  green,  often  distant 3,  4 

Stems  naked  or  with  1  or  2  leaves,  terete:  floral  bracts  not  distant. 5,  6 

Stems  with  many  bracts  and  rigid  radical  leaves 7 

Stems  with  2-3  short  bract-like  leaves,  2-flowered 8 

1.  I.     macrosiphon,   Torr.     Stems  very  slender,  flattened,  surpassed  by  the  dark 
green  grass-like  leaves:  flowers  rich  purple-blue,  on  short  pedicels;  tube  1-3  in.  long; 
sepals  1^-2  in.  long.     S.  F.  Bay  to  Humboldt  Bay.     Placer  Co. 

2.  I.     Douglasiana,  Herbert.     Stouter  and  taller  stems:  leaves  and  bracts  broader, 
pedicels  longer;  tube  shorter;  sepals  usually  with  a  white  center,  blue-purple  or  lilac: 
often  yellow  or  buff.     S.  F.  Bay  to  Siskiyou  Mts. 

3.  I.     Hartwegi,  Baker,     Stems  slender,  flattened,  2-9  in.  high:  leaves  2-3  lines  wide: 
flowers  light  colored.     8.  N.  Mts.     June. 

4.  I.     tenax,  Dougl.     Similar,  taller,   1 -flowered:  flowers  larger,  bright  lilac-purple, 
segments  2-2£  in.  long.     Or.  to  Br.  Col. 

6.    I.     longipetala,  Herbert.     Stems  stout,  equaling  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered:  sepals 
lilac  or  whitish,  purple  and  yellow  veined,  2^-3  in.  long.     Monterey  to  Or. 

6.  I.     Missouriensis,  Nutt.     More  slender:  leaves  narrower:  bracts  dilated,  scarions, 
1-1£  in.  long:  flowers  pale  blue.     N.  Gal.  to  Or. 

7.  .  I.     bracteata,  Watson.     Leaves  striate,  sides  unlike:  perianth  yellow,  2-3  in.  long. 

(Howell's  Iris.)    Discovered  by  Thos.  Ho  well  in  S.  W.  Or.,  1884. 

8.  L     tennis,  Wats.     Perianth  white,  veined  with  yellow  and  purple,  1$  in.  long, 
(Henderson's  Iris.)    Discovered  by  L.  F.  Henderson  in  Or.,  1881. 

2.     SISYBINCHIUM,  Linnaeus. 

1.  S.     bellum,  Wats.     Flowers  blue,  purple-striped,  $-1  in.  broad.     Cal.,  Or. 

2.  8.    Calif brnicum,  Ait.  f.    Scape  winged:  flowers  yellow.    Coast    Wet  places. 

5.  8.    grandiflonim,  DongL    Flowers  red-purple,  1-1}  in.  broad.    N.  CaL  to  Br.  Col 


LILIACEJE. 

§  1.    Floral  bracts  not  leaf -like:  perianth  persistent:  anthers  introrae:  style  entire. 

*  Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads  upon  naked  scapes:  root  a  bulb  or  com. 
Ck    Perianth  parted  to  the  base  or  nearly  so:  stamens  at  base;  anthers  versatile. 


LILlACEJfi.  179 

Flowers  rose-purple  to  white:  bracts  broad:  odor  of  onions ..».*•  1 

Flowers  greenish  white:  bracts  narrow:  slender  leaves  several 8 

Flowers  yellow:  pedicels  jointed  at  top:  leaves  one  or  several 8 

6.     Perianth  not  parted  to  the  base:  stamens  on  the  throat. 

Perianth-tube  thin,  somewhat  inflated  and  angular  or  saccate:  stamens  on  the  throat  in 

one  row;  anthers  basi fixed,  3  alternating  with  petaloid  staminodia  or  smaller  anthers: 

ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile 4 

Perianth-tube  thicker,  opaque,  not  inflated  or  saccate:  anthers  basifixed,  3  alternating 

with  petaloid  staminodia:  filaments  deourrent  to  base:  ovary  sessile 5 

Perianth-tube  not  inflated  or  saccate:  filaments  in  two  rows  (except  sp.  11);  anthers 

versatile 6 

Perianth-tube  snbcylindrical,  6-saccate  at  base,  scarlet  or  crimson,  the  short  segments 

yellowish:  stamens  3  alternating  with  broad  staminodia 7 

•  *  Flowers  on  short  scape-like  pedicels,  umbellate  on  an  underground  peduncle. 

Perianth  salver-form;  tube  slender,  1-2  in.  long;  lobes  half  as  long 8 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles',  perianth  segments  distinct  and  anthers  versatile 

(except  No.  12.) 
a.     Stems  scape-like  or  sparingly  leafy,  arising  with  many  leaves  from  a  bulb. 

Flowers  blue  or  white,  &-!£  in.  long,  slightly  one-sided,  in  a  simple  raceme 9 

Flowers  white  or  whitish,  2-5  lines  long  in  a  dense  nearly  simple  raceme 10 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish,  scattered  on  branches:  withering  perianth  twisted 11 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  paniculate:  perianth-tube  equaling  reflexed  lobes. ......  12 

6.     Stems  not  scape-like,  simple:  rootstock  slender:  white  flowers  small. 

Leaves  2-ranked,  sessile,  often  clasping,  lanceolate  to  ovate 13 

Leaves  2,  rarely  3,  petioled,  cordate:  perianth-segments  4:  stamens  4 14 

c.     Stems  rigid:  lower  bracts  and  rigid  leaves  spine-tipped:  flowers  1-3  in.  long 15 

§  2.    Floral  bracts  none  or    leaf -like:  perianth  segments  distinct,   deciduous:  anthers 

extrorse  or  opening  on  the  sides.      In  No.  24  the  perianth  is  persistent:  anthers 

introrse. 

a.  Stem  simple,  from  a  scaly  bulb:  leaves  often  whorled:  perianth  segments  similar: 
anthers  versatile:  style  long:  fruit  a  capsule:  seeds  flat,  horizontal. 

Segments  oblanceolate,  with  a  groove:  style  entire:  stigma  large,  3-lobed 16 

Segments  broader,  not  groved:  style  entire  or  3-cleft;  stigmas  small .«.  17 

b.  Stem  from  a  coated  corm:  anthers  basifixed. 

Leaves  a  pair  at  the  base,  broad:  perianth-segments  similar,  lanceolate,  recurved....  18 
Leaves  few,  linear-lanceolate:  perianth -segments  unlike,  the  inner  (peials)  broad....  19 

c.  Stem  branching,  leafy  above:  rootstock  slender:  flowers  nodding  or  hanging. 

Flowers  apparently  axillary :  anthers  1-2-awned  or  pointed  above,  sagittate 2O 

Flowers  white  or  greenish,  terminal,  in  clusters  or  solitary,  beneath  the  leaves 21 

d.  Stem  a  scape  or  scape-like  from  a  rootstock:  large  leaves  basal:  flowers  umbellate  or 
solitary,  red  or  white:  filaments  hairy:  ovary  2-celled:  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  22 


180  LILIACEJC. 

0,  Stemless:  leaves  a  pair,  broad;  flowers  umbellate  on  an  underground  peduncle:  ped- 
icels 3-cornered  prostrate  and  curved  in  fruit:  stamens  3:  styles  3,  divergent. ...  23 

/.    Stem  with  3  broad  leaves  at  top  and  a  single  flower:  outer  segments  green 24 

9  3.  Bracts  greenish  or  scarious:  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  panicle:  segments  dis- 
tinct, persistent:  anthers  small:  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  persistent;  capsule  deeply 
3-lobed. 

a.     Stem  tall,  leafy:  leaves  large  ovate  to  lanceolate,  nerved,  plicate:  panicles  large.   25 
6.    Stem  from  a  coated  bulb,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  linear  or  grass-like,  smooth. 

flowers  white,  erect:  yellow  glands  at  base  of  segments. ; 26 

Flowers  yellowish  or  purplish,  nodding  glandless 27 

c.  Stem  equitant-leafy,  from  a  rootstock:  leaves  slender^  anthers  2-celled,  introrse. 

Flowers  small,  greenish,  each  with  a  cup-like  or  3-lobed  involucre 28 

Flowers  yellowish-green:  filaments  woolly;  style  none 29 

d.  Stem  with  a  large  tuft  of  grass-like  stiff  leaves  from  a  rootstock:  raceme  of  white 
flowers  very  dense,  long:  anthers  eztrorse:  styles  reflezed  or  coiled 30 

1.     ATiTiTUM,  Linnaeus. 
§  1.    Bulbs  connected  with  rootstocks:  leaves  2  or  more:  capsule  not  conspicuously 

crested. 

Scape  round,  1-2  ft.  high,  exceeding  the  leaves:  bracts  2,  large,  acuminate:  bulb  white. .  1 
Scape  flattened  above:  umbels  often  nodding:  stamens  and  style  slender;  bracts  united  » 

base , 2,  S 

5  2.    Bulbs  without  rootstocks:  scape  not  flattened,  slender:  leaves  very  slender. 

a.  Leaves  2  or  more,  shorter  than,  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  scape. 

Ovary  obscurely  crested:  perianth  rose:  stamens  included:  scape  3-10  in.  high...  4,  5,  6 

Ovary  distinctly  6-crested. 

Perianth-segments  white  or  light  pink  becoming  thin  and  lax. 

Bracts  2,  short,  acute;  stamens  included 89 

Perianth  rose-color:  filaments  deltoid-widened  at  base 10,  11 

Filaments  filiform  crests  conspicuous 12,  13 

b.  Leaves  2  or  more,  much  exceeding  the  very  short  scape 14,  15 

§  3.    Scape  much  flattened,  2-edged,  short:  leaves  2,  linear,  flat,  falcate:  flowers  rose- 
color. 

Bracts  2.  stamens  included 16,  17,  18 

Bracts  3-5 :  stamens  not  included:  leaves  |-1  in.  broad 19 

1.  A.     unifolium,  Kell.     Leaves  2-4:  segments  5-7  lines  long  exceeding  stamens. 

2.  A.    validum,  Wats.     Scape  1-3  ft  high:  bracts  2-4,  broad:  pedicels  H  in.  long: 
segments  slender  3-4  lines  long:  bulb-coats  white.     Alpine,  July  to  Sept. 

8.    A.     heematochiton,  Wats.     Scape  slender,  4-12  in.  high:  bracts  2,  short:  flowers 
deep  purple  or  rose-color:  bulb-coats  deep  reddish  purple,  shining.     S.  GaL  Coast. 


LILIACB2B.  1 81 

4.  A.     acuminatnxn,  Hook.     Perianth-segments  serrulate,  4-7  lines  long,  tips  aoo« 
ininate,  recurved,  rigid  in  fruit.     Washington  to  Cent.  Gal.     Rare. 

5.  A.    Bolanderi,  Wats.     Similar:  flowers  rarely  white:  stamens  adnate  to  the  middle, 
half  as  long  as  the  segments  which  are  nearly  straight.     N.  W.  Gal. 

6.  A.    lacunosuxn,  Wats.     Scape  3-6  in.  high:  pedicels  £-£  in.  long:  stamens  nearly 
equaling  perianth;  filaments  a  little  expanded  at  base.     Cent.  Cal. 

7.  A     Sanbornii,  Wood.     Slender,  1-2  ft.  high:  perianth  2-3  lines  long.     S.  N.  Mt*. 

8.  A.    attenuifolium,  KelL     Leaves  filiform,  sheathing  the  scape  near  base. 

9.  A     hyalinum,  Gurran.     Perianth  thin,  transparent  in  fruit:  capsule  1 -seeded. 

10.  A.  gerratum,  Wats.     Outer  bulb-coats  with   distinct  zigzag  lines  along  which 
they  tear  horizontally  into  serrate  strips:  inner  perianth  segments  shorter,  narrower. 

11.  A.  bisceptrum,  Wats.     Scapes  often  in  2's,  rarely  angular.     S.  N.  Mta. 

12.  A.  campanulatum,  Wats.     Flowers  many:  perianth  light  rose-color.    S.  N.  Mta. 

13.  A.  Bidwelliae,  Wats.     Smaller:  flowers  fewer,  smaller,  bright  rose.     S.  N.  Mta. 

14.  A.  tribracteatum,  Torr.     Scarcely  2  in.  high;  bracts  3.     Mostly  alpine. 

15.  A.  parvum,  KelL     Similar:  bracts  2,  shorter.     Sierra  Valley. 

16.  A.  falcifolium,  H.  &  A.     Scape  2-5  in.  high:  capsule  3-crested.     Coast  Mta, 

17.  A.  Breweri,  Wats.     Scape  1-3  in.  high:  crests  3,  slightly  lobed.     Coast  Mta. 

18.  A.  Lemmoni,  Wats.     Taller  leaves  nearly  straight.     Sierra  Valley. 

19.  A.  platycaule,  Wats.     Scape  and  leaves  broader.     Montane.     8.  N.  Mta. 

2.     MUILLA,  Watson. 
1.    M.  maritime,  Wate,  Perianth-segments  2-3  line*  long,  aubrotate.    Coast. 

8.    BLOOMERIA,  Kellogg. 

1.  B.     a  urea,  Kell.     Scape  6-18  in.  high:  leaf  solitary:  each  filament  surrounded  all 
base  by  a  2 -cuspidate  appendage:     Coast  flanges,  Monterey  to  San  Diego. 

2.  B.    montana,  Greene.     Larger:    flowers  an  inch  broad:  cusps  of    the  filament- 
appendage  half  as  long  as  the  filament:  anthers  1£  lines  long.     S.  Cal. 

I.     B.     Cleveland!,  Watson.     Leaves  several,  very  slender:  style  short.    San  Diego. 

4.     BRODLZEA,  Smith. 

[The  next  two  genera  are  united  with  this  in  the  Botany  of  California  and  the  Cal 
Flora.  E.  L.  Greene  of  the  University  of  California  has  recently  elaborated  the  species 
tinder  the  generic  names  here  given.] 

Stamens  3,  alternating  with  bifid  or  entire  staminodia 1,  2,  8 

Stamens  6,  3  with  petaloid  appendages  back  of  the  anther 4,  5 

1.     B.     volubis,  Baker.    Twining  scape  4-10  ft.    high:  perianth  rose-color  to  white: 

sagittate  anthers  2-appendaged  on  the  back.     Stropholirion  Ccdifornicum  Torr. 

CaL 


182 

2.     B.     multinora,  Benth.     Scape  2-4  ft.  high:  perianth  violet-purple  8-10  lines  long: 

staminodia  obtuse,  entire.     Or.  to  Cent.  CaL,  Jun«,  July. 
8.     B.     congests,  Smith.     Scape  2-5  ft.  high:  purple  staminodia  bifid.    B.  0.  to  G.  CaL 

4.  B.     pulchella,  Greene.     Perianth -tube,   like  the  last,  constricted  above:   distin- 
guished by  the  stamens  and  strictly  umbellate  inflorescence.     CaL,  May,  June. 

5.  B.     capitats,  Benth.     Scape  6-18   in.  high:  bracts  often  dark  purple:  perianth- 
tube  not  constricted  above.     Very  abundant  in  Cent.  CaL,  S.  &  E.,  Jan.  to  Apr. 

6.     HOOKERA,  Salisbury. 

1.  H.     Californica,  Greene.     Scape  2  ft.  high:  pedicels  2-3  in.  long:  perianth  l£-2  in. 
long,  deep  purple  to  rose-color:  anthers  £  in.  long,  a  little  exceeded  by  the  retus« 
staminodia.     This  and  next  under  Brodicea  grandiflora  in  CaL   Bot,     Sacramento 
VaL     Much  less  common  than  the  next  species. 

2.  H.     coronaria,  Salisb.     Smaller:  anthers  exceeding  the  acute  staminodia. 

3.  H.     minor,  Britten.     Scape  3-6  in.  high:  perianth -segments  rotate:  anthers  2  lines 
long  exceeded  by  the  emarginate  or  retuse  staminodia.     Sac.  VaL,  S. 

4.  H.    terrestris,  Britten.     Scape  usually  not  rising  above  ground:  pedicels  3-4  fa. 
long:  staminodia  yellowish,  margins  involute.     S.  F.  Bay,  N. 

5.  H.     stellaria,  Greene.     Scape  2-6  in.  high:  perianth  red-purple:  anthers  2-append- 
aged;  staminodia  longer,  white.     (Purdy's  Hookera.)    Near  Ukiah, 

6.  H.     rosea,  Greene.     Similar:  perianth  rose-red:  stamens  not  appendaged;  filaments 
triangular.     Lake  Co.,  CaL     Discovered  by  Mrs.  Curran,  May,  1884. 

7.  H.    Orcuttii,  Greene.     Scape  a  foot  or  more  high:  fitaminodia  wanting  or  obaoore. 
San  Diego.     Discovered  by  C.  R.  Orcutt  in  1884. 

6.     TBITELEIA,  Douglas. 

Porianth-tube  broad  at  base:  upper  and  inner  stamens  with  winged  filaments 1,  2 

Perianth-tube  tapering  to  a  narrow  base:  filaments  not  winged  or  appendaged. 

Stamens  in  2  rows:  flowers  not  yellow 8,  4,  5 

Stamens  in  1  row;  filaments  broadening  downward 6 

Stamens  in  2  rows  or  nearly  equal:  flowers  yellow 7,  8 

Perianth-tube  short;  segments  rotate,  yellow:  filaments  with  appendages 9,  10 

Perianth  open-campanulate,  cleft  below  the  middle:  stamens  in  1  row 11,  12 

1.  T.     grandifLora,  Ldndl.     Pedicels  £-1  in.  long,  numerous:  perianth  light  blue,  1  in. 
long:  lower  anthers  sessile,  upper  on  filaments  which  are  winged  below.     Or.  and 
Wash.  E. 

2.  T.     Howellii,  Greene.     Similar:  upper  filaments  winged  above.     Or.  &  Wash. 

3.  T.     Candida,  Greene.     Scape  2-4  ft.  high:  perianth  1^  in.  long,  white:  fiiamento 
coiled.     Discovered  by  J.  R.  Scupham.     Fresno  Co.,  CaL,  June  1886. 

1     T.     laxa,  Benth.     Umbel  of  usually  15-30  purple-blue  flowers:  anthers  acute.     Gal 


LILIACK2B. 


183 


6.  T.     pedtmcularis,    Lindl.      Pedicels  often  6-10  in.   long:  perianth  rose-purple  to 
nearly  white,    cleft  below  the  middle,   1   in.   long:    anthers   retuse.      Wet  places 
Cent.  Cal. 

S.     T.     Bridges!!,  Greene.     About  a  root  high:  umbel  rather  few-flowered:  perianth 
light  blue.     Very  common  in  open  forests  about  Humboldt  Bay.     Cbico. 

7.  T.     crocea,  Greene.     Perianth  7-9  lines  long:  lower  filaments  very  short.     N.  Cat 

8.  T.     ijracilis,  Greene.     Smaller:  filaments  subequal:  anthers  acute.     S.  N.  Mts. 

9.  T.     ixioides,  Greene.    Scape  $-2  ft.  high:  filaments  unequal,  wing-dilated,  2-append- 
aged  above.     S.  Cal.  to  Or. 

10.  T.     lugens,  Greene.     Similar:  perianth  dark  brown  outside:  wiuged  filaments  not 
forked  above.     Collected  by  E.  L.  Greene  near  Vacaville,  Cal.,  May  4,  1886. 

11.  T.     hyacinth-ins,  Greene.    Perianth  white  with  green  veins,  rarely  purple-tinged: 
filaments  broad  at  base,  united  into  a  ring.     Moist  ground.     Cent.  Cal.  N. 

12.  T.     lilacina,  Greene.     Smaller:  perianth  lilac-purple:  filaments  not  BO  broad  at 
base,  distinct.     Col.  in  Amador  Co.  by  Mrs.  Curran.     May,  25,  1886. 

N.B  —No.  1  is  Brodicea  Douglasii,  Wata.;  No.  11,  B.  laetea,  Wats.;  No.  3,  4,  6,  6,  7,  8,  9,  have  the 
tame  specific  names  under  Brodiaxt  in  the  Cal.  Bot.  No.  3, 10,  12  are  new.  BcArii  tenuijlcm,  Oroona,  of 
the  California  Peninsula,  \g  the  type  of  a  new  genus  belonging  batweon  thte  sod  th<?  nas±  It.  la  approp- 
riately dt.  Heated  to  Dr.  a  H.  Behr,  of  thf>  University  of  California. 

7.     BBEVOOBTIA,  Wood, 
1.     B.     coccinea,  Wats.     Flowers  pendulous,  1-1J  in.  long.     N.    CaL     (Firecracker*.) 

8.     LEUCOCRINUM,  Nuttall. 
1.     L.     montanum,  Nutt.     White  flowers  surpassed  by  the  leaves.     Cal.  E. 

9.     CAMASSIA,  Lindley. 

1.  C.     esculent  a,    Lindl.     Flowers  irregular,  lower  segment  deflexed:  segments  cot 

cocnivent  in  age,  persistent:  seeds  shining.     N.  Cal.,  N  &  E  to  Montana. 

2.  C.Leiclitlinii,  Watson.       Nearly   regular  flowers  larger;    segments  broader,  con- 
nivent  and  twisted,  at  length  deciduous:  seeds  obovcid,  dull.  S.  F.  Bay,  N.  to  Wash. 

10.     HASTINGSIA,  Watson. 

1.  H.     alba,  Wats.       Flowers  in  dense  close  raceme,  2-3  lines  long.     N.  Cal.,  Or. 

2.  H.     bracteosa,  Wats.     Flowers  3-6  lines  long,  nearly  equaled  by  bracts:  stamens 
short.     Coll.  by  Thos.  Howell  in  Curry  Co.,  Or.,  May,  1884. 

11.     CHLOBOGALUM,     Kunth. 

Perianth-segments  very  slender,  §-$  in.  long:  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts 1 

Perianth-segments  obloug-oblauceolate,  |-^  in.  long:  bulb-coats, not  ribrous 2,  3 


184  LILIACEJ&. 

1.  0.     poxneridianum,    Kunth.       Bulbs    densely  fibrous:  leaves  cri spate-undulate, 
mostly  radical:  flowers  white,  purplish-veined.     Cal.     (Soap-root.) 

2.  0.    parviflorum,  Watson.     Leaves  grass-like:  flowers  pinkish.     San  Diego. 

3.  O.     angustifoliuro,  Kellogg.    Leaves  not  undulate:  white  flowers.     N.  Cal. 

12.  ODONTOSTOMTJM,  Torrey. 

1.    O.    Hartwegd,  Torr.     Numerous  flowers  4-6  lines  long.    S.  N.  Foot-hills.    Hare. 

13.  SMILACINA,  Desfontaines. 

1.  8.     axnplexicaulis,  Nutt.     Panicle  close:  segments  and  filaments  similar:  fragrant 

2.  S.    sessilifolia,  Nutt.    Simple  zigzag  raceme  few-flowered:  berries  blue-black. 

14.  MAIANTHEMUM,  Weber. 

1.    M.    bifolium,  DC.    Var.  (?)    Zigzag  stem  3-12  in.  high,    a  F.  Bay  to  Alaska. 

15.     YUCCA,  Linnaeus. 

1.  Y.    baccata,  Torr.    Leaf -margins  thread-bearing:  perianth  campanulate.    8.  CaL 

2.  Y.    Wbipplei,  Torr.    Leaf-margins  serrulate:  perianth  rotate  spreading.    S.  Cal. 

13.     LILITJM,   Linnaeus. 

Flowers  horizontal  to  erect,  spotless  or  finely  dotted,  white,  purplish  or  pale  yellow; 
segments  tapering  into  long  narrow  claws,  spreading. 

Flowers  becoming  purple  or  purplish:  bulb-scales  not  jointed 1,  2 

Flowers  pale  yellow,  3  in.  long  or  more:  bulb-scales  jointed 3 

Flowers  orange-yellow  to  red,  spotted;  segments  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate. 

Flowers  erect  or  horizontal,  less  than  2  in.  long 4,  5,  6 

Flowers  nodding,  segments  revolute  ( Tiger  Lilies) 7,  8,  0 

1.  L.    Wafihingtonianum,  Kellogg.     Bulbs  becoming  6-8  in.  long,  the  scales  thin, 
lanceolate,  2-3  in.  long;  stems  2-5  ft.  high:  leaves  in  several  whorls  (some  scattered), 
f -1  in.  broad,  undulate:  flowers  white  becoming  purplish,  often  dotted,  horizontal  on 
erect  pedicels;  segments  34  in.  long,  £•§  in.  wide:  yellow  anthers  5-6  lines  long. 

2.  I*,    rubescens,  Watson.     Similar:  bulb  smaller,  thicker,  broader  scales  an  Inch 
long:  stems  1-7  ft.  high:  flowers  nearly  white  to  lilac,  becoming  rose-purple,  l£-2  in. 
long:  anthers  2-3  lines  long.     Coast  Mts.,  S.  F.  Bay  to  Klamath  R. 

3.  L.     Parryi,  Wats.     Stem  2-5  ft.  high:  leaves  mostly  scattered,  slender.     S.  CaL 

4.  I*,     parvum,  Kell.     Flowers  few  to  many,  erect  or  nearly  so:  anthers  1-2  lines  long: 
capsule  sub-spherical,  $-£  in.  long.     S.  N.  Mts.     4-8,000  ft.  alt.,  N.  to  Or. 

5.  It.     maritimum,  Kell.     Flowers  horizontal,  deep  reddish  orange.     S.  F.  to  Hum'dt. 
ft.     I*.     Bolanderi,  Wats.     Stems  1-2-flowered:  leaves  mostly  in  whorls,  1-2  in.  long: 

flowers  nearly  horizontal,  brownish  or  dull  purple.     Hum'dt  to  S.  W.  Or. 


LILIACE.fi.  185 

7.  I*,     pardalinum,  KeBL     Root  stock  a  thick  and  branching,  forming  mat-like  masnec 
of  bulbs:  stems  3-7  ft.  high:  perianth  segments  2-3  in.  long,  bright  orange  red  with 
large  purple  spots  below:  anthers  red,  4-5  lines  long.     Cent.  Cal.  to  Or. 

Var.  angustifolium,  Kell.     Slender,  small:  leaves  3-4  lines  broad,  scattered. 

8.  L.     Eumboldtii,  Roezl  &  Leichtlin.     Bulbs  2-6  in.  thick,  often  purplish,  the  fleshy 
ovate-lanceolate  acute  scales  2-3  in.  long:  stems  purplish,  4-8  ft.  high:  leaves  un- 
dulate in  4-6  whorls  of  10-20  each:  pedicels  mostly  3-6  in.  long:  perianth-segmenti 
3-4  in.  long,  £-1  wide,  papillose-ridged  near  base:  anthers  red,  £-§  in.  long.     Cal. 

9.  L.     Colnmbiaxram,  Hanson.     Perianth-segments  li-2  in.  long:  yellow  anthers  2-3 
lines  long.     Wash,  to  Cent  Cal. 

17.     FRITrLLARIA,  Linnseus. 

Styles  distinct  above;  stigmaa  linear:  cnpsule  obtusely  angled. 1,  2,  8 

capsule  acutely  angled  or  winged. 4,  6,  6 

Styles  united:  fltigma  3-lobod:  flowers  not  spotted:  stamens  unequal 7 

1.  F.     rocurva,  Benth.     Segments  narrow,  scarlet  and  yellow,  spotted.     Cal.,  Or. 

2.  F.     liliacea,  Lindl,     Leaves  near  base:  flowers  greenish  white.    San  Francisco  Bay. 

3.  F.     bifiora,  Lindl.     Leaven  near  base:  flowers  dark  brown,  pnrple,  green-tinged; 
segments  widely  spreading:  mncronat*  anthers  2  lines  long.     Coast,  San   Diego  to 
Mendocino. 

4.  F.     lanceolata,  Pursh.     Bulb*  with  a  few  largu  scales  and  many  like  rice  grains: 
leaves  in  1-3  whorls:  flovanj  dark  purple  mottlod  with  groenish  yellow;  segments 
not  spreading. 

Var.  floribunda,  Benth.     Flowers  1-8,  lighter  colored,  blotched  with  brownish  pnrple; 

segments  acute,  J-i  in.  broad,  finely  crenulate. 
Var.  gracilis,  Wats.     Flowers  emaller  with  narrower  acuminate  segments. 

5.  F.     parviflora,  Torr.     Flowers  3-20,  with  spreading  segments  i-J  in.  long,  lighter 
colored  than  the  last.     Cent.  S.  N.  Mts. 

6.  F.     atropurpurea,  Nutt.     Capsule  not  winged,  acutely  6-angled.     S.  N.  Mts. 

7*    F.    plTXriflora,  Torr.     Stems  leafy:  flowers  reddish  purple,  f-1  in.  long.    Cent.  CaL 

18.     ERYTHRONTUM,  Linnaeus, 

1.  E.     grandifloruxn,  Pursh.     Leaves  not  mottled:  flowers  1-6  or  more,  yellow,  or 
cream  color  with  darker  center;  segments  recurved  1-2  in.  long.    Wash,  to  N.  CaL 

Var.  Smithii,  Hook.     Large  flowers  purple-tinged.     Cent.  Cal.  Coast. 

2.  E.     Hartwegi,  Watson.     Bulb  £-§  in.  long:  leaves  mottled:  flowers  1-3  on  scape- 
like  pedicels,  light  yellow  and  orange;  segments  scarcely  recurved.     S.  N.  Mts. 

8.  E.  purpurascens,  Watson.  Leaves  undulate:  peduncle  racemosely  or  subumbel- 
lately  4-8-flowered  or  more;  pedicels  very  unequal:  flowers  light  yellow,  purple-tinged, 
orange  center.  S.  N.  Mts. 


186  LILIACEJF. 

19.     CALOCHORTUS,  Pursh. 

§  1.     Pedicels  recurred  In  frnit:  capsule  broadly  3-winged. 

Flowers  on  branching  stems,  nodding:  concave  petals  closely  connivent,  hairy  within, 

ciliate 1,  3 

Flowers  on  rather  weak  stems,  erect  or  nearly  so:  fruit  nodding  or  not  stiffly  erect. 

Flowers  yellow,  6-8  lines  long,  densely  hairy  within, 8 

Flowers  white  to  lilac  or  blue.     Petals  covered  with  hairs 4  to  7 

Petals  hairy  below  only,  or  naked 8,  9,  10 

§  2.     Flowers  and  fruit  erect  on  stout  pedicels:  capsules  not  winged  (except  in  11  &  12): 

petals  aud  sepals  often  with  spots.     (Maripotcu  or  Butterfly  Tulips.) 

Flowers  lilac  or  purplish,  1-1 J  in.  long:  capsules  3-winged 11,  19 

Flowers  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  brown  or  purple 13  to  10 

Flowers  white  or  lilac 17  to  20 

1.  C.    albus,  Dougl.     Petals  white:  sepals  green,  not  spreading.     Cal. 

2.  0.    pulchellus,  Dougl.     Petals  yellow  or  orange:  sepals  yellow  or  greenish,  spread- 
ing.    Coast  Mts.,  Monterey  to  Mendocino. 

3.  C.     Benthami,    Baker.      Slender,   3-6  in.    high:    leaves    longer:    anthers   acute. 
S.  N.  Mts. 

4.  C.     Maweanus,    Leiohtlin.      Stem  flexuose:  petals  covered  above  with  white  or 
blue-purplo  hairs,  acute:  anthers  acuminate.     N.  Cent.  Cal. 

5  C.  caeruleus,  Wats.  Very  slender,  3-6  in.  high:  flowers  2-5  in  an  umbel:  petals 
lilac  dotted  or  lined  with  darker  blue:  anthers  oblong,  obtuse:  capsule  nearly 
orbicular.  8.  N.  Mts, 

5.  0.    elegans,  Pursh.     Similar:  petals  greenish  white,  scarcely  ciliate:  anthers  long 
acuminate.     Var.  namis,  Wood,  has  acute  more  hairy  petals,  smaller.    N.  Cal.  N. 

7.  C.    Tolmiei,  H.  &  A.     Stouter,  about  a  foot  high:  petals  f-l£  in.  long,  lilac-tinged: 
anthers  lanceolate,  acuminate.     Mt.  Shasta  to  Or. 

8.  C.     nudua,  Wats.     Flowers  1-6,  usually  in  an  umbel,  white  or  lilac:  sepals  about 
equaling  the  broadly  fan-shaped  hairless  petals:  anthers  obtuse.     Cent.  S.  N.  Mts. 

9.  C.     lilacinus,  Kellogg.     Leaves  rather  broad:  flowers  3-10,  on  long  zigzag  pedicels: 
petals  ^-1  in.  long,  pale  lilac,  slightly  hairy  below:  anthers  much  shorter  than  the 
filaments,  obtuse.     S.  F.  Bay,  Geysers. 

10.  0.     uniflorus,  H.  &  A.     Similar:  flowers  1  or  2:  gland  densely  hairy.     W.  C&l. 

11.  0.     Greenei,  Wats.     Stout,  1-2  ft.  high:  sepals  with  yellowish  hairy  spot:  peteli 
densely  yellow-hairy  below:  anthers  £  in.  long.     N.  Cal.  to  Or. 

12.  C.     Lyoni,  Wats.     Sepals  naked:  anthers  1J-2  lines  long.     Los  Angeles. 

13.  C.     clavatus,  Wats.     Petals  covered  with  club. shaped  hairs  at  base:  gland  orbic- 
ular, deep:  anthers  purple,  4-5  lines  long,  obtuse.     S.  Cal.  Coast. 

14.  C.     Weedii,  Wood.    Stem  zigzag:  petals  deep  yellow,  dotted,  covered  with  slonder 
hairs:  gland  small,  densely  hairy:  anthers  mostly  acute.     Cal.  Coast. 


LILIACEJE.  187 

Var,  purpurascens,  Wats.    Petals  purple  or  purple-blotched.    St.  Barbara. 

16.  O.     Obispoensis,  Lemmon.     Sepals  longer  than  the  rotate  or  recurved,  long-nairy, 
often  bifid  petals.    San  Luia  Obiapo. 

18.  O.  luteuB,  DougL  Petals  1-2  in.  long,  from  yellow  to  deep  orange,  with  more  or 
less  brownish  purple  inside:  gland  broad,  rounded  or  somewhat  crescent-shaped, 
densely  hairy:  anthers  yellow,  obtuse.  Very  variable.  San  Diego  to  Mendocino 
andS.  M.  Mta. 

Var.  oculatus,  Wats.  Petals  white  lilac  or  yellowish  with  a  dark  central  spot:  gland 
usually  a  narrow  crescent. 

Var.  citrinus,  Wats.    Petals  deep  or  lemon  yellow  with  central  spot. 

17.  0.    venustus,  Benth.    Like  the  last:  petals  white  or  pale  lilac  above,  with  a  red- 
dish spot  near  the  top,  a  brownish  spot  in  the  center  bordered  with  yellow  and  a 
brownish  base:  gland  large,  oblong,  hairy.    Monte  Diablo,  8. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Wats.    Deep  lilao  or  purple  form.    Kern  Co. 

18.  0.    splendens,  Dongl.    Like  the  preceding:  petals  clear  libw,  paler  La  center,  claw 
darker:  anthers  purple,  H  **•  long.    Monterey,  S. 

19.  0.    maorocarpos,  Dougl.    Sepals  about  equaling  the  obovate  acute  or  acuminate 
purple-lilac  petals,  H-2  in.  long:  anthers  H  in.  long.    N.  Cal.  N. 

30.  O.  Nuttallii,  T.  &  G.  Slender:  a  single  stem-leaf,  or  rarely  2  or  3:  petals  cuneato- 
obovate,  usually  white  above,  with  a  purplish  band  above  the  yellow  base,  sometime* 
deep  lilao.  S.  N.  Mta, 

20.  STBEPTOPUS,  MiohanT. 

1.  8.    ampleadfoliua,  DO.    Stem  2-3  ft  high:  peduncles  twisted  beneath  the  deeply 
cordate  clasping  leaves,  usually  forked  or  kneed:  perianth  greenish  white,  J-i  in. 
long,  recurved  above:  anthers  tapering  into  a  single  awn.    N.  Cat  N. 

2.  S.    roseua,  Miohx.    Smaller:  flowers  rose-purple:  anthers  2-pointed.    Or.,  N. 

21.  PBOSABTES,  D.  Don. 

Style  slightly  3-cleft:  fro  it  triangular,  £  in.  long,  bright  salmon-color. 1 

Style  entire:  fruit  ovoid  or  obovoid:  leaves  mostly  cordate  and  clasping. 

Filaments  longer  than  the  anthers 8,  8,  4 

Filaments  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  anthers 6 

1.  P.     Menziesii,  Don.    Perianth-segments  &-1  in.  long,  acute.     8.  F.  Bay,  N. 

2.  P.     Hookeri,  Torr.     Stamens  nearly  equaling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  periaoth. 
^-^  in.  long:  ovary  hairy:  style  exserted.     Russian  Riv.  to  Monterey. 

3.  P.     trachyandra,  Torr.     Similar:  stamens  shorter:  ovary  smooth.     8.  N.  Mte. 

4.  P.     Greg-ana,  Wats.     Flowers  often  purplish- veined:  stamens  exserted.     Or. 
9,     P.     parvifolia,  Wats.     Woolly:  leaves  1-1$  in.  long.     Siakiyou  Mta. 


188  LILIACEJS. 

22.     CLINTONIA,  Rafinesque 

1.  0.     uniflora,  Knnth.     Nearly  stemless:  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-2-ftow- 
ered:  perianth  white,  J-l  in.  long,  pubescent.     S.  N.  Mts.  and  Humboldt  Bay,  N. 

2.  O.     Andrewsiana,  Torr.     Flowers  rose-red  in  a  globose  umbel  on  a  stout  peduncle, 
often  one  or  more  smaller  clusters  below:  fruit  rich  blue.     In  the  redwoods. 

23.     SCOLIOPUS,  Torrey. 

1.  8.     Bigelovii,  Torr.     Perianth  £-f  in.  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  spreading,  striped; 
petals  erect,  very  slender,  dark:  style  branches  2-3  lines  long.     Redwood*. 

2.  S.     Halli,  Wats.     Smaller:  style-branches  a  line  long.     Cascade  Mts. 

24.     TRILLIUM,   Linnaeus. 

Flower  sessile.     Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  large 1 

Leaves  long-petioled:  stem  3-4  in.  high 2 

Flower  pedunoled.     Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  rhombic-ovate 8 

Leaves  on  petioles  1-15  lines  long,  lanceolate 4 

1.  T.     sessile,  L.,   var.  Calif ornicum,   Wats.     Very  variable:  petals  lurid-purple  or 
rose-red  to  white,  1-4  in.  long.     San  Diego  to  Or. 

2.  T.    petiolatum,  Pursh.    Petioles  exceeding  or  equaling  the  blade.     Or.  &  Wash. 
S.    T.    ovatum,  Pursh.     Flowers  white  becoming  rose,  fragrant.    Santa  Crux,  N. 

4.    T.    rivale,  Wats.     Slender:  leaves  1-2  in.  long.    N.  W.  CaL  &  &.  W.  Or. 

25.  VERATRUM,  Touraefort. 

Perianth-segments  entire  or  serrulate,  oblanceolate,  thickened  on  the  sides  at  base  .,1,2 
Perianth-segments  fringed  rhombic-ovate,  the  riged  base  divided  by  a  narrow  furrow. .  8 

1.  V.    Californicuxn,  Durand.     Stout,  3-7  ft.  high:  leaves  L-12  in.  long,  sheathing: 
panicle  1-2  ft.  long:  perianth-segments  whitish  with  a  greener  brown-edged  base. 

2.  V.    viride,  Ait.     Flowers  green  in  slender  panicles.    Oregon,  N. 

8.    V.    flmbriatum,  Qr.     Leaves  lanceolate,  6-18  in.  long,  narrowed  at  base.     CaL 

26.  ZYGADENUS,  Michaux. 

Flowers  all  perfect;  segments  longer  than  the  stamens,  the  outer  ones  not  clawed. ....  1 
Flowers  smaller:  stamens  equaling  or  exceeding  the  perianth,  2  or  S  lines  long 2,  8 

1.  Z.     Fremont!,  Torr.     From  a  few  inches  to  3  or  4  ft.  high:  raceme  simple  or  com- 
pound: perianth  rotate;  segments  £-§  in.  long,  rather  obtuse.     San  Diego  to  Humbt. 

2.  Z.    venenosus,  Wats.      Leaves  rarely  over  2  or  3  lines  broad,  usually  folded: 
raceme  simple  or  nearly  so.     Cent.  CaL,  N.     (Death  Camau.) 

3     Z.    paniculatus,  Wats.     Similar,  stouter:  raceme  compound:  lower  flowers  often 
sterile,  short  pedioeled;  segments  2  lines  long,  triangular,  acute.     CaL,  E. 


LILIACEJE.  189 

97.    STENANTHH7M,  Gray. 

L    &     occidentalo,  Or.      Slender,   1-2  ft.  high:  perianth  4-7  line*  long;  segmente 
Unear-lanooolate,  tips  recurved:  linear  seeds  winged.     Or.,  N. 

28.    TOUTELDIA,  Hudson. 

L    T.    occidantalia,  Wats.     Viscid-pubescent:  involucre  3-lobed  often  reddish. 
fc.    T.     glutinoso,  Willd.     Involucre  scarcely  lobed,  near  the  flower.     Or.,  N.  A  E. 

29.    NABTHECIUM,  Moehring. 

L    V.    Oalifornicum,  Baker.     Raceme  loose,  3-5  in.  long:  perianth  3-4  lines  longs 
capsule  bright  salmon-color;  seeds  with  tails  at  both  ends.     N.  CaL 

80.    XEBOPKYIiLUM,  Michauz. 

L    2L    tenax,  Nutt.    Stem  2-5  ft.  high:  perianth-segments  H  ^  long-    CfeL,  K. 
S.    X.    Zkraglasii,  W&ta.    Smaller  in  every  way.    Colombia  River. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    KAMES    AOT) 
BOTANICAL    TEBMS. 


All  the  specific  names  found  in  this  work  are  here  defined  except  a  few  of  obscure 
or  unknown  meaning,  and  some  which  have  undoubtedly  been  overlooked.  Commemo- 
rative names  are  followed  by  the  names — when  known  to  me — of  those  thus  honored. 
Specific  names  are  given  sometimes  in  one  gender,  sometimes  in  another.  The  learner 
must  know  that,  as  a  rule,  if  a  specific  name  ends  in  us,  a,  or  urn,  it  may  end  in  either 
of  the  other  two  to  correspond  with  the  gender  of  the  generic  name;  as,  Convolvulus 
Calif ornicus  (Masculine),  Poly  gala  California  (Feminine),  Oalium  Californicum  (Neuter.) 
Or,  the  specific  name  may  end  in  is  or  e,  the  former  agreeing  with  masculine  and  femi- 
nine generic  names,  the  latter  with  neuter  names.  The  meaning  of  each  name,  where 
possible,  is  given  in  a  form  suitable  for  a  common  or  English  name  of  the  plant. 
Botanical  terms  are  given  in  italic  letters.  Figures  in  parentheses  indicate  the  number 
of  times  the  name  is  used  in  this  book. 


Abortion,   imperfect  growth,  or  failure  of 

an  organ. 

Abrotanifolia,  abrotanus-leaved. 
Abrupt,  suddenly  ending. 
Acaulescent,  stemless  above  ground. 
Acerose,  needle-shaped. 
Achilleaefolia,  yarrow-leaved. 
Acicularis,  Acicular,  slender-acerose 
Acuminata,   Acuminate,     tapering    to   a 

point. 
Acuta,    Acute,    angle    at    the    apex,    less 

than  90  and  greater  than  25  degrees. 
Acutangula,  acute-angled. 
Adenocaulon,  glandular-stemmed 
Adenophylla,  glandular-leaved. 
Adnate,   adherent  from   the   first    (adnate 

anthers  adhere  to  the  filament  by  the 

back  side.) 

Adsurgens  (2),  upward-turning. 
Adventitious,  not  in  the  usual  place. 
Affinis    (5),     closely    related    to    other 

species. 


Aggregata,  aggregated. 

Agrestis,  field. 

Ajugoides,  ajuga-like;  like  bugle, 

Alcene,  a  seed-like  fruit. 

Alata,  winged. 

Alba  (5),  Albens,  white. 

Albescens,  whitish,  whitening. 

Albicaulis  (3),  white-stemmed. 

Albidus,  whitish. 

Albiflora  (2),  white-flowered. 

Alismaefolia,  alisma-leaved. 

Alnifolia,  alder-leaved. 

Alpestre    (2),      mountain,    growing     on 

high  mountains. 
Alpina   (2),    Alpine,   on   the   summits  of 

loft}7  mountains. 

Alsinanthemum,  old  generic  name. 
Alsinoides,  alsine-like,  like  sandwort. 
Alternate,  one  after  another,  not  opposite. 
Altissima,  highest,  growing  on  mountains 

higher  than  other  species. 
Alyssoides,  alyssum-like. 


(191) 


192       GLOSSARY    OP    SPECIFIC    NAMIiS    AND    BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


Amarella,  old  generic  name. 

Ambigeia  (3),  doubtful,  too  much  like 
oilier  species. 

Amarieasm,  (6),  American. 

Amictum,  clothed,  covered. 

Amcena  (2),  charming. 

Amplectans.  twining. 

Ample^icaule  (2),  stem-embraced  (by 
leaves. ) 

Amplexifolius,  embracing  leaves. 

Anagaliis,  oid  generic  name. 

Anagalloides,  anagallis-like,  like  pim- 
pernel. 

Anderson!,  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson  of  Santa 
Cruz,  who  has  specially  studied  sea- 
weeds and  willows. 

Andrewsiana,  Andrews!!,  Dr.  T.  L. 
Andrews,  Monterey,  1850. 

Andromedia  (meaning  not  significant.) 

Androsacea  (2),  like  androsace. 

Androseemifolia,  androssemon  -  leaved, 
leaves  like  St.  John's  wort. 

Androus,  in  composition,  means  stamens; 
diaudrous,  or  2-androus,  meaning  sta- 
mens two. 

Anglica  (2),  English. 

Angustata,  slender  or  narrow. 

Angustifoiia  (7),  narrow-leaved. 

Annua,  annual. 

Anomala,  anomalous,  peculiar. 

Anserina,  old  generic  name  of  goose- 
weed. 

Anterior,  next  to  the  observer,  not  toward 
the  stem. 

Anthylloides,  anthylla-like,  like  musk- 
ivy. 

Antirrliinoides  (2),  snapdragon-like. 

Antiselli,  Dr.  Thos.  Antisell. 

Aparine,  old  generic  name. 

Apendiculata,  appendaged. 

Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Aphanoptera,  wingless. 

Aphylla,  leafless. 

Apiculate,  having  a  short  abrupt  point. 

Appreascd,  lying  or  pressed  close,  as  leaves 
to  branches. 

Aquatica.  aquatic,  living  in  water. 

Arborea  (3),  tree-like. 

Arbutifolia,  arbutus-leaved. 

Arcuata  (4),  curved,  or  jaundiced,  ?.  e., 
yellowish. 


Arenaria,  sand,  growing  in  sand. 

Argophyila,  spotted  leaf. 

Arguta,  aggressive. 

Arisefclms,  aria-leaved. 

Arida,  dry,  growing  in  dry  places. 

Aristatus,   awned,  bearded. 

Aristella,  small-awned. 

Armeria,  generic  name. 

Arnottii,  L)r.  Arnott,  1830-40. 

Aromatica,  aromatic. 

Arvense  (11),  field. 

Asarifolia,  asarum-leaved. 

Ascending,  rising  obliquely  upward. 

Asper  (Aspera,  Asperurn)  (2),  rough. 

Asperima.  very  rough. 

Asplenifolia.  asplenium  leaved. 

Asprella,  rough. 

Assurgentiflora,upward-turning  flowers 

Atractyloides,  thistle  like. 

Atropurpurea  (2),  dark  or  black-purple. 

Attenuata  (2),  attenuate,  very  slender 
and  tapering. 

Attenuifolium,  attenuate-leaved. 

Attollens,  high-growing. 

Aurea  (5),  golden. 

Auriculfte,  Aurita,  eared ;  bearing  pro- 
jecting lobes  at  the  base. 

Austinse  (4),  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin,  of 
Sierra  Co. 

Aquatilis,  Aquatica,  Aquatic,  living  in 
water. 

Aquifolium,  holly-leaved. 

Axil,  between  the  base  of  a  leaf  and  the 
stem. 

Azureus,  azure,  blue. 

Baccata,  berry-like. 

Baileyi,  W.  W.  Bailey. 

Barbiger  (Barbigera,  Barbigerum)  (3), 
bearded. 

Bartsisefolia,  Bartsia-leaved. 

Beckwithii  (2),  Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith 
who  commanded  a  Government  expe- 
dition. 

Bellidifolia,  daisy-leaved. 

Bellum  (2).  beautiful, 

Benthami  (2),  Geo.  Bentham,  a  great 
English  botanist. 

Bernardina,  San  Bernardino  Co. 

Betulsefolia,  birch -leaved. . 

Biceptrum,  two-stemmed  (wands). 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      193 


Bicolor  (6),  two-colored. 

Bicornuta,  two-horned. 

Bidwelliae  (2),  Mrs.  Bidwell  of  Chico. 

Biennis  (2),  Biennial,  living  two  seasons. 

Bifid um,  Bifid;  that  is,  cut  to  the  middle. 

Biflora  (3),  two-flowered. 

Bifolium  (2),  two-leaved. 

Bigelovii  (4),  Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow. 

Bilabiate,  two-lipped. 

Biloba,  two-lobed. 

Binghamae,  Mrs.  R.  F.  Bingham. 

Bioletti  (2),  F.  T.  Bioletti. 

Bipinnate,  twice  pinnate. 

Blade,  the  broad  upper  part  of  a  petal. 

Blauda,  bland,  pleasant. 

Blattaria,  the  old  generic  name. 

Blepharophylla,  eyelash-leaved. 

Blochmanae,  Mrs.  Ida  Blockman. 

Bloomeri,  H.  G.  Bloomer.     (See  Index.) 

Bolanderi  (15).  Henry  N.  Bolander.  See 
Index.) 

Boreale  (6),  northern  or  boreal. 

Botrys,  an  old  generic  name. 

Bottae,  P.  E.  Botta,  a  French  collector. 

Brachy  calyx,  short  calyx. 

Brachyloba.  short-lobed. 

Brachycarpuxn  (2),  short-podded. 

Brachysperma,  short-seeded. 

Bract,  Bractlet,  reduced  leaves  of  a  flower 
cluster. 

Bracteata  (2),  Bracteosa  (4),  bracted. 

Breviflorus,  short-flowered. 

Brevipes,  short-peduncled. 

Brevistyla  (2),  short-styled. 

Breweri  (16),  W.  H.  Brewer,  of  Yale, 
who  was  chief  of  the  botanical  depart- 
ment of  the  California  State  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  1860-4. 

Bridges!!  (3),  Thos.  Bridges,  who  botan- 
ized mostly  in  South  America. 

Brown!!,  Brown,  an  English  botanist. 

Bryophora,  moss-bearing  or  mossy. 

Bulbifera,    Bulbiferous,  producing"  bulbs. 

Bullata,  blistered. 

Bursa-pastoris,  shepherd's  purse. 

Buxbaumii,  I.  0.  Buxbaum,  a  German 
botanist. 

Buxifolia,  boxwood-leaved. 

Caducous,  falling  soon,  as  the  calyx  of  a 
poppy. 


Cserulea  (3)  cerulean,  dark- blue. 

Caesium,  bluish-gray. 

Caespitosa     (4),     Cespitose,    growing     in 

tufts. 

Californica  (78),  California. 
Callicarpa,  beautiful  pods. 
Calycina,  pertaining  to  the  calyx  (large 

in  this  species). 
Calycosa  (4),  large-calyx. 
Campanularia,  bell-bearing. 
Campanulata    (2),    Campanulate,    bell- 


Campestre  (5),  field,  growing  in  level 
fields. 

Candicans,   whitening,  becoming  white. 

Candida,  pure  white. 

Canadense  (4),  Canada. 

Canescens  (3),  Canescent,  gray,  hoary. 

Canina,  dog.  • 

Cannabinum,  hemp. 

Canus,  ash-colored. 

Capillaris  (2),  Capillary,  hair-like, 

Capitata  (3),  Capitate,  in  a  head  (the 
flowers). 

Capparideum,  caper. 

Capsule,  a  dry  fruit  (pod)  of  more  than 
one  carpel. 

Cardinale  (2),  chief,  principal. 

Carduacea,  thistle-like. 

Carneum,  flesh -like. 

Carnosula  (2),  flesh-colored. 

Caroliniana  (2),  Carolina. 

Carpel,  one  of  the  leaves  forming  a  pistil. 

Caseana,  E.  L.  Case. 

Cataria,  cat. 

Castilleioides,  castilleia-like. 

Caudata,  Caudate,  tailed. 

Caudex,  an  erect  rootstock  or  a  stem  ris- 
ing but  little  above  the  ground. 

Caulescens,  Caulescent,  stem-producing, 
having  a  stem. 

Cauline,  on  the  stem,  as  cauline  leaves,  not 
radical. 

Centranthifolius,  centranthus-leaved. 

Cerasiformis,  cherry-like. 

Cereus,  waxen. 

Chamissonis,  Adelbert  von  Chamisso,  a 
German  poet  and  botanist  who,  with 
Eschscholtz,  Choris,  an  artist,  and 
their  commander,  Kotzebue,  visited 
Sail  Francisco,  Oct.  1816. 


194      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Cheiranthifolius,  wall-flower  leaved. 

Childii,  H.  S.  Child. 

Chilensis,   Chile. 

Chloranthus,  green-flowered. 

Chorisiana,  Choris  (see  Chamissonis.) 

Chrysantha,  yellow-flowered. 

Chrysanthemifolius,  chrysanthemum- 
leaved. 

Cicutarius,  cicuta-like. 

Ciliata,  Ciliate,  fringed  with  parallel 
hairs. 

Ciliosa,  ciliate. 

Cineria,  ashy-gray. 

Circinata  (2),  Circinate,  coiled  down- 
ward. 

Circinatiformis,  circular. 

Citrinus  (3),  lemon-yellow. 

Clavata  (2),  Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Claw,  the  slender  basal  part  of  some 
petals. 

Cleft,  cut  about  half  way  down. 

Cleistogama,  Cleistogamous,  having  flow- 
ers which  do  not  open,  but  are  fertil- 
ized in  the  bud. 

Cleveland!  (7),  D.  Cleveland,  San  Diego. 

Coccinea  (4),  scarlet. 

Coerulea,  cerulean,  blue. 

Cohesion,  the  union  of  similar  organs. 

Gollina  (3),  hill,  growing  on  hills. 

Collinsioides,  collinsia-like. 

Coloratum,  colored. 

Columbarise,  dove  (doves  eat  the  seeds 
of  this  Salvia). 

Columbianum  (2),  Columbia 

Columbinum  (2),  dove-like  (color). 

Commune,  common. 

Comosa  (2),  Comose,  bearing  tufts  of 
hairs. 

Concinna  (3),  beautiful. 

Concolor  (3),  of  one  color. 

Confertum  (3),  dense,  crowded  together. 

Conftuc.nt,  running  together,  joined. 

Congdoni,  J.  W.  Congdon,  Mariposa. 

Congesta  (8),  congested,  bunched. 

Conjugialis,  conjugal;  the  fruit  in 
pairs. 

Connate,    joined  together ;    as    opposite 

leaves. 

Connective,  that  which  joins  anther 
cells. 


Connivent,  coming  together. 

Contorta,  twisted. 

Convalarioides,  con  val  aria-like,  like 
lily-of-the-  valley. 

Convolute,  rolled  up.  (In  flower  buds, 
one  edge  of  a  leaf  in  and  the  other  out 
all  around). 

Cooperse,  Mrs.  Elwood  Cooper,  Santa 
Barbara. 

Cooperi  (2),  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  a  noted 
California  zoologist. 

Cordata  (3),  Cordate,  heart-shaped 
(leaves). 

Cordifolia  (4),  cordate  leaves. 

Coriaceous,  leathery. 

Corniculata,  small-horned. 

Cornuta,  horned. 

Coronaria,  crowned. 

Corrugata,  corrugate. 

Corymbosa  (2),  Corymbose,  like  a 
Corymb  which  is  a  flat  topped  inflor- 
escence ;  the  lower  branches  as  tall  as 
the  upper  ones  and  the  main  stem. 

Costate,  ribbed. 

Cotulaefolia,  cotula-leaved,  like  may- 
weed leaves. 

Cotyledon,  a  generic  name. 

Coulteri,  Coulteriana,  Dr.  Thos. 
Coulter,  who  collected  on  this  coast 
1831-3. 

Crassifolia  (4),  coarse  or  thick  leaved. 

Creeping,  lying  on  the  ground  and  rooting. 

Crenate,  edges  with  rounded  teeth. 

Ctgtica,  Cretan. 

Crinita,  bearded. 

Crispa,  Crispate. 

Crista-galli,  cock's-comb. 

Crocea  (2),  saffron-yellow. 

Crotaiariae,  Crotalaria,  rattle. 

Crystalina,  crystaliiie. 

Cucullaria,  hood-like. 

Cucullata  (2),  hooded. 

Cuneata  (3),  Cuneate,  wedge-like  (leaves). 

Cuneifolia  (2),  wedge-leaved. 

Cupuliferum,  cup-bearing. 

Curassavicum,  old  generic  name. 

Curvisiliqua,  curved-pod. 

Curtipes,  short-pediceled. 

Cusickii  (2),  W.  C.  Cusick. 

Cuspidate,  armed  with  a  cusp. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL   TERMS.      195 


Cylindrica,  cylindrical. 
Cymbalaria  (2),  old  generic  name. 
Cyme,    a  flat    topped    cluster     with     the 

oldest  flower  in  the  center. 
Cyathiferum,  cup- bearing. 
Cytisoides,    cytisus-like,     like     golden- 

chain. 


Davisae,  Miss  N.  J.  Davis. 

Debilis  (2),  weak,  tender. 

Deciduous,  leafless  in  winter. 

Declined,  bending  downward. 

Decora  (3),  pretty. 

Decumbens  (2),  Decumbent. 

Deflexa,  Deflexed. 

Dehixcence,  the  opening  of  a  pod  or  anther 

which  is 
Dehiscent,  i.e.    does  not  remain  closed  as 

does  a  pea-nut. 
Deltoidea,  triangular. 
Demissa,  low,  dwarfed. 
Densiflora  (6),  dense-flowering. 
Densifolia,  densely-leaved. 
Dentata  (3),  Dentate,  toothed  with  erect 

teeth. 
Denticulata      (3),     Denticulate,      finely 

toothed. 
Depauperata  (2),  small  as  if  not  well 

nourished. 

Depressa,  Depressed,  pressed  down. 
Deustus,  burnt  (application  not  obvious). 
Diadelphous,  stamens  in  two  sets. 
Dianthoides,  dianthus-like,  pink-like. 
Dichlamydeum,  having  both  calyx  and 

corolla. 
Dichotoma    (3),     Dichotomous,     forking, 

stems  and  brandies  dividing. 
Dictyota  (2),  netted  (leaves). 
Didyma.  Didymous,  double  (the  fruit). 
Didymocarpus,  double-pod. 
Diffusa  (7),  Diffuxe,  loosely  spreading. 
Digitate,    palmate,    leaflets  on   the    end  of 

petiole. 

Digynum,   two  carpeled,  or  two-styled. 
Dilatum,  spreading,  broad. 
Dioecious,  bearing  staminate  and  pistillate 

flowers  on  separate  plants. 
Dipetala,  two-petaled. 
Diploscypha,  double-cupped. 


Discolor  (2),  two-colored.  (The  sides  of 
the  leaf  unlike  in  color). 

Dispersa,  dispersed,  scattered. 

Dissecta  (2),  Dissected,  cut  in  many  lobes. 

Distans,  standing  apart. 

Distichum,  two-ranked. 

Distinct,  not  united. 

Divaricata  (7),  Divaricate,  separating 
widely. 

Divergent,  separating. 

Diversifolius  (2),  variously  leaved. 

Diversiloba,  variously  lobed. 

Douglasii  (15),  Douglasiana  (2),  David 
Douglas,  a  Scotch  botanist,  who 
collected  in  1825  and  1831-2-3. 

Draba,  a  generic  name. 

Drummondii,  Mr.  Drummond,  who  bot- 
anized on  the  plains  and  this  coast 
before  1840. 

Drupe,  fruit  like  a  plum  or  cherry. 

Drymarioides,  drymaria-like. 

Dumetorium,  of  the  thickets. 

Dumosa  (4)  bushy. 

Ebracteata,  bractless. 

Echinata,  spiny,  like  a  hedge-hog. 

Ecornuta,  hornless. 

Edulis,  edible. 

Eiseni  (2),  Dr.  Gustav  Eisen,  naturalist 

and  viticulturalist. 
Elseaginifolia  (2),  elseaginus-leaved. 
Elatum,  tall. 
Elegans  (5),  elegant. 
Elliptica  (4),  Elliptical,  in  the  form  of  an 

ellipse  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Emarginata,  Emarginate. 
Eminens,  high,  tall ;  or  growing  in  high 

places. 

Emoryi,  Major  W.  H.  Emory,  who  com- 
manded an  exploring  expedition  in 

1846. 
Empetriformis,      empetrum-like,     like 

(crow-berry). 
Engelmanni,  Dr.  Geo.  Engelmann,   St. 

Louis,    author    of  many    monographs 

upon  difficult  genera. 
Epiyynous,  growing  upon  the  pistil. 
Epilobioid.es,  epilobium-like,  resembling 

willow-herb. 
Equilaterale,  equal-sided  (the  leaves). 


196      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL   TERMS. 


Erianthus,  woolly-flower. 
Eriocarpa,  woolly -pod. 
Eriocephalum,  woolly-head. 
Eriopoda,   woolly  feet  (the  base  of  the 

plant). 

Eriophorus,  wool-bearing. 
Erosa,    Erose,    ragged-edged    as   though 

gnawed. 

Esculenta,  esculent,  edible. 
Europaea,  European. 
Eupatoria,  old  generic  name. 
Eurycarpa,  broad-podded. 
Exigua  (3),  dwarf,  small. 
Exilis  (2),  slender,  feeble. 
Exserted,     projecting    beyond     the    other 

organs. 

Extipulaf.e,  without  stipules. 
Extrorse.  facing  outward. 

Falcifolium,  falchion-leaved. 

Farinosa,   starchy. 

Fascicle,  a  close  bunch  of  rather  long- 
stemmed  flowers  of  equal  height. 

Fasciculata  (4),  fascicled,  fascicle-bearing. 

Fastigiate,  close,  parallel  and  erect  branches. 

Ferruginea,  rusty. 

Fertile,  fruitful.  (Fertile  anthers  pro- 
duce pollen). 

Ficus-Indica,  Indian-fig  (the  old  name). 

Filament,  the  stem  of  a  stamen,  a  thread. 

Filicaulis,  thread-like  stems. 

Filiform,  thread-like. 

Filifolia  (2),  thread-leaved. 

Filipes,  thread-stemmed  flower  (the  ped- 
icel thread-like). 

Fimbriata  (3),  Fimbriate,  fringed. 

Fimbriolate,  bearing  a  fringe. 

Flaccida.  flaccid. 

Flaminula,  the  old  geqeric  name. 

Flavescens  (2),  turning  yellow. 

Flavulum,  yellowish. 

Flextiose,  bending  in  a  zigzag  way. 

Floccosa,  Floccose,  bearing  tufts  of 
woolly  hairs. 

Floribunda  (7),  many-flowered. 

Foliacea,  Foliaceous,  leafy. 

Follicle,  a  simple  pod  opening  along  the 
ventral  suture  only. 

Foliolate,  pertaining  to  leaves  (3-foliolate, 
having  3  leaflets,  etc.) 


Foliolosa  (3),  leafy. 

Fontana,  fountain,  growing  around  springs. 

Formicissimus,  beautifully-formed. 

Formosa  (4),  beautiful  (in  form). 

Fragarioides,  strawberry,  like  fra- 
garia. 

Fragrans,  fragrant. 

Franciscana  (2),  San  Francisco. 

Franklinii,  Franklin,  an  early  botan- 
ist. 

Free,  not  adherent  to  other  organs. 

Fremont!  (6),  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont. 

Frigidum,  frigid,  growing  in  cold  places. 

Froebelli,  Julius  Froebel,  1855. 

Frondosa,   leafy. 

Fruit,  the  ripened  pistil  and  all  that 
adheres  to  it. 

Fruticosa  (2),  Fruticose,  shrubby. 

Fucatum,  painted. 

Fugacious,  soon  disappearing. 

Fulcratus,   spurred. 

Fullonum,  fuller's  (used  by  fullers  in 
dressing  cloth). 

Fusca,  dusky,  dark-colored. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped. 

Gallica,  Gallic,  French. 
Galioides,  galium-like. 
Gambelii  (2),  Dr.  Wm.  Gambel,  an 

ornithologist. 

Gauraefolia,  gaura-leaved. 
Gelida,  frost-loving. 
Gibbous,  swollen  out.  sack- like. 
Gibbsii,  G.  W.  Gibbs. 
Gigantea  (3),  gigantic. 
Gilioides,  gilia-like, 
Githago,  old  generic  name. 
Glabella  (4),  nearly  smooth  or  hairless. 
Glaber  (Glabra,  Glabrum)  (5),  hairless. 
Glaberima,  very  smooth  or  hairless. 
Glabrata,     Glabrate,     becoming    smooth 

in  age. 

Glandulosa  (5),  glandular. 
Glauca    (6),    Glaucous,    covered    with     a 

white  powder. 
Glaucescens    (2),    bluish-gray,     slightly 

glaucous. 

Glechoma,  generic  name. 
Glechomsefolia,  glechoma-leaved. 
Glomerata,  densely-clustered. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      19T 


Glomerule,  a  dense  head-like  cluster  of 
cy  mules. 

Glutinosa  (3),  glutinous. 

Goodrichii 

Gordon!,  Gordonianus,  Gordon,  an 
English  botanist. 

Gracile  (9),  slender. 

Graciliflora,  slender-flowered. 

Gracilenta  (3),  slender-growing. 

Grande  (2),  grand. 

Grandinora  (15),  large-flowering. 

Grandifolia,  large-leaved. 

Gratissima,  rnost-pleasing. 

Grayi  (5),  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  the  greatest 
American  botanist  of  the  19th  Cent- 
ury. 

Greenei  (4),  Edward  L.  Greene,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  America. 

Greggii ,  Dr.  Gregg. 

Grisea,  bluish-gray. 

Groenlandica,  Greenland. 

Gratioloides,  gratiola-like. 

Guttatus,  spotted. 

Gymnocarpa,  naked-fruited. 

Gypsophiloides,  gypsopila-like. 

Hsematochiton,  red-coated  (the  bulbs.) 
Hallii    (4),    E.    Hall,    who   collected  iii 

Oregon,  in  1871. 
Hanseni,  Geo.  Hansen. 
Harknessii,    Dr.    H.    W.     Harkness,    a 

student  of  fungi. 
Hartwegi    (6),     Theodore     Hartweg,    a 

German    who    collected     in    Cal.    in 

1846-7. 

Hassei,  Dr.  Hasse. 
Hastata,  Hastate,  spear-shaped. 
Hebecarpus,  blunt-podded. 
Hederacea,  ivy-like. 
Heermannii,   Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann,  who 

collected  in  Sacramento  Val.,  1853-6. 
Henderson!  (4),    L.  F.    Henderson,    an 

Oregon  teacher  and  botanist. 
Hesperium  (2),  evening  or  western 
Heterantha,  variable-flowered. 
Heterodbn,  variously-toothed. 
Heterodoxa     (2),      heterodox,       unlike 

others  of  its  kind. 
Heterophylla  (6),  variously-leaved. 


Hexandra,  six-anthered. 
Hickmani    (2),    J.    B.    Hickman,    Mon- 
terey. 

Hiemale,  winter. 
Hippurioides,  htopuris-like. 
Hirsuta  (4),  HWiutey  hairy,  with  rather 

coarse  hairs. 

Hirsutissima  (2),  most-hirsute. 
Hirta,  shaggy,  rough. 
Hirtella  (3),  roughish-hairy. 
Hispida  (5),    Hispid,   bristly,   with  stiff 

hairs. 

Hispidissima,  most-hispid. 
Hispidula  (3),  slightly-hispid. 
Humilis  (5),  low. 

Humistrata  (2),  spreading  on  the  ground, 
Humboldtii,  Baron  von  Humboldt,  the 

great  naturalist. 
Holboellii 

Holosericens,  wholly-silky. 
Hookori  (5),  Hookerianus,   Sir  Joseph 

Hooker. 
Hornemanni. 
Hornii,  Dr.  Geo.   H.   Horn,  U.  S.  Army, 

1862-4. 

Horrida,  horrid. 

Howellii  (9),  Thos.  Howell  (see  index). 
Howard!,  W.  J.  Howard. 
Hyacintnina,  hyacinth-like. 
Hyalinum,      thin,      membranous      (the 

perianth). 
Hydrophylloides,    like     Hydrophyl- 

luni,  which  means  water-leaf. 
Hypoyynous,    growing    below  the    pistil ; 

i.  e.,  upon  the  receptacle. 
Hymenosepalus,  skinny-sepaled . 
Hypoleuca,  white  below  (the  leaves). 
Hypopitis,  generic  name. 
Hyssopifolia,  hyssop-leaved. 

Ida-Maia,  (see  page  75). 

Ilicifolia  (3),  hoily-leaved. 

Imbricata    (2),    Imbricate,     overlapping 

like  shingles. 

Incana  (3),  hoary,  ashy-gray. 
Incarnata,  flesh-colored,  fleshy. 
Incisa,    Incise,   Incisely,   cut    into    sharp 

lobes  with  sharp  sinuses. 
Incompta,  plain,  unadorned. 
Inconspicua  (2),  inconspicuous. 


198      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL.  TERMS. 


Inferior,  below  (an  inferior  ovary  is  cov- 
ered by  the  adherent  calyx). 

Inflata,  inflated. 

Innata,  Inn-tte,  with  the  anthers  attached 
by  the  base.  A 

Insignis  (2),  marked,^pticeal>le. 

Integerrimus,  perfectly  entire. 

Integrifolia  (2),  entire-leaved. 

Intermedia  (3),  intermediate. 

Interrupta,  broken  between  (the  spike 
with  naked  so  ices). 

Intertexta,  interwoven. 

Introrse,  facing  in  (anthers). 

Involucrata  (2),  Involucrate,   having  an 

Involucre,  a  whorl  of  calyx-like  leaves. 

Involucel,  a  little  involucre. 

Involute,  rolled  inward. 

Irregular,  organs  of  a  set  (particularly  the 
petals)  unlike. 

Ixioides,  ixia-like. 

Jalapa 

Jaffrayanus 

Jamesi£  Dr.  Edwin  James. 

Jaredi,  Lorenzo  Jared,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Jasminoides,  Jasmine-like. 

Jeffrey!,  John  Jeffrey,  a  Scotch  gardener. 

Jepsoni,  Willis  L.  Jepson,  California 
State  University. 

Jocundum,  Jocundus  (3),  pleasing. 

Jonesii,  Marcus  E.  Jones,  who  has  spe- 
cially studied  the  flora  of  Utah  and 
adjacent  regions. 

Juliflora  ' 

Junceum,  rush-like. 

Kamtsckatica,  Kamtschatka. 

Keel,  the  lower  pair  of  petals  in  a  legumi- 
nous flower. 

Kelloggii,  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg.  (See  In- 
dex.) 

King!  (2),  Clarence  King,  geologist  and 
author. 

Kleei,  W.  C.  Klee. 

Kentropbyta,  generic  name. 

Liacerus,  lacerated,  torn. 
X*aciflpra,  torn-flower. 
Xiaciniata  (6),  Ladniate,  slashed,  cut  into 
narrow  lobes. 


Lacteuxn,  milky  white. 
Lacunosum,  full  of  holes  or  hollows. 
Lacustre,  Lake. 
Leetus,  pleasing,  agreeable. 
Laeve  (3),  smooth. 
Ii33vicaulis,   smooth-stemmed. 
Lamina,  blade,  as  of  a  leat. 
Liauatum,  woolly. 

Lanceolata  (5),  Lanceolate,  lance-shape. 
Lasiantlia,  hairy-flowered. 
Lasiocarpnm,  hairy-podded. 
Lasiococeus,  hairy  berry. 
Lasiophyllum,  hairy-leaved. 
Lasiosperma,  hairy-seeded. 
Lateral,  on  the  side  of  a  stem. 
Laterifiora,  lateral-flowered. 
Latidens,  broad-toothed. 
Latifolia,  broad-leaved. 
Latipes,  broad,  i.  e.,  flat-pediceled. 
Laurina,  laurel-like, 
Laxa  (3),  loose. 
Laxiflorus,  loose-flowered. 
Leaiia,  L.  W.  Lee,  Oregon. 
Ledebourii 

Liedifolius,  ledum-leaved. 
Legume,  a  pod  like  that  of  pease. 
Ueiclitlinii 

Leiocarpa,  smooth-podded. 
Lemmoni  (ll),J.G.Lemmon.  (See  Index.) 
Lepida  (2),  charming. 
Lepidota,  scaly,  covered  with  scurf. 
Leptalea  (2),  very  slender. 
ILeptandra,  slender  anther. 
Leptantha,  slender-flowered. 
Leptocarpa,  slender-podded. 
Iieptophyllus,  slender-leaved. 
Leptosepala,  slender- sepaled. 
Lep  tost  achy  a,  slender-spiked. 
ILeucanttia  (2),  white-flowere'd. 
Leucocepkala  (2),  white-headed. 
Leucoderinis,  white-skinned. 
JjQ ucoph.se us,  ash-colored. 
Ijeucopliylla  (2),  wbite-leaved. 
Leucopsis,  white. 
Leucostaehys,  white-spiked. 
Uewisi  (3),  M.  Lewis.    (See  index.) 
Iiigusticifolia,  Hgusticum-leaveti, 
Liliacea,  Lilicina,  lily-like. 
Limb,   the  border  or  spreading  part  of  a 
calyx  or  corolla  of  united  leaves. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      199 


Iiimonium,  generic  name. 

liimosa,  swamp. 

Lindheimeri  (2),  Dr.  F.  Lindheimer. 

Lindleyi,  John  Lindley,  an  eminent 
English  botanist,  1799-1865. 

Line,  a  twelfth  of  an  inch. 

Lineare  (6),  Linear,  leaves  several  times 
longer  than  wide,  with  parallel  edges. 

Ijinearifolia  (2),  linear-leaved, 

Linearilobus,  linear-lobed. 

Liiigula,  generic  name. 

Liiniflora,  flax-flowered. 

Iiinnaefolia,  linnsea-leaved. 

Linnsei,  Linnaeus  (see  Index). 

Linoides,  flax-like. 

Lithocarya,  stone-nut. 

Litiiospermoides,  lithospermum-like, 
(see  Index). 

Litoralis  (3),  seashore,, 

Loasaefolia,  loose-leaved. 

Lobata,  lobed. 

Lobbi  (4),  Wm.  Lobb,  who  collected  in 
1850-4. 

Loculidical,  dehiscence  of  compound  pod 
(capsules)  by  splitting  along  the  mid- 
rib (dorsal  suture)  of  each  carpel. 

Longifiora  (2),  long-flowered. 

Longifolia,  long-leaved. 

Longipes  (3),  long-peduncled. 

Longipetala,  long-petated. 

JjUcida,  shining. 

Ijudovicianus,  Ludovicus. 

Lugens,  mourning. 

Luisana,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Lunate,  shape  of  a  new  moon. 

Lutea  (5),  Luteolus  (2),  yellow,  yel- 
lowish. 

Lutescens,  yellow-growing. 

Lyallii  (3), 

Lycopsoides  (2),  lycopus-like. 

Lyoni  (2),  Wm.  S.  Lyon,  Los  Angeles. 

Lyrata,  Lyrate,  lyre -shaped. 

Macrae! 

Macrantha  (2),  large-flowered. 
M.acrocarpa  (3),  large-fruited. 
Macrocera,  large-horned. 
Macrodon,  large-toothed. 
Macrophylla,  large-leaved. 
Macrothecum,  large-anthered. 


Macrosiphon,  large-tubed. 

Macrophyllum  (3),  large-leaved. 

Macrostachya,  large-spiked. 

Maculata  (2),  spotted. 

Major  (3),  larger. 

Malachroides,   like    Malachra,    another 

Mallows. 

Malvaeflora,  mallows-flowered. 
Malvaefolia,  mallows-leaved. 
Manzanita,  little    apple   (The    Spanish 

name). 

Marah,  genus  name  meaning  bitter. 
Maritima  (11),  maritime,  sea-coast. 
Marmoratus,  shining-white. 
Marshall!!   (3),    C.  C.    Marshall,    Hum- 

boldt  Bay. 

Marrubioides,  horehound-like. 
Marveanus,  generic  name. 
Maximus,  largest. 
Media  (2),  medium. 
Megacephalum,  large-headed 
Melanocarpa,  black-fruited. 
Melanthus,  honey-flowered. 
Millefoliata,  thousand-leaved. 
Mellita,  honey-scented. 
Membranacea,  membranaceous. 
Menziesii    (17),     Archibald    Menzies,    a 

Scotchman  who  collected  in  1792-4. 
Meroust    in     composition     means    parts ; 

e.  g.,  5-merous  parts  in  fives. 
Mersimtes,  generic  name. 
Mertensiana  (3)  (see  Index). 
Meteloides,  metel-like. 
Mexicana  (2),  Mexican. 
Michael!  (2),  G.  W.  Michael. 
Michneri, 

Micrantha  (10),  small-flowered. 
Microcarpus,  small-podded. 
Microcephalum,  small-headed. 
Microdon,  small-toothed. 
Micromeres,  small  (in  all  its  parts). 
Micropetala,  small-petaled. 
Microstachys,  small-spiked. 
Mildredae,  Mildred  Holden  daughter  of 

the  astronomer. 
Millefolium,      generic     name      meaning 

thousand-leaved. 
Millegrana,  a  thousand  grains. 
Mineata,  vermilion-red. 
Minima  (I),  smallest. 


200      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Minor,  smaller. 

Minuta,   minute. 

Missouriensis,  Missouri. 

Mitracarpa,  miter-podded. 

Modesta,  modest. 

Monandruxn,  one-stamened. 

Monantha  (2),  one-flowered. 

Moniliforrnis,  necklace-formed. 

Monospermum,  one-seeded. 

Montana  (7),  mountain. 

Molle  (6),  soft. 

Montioides,  montia-like. 

Moschatus  (2),  musky. 

Mucronate,      Mucronuiate,    tipped    with   a 

sharp  point. 

Muhlenbergii,  Dr.  Henry  Muhlenburg. 
Multicaulis,  many  stemmed. 
Multifida  (3),  much-dissected. 
Multiflora  (3),  many-flowered. 
Multinervis,  many-nerved. 
Multivalis,  many-valved. 
Muricata     (2),    Muricate,     rough    with 

short  projections. 
Mnriculatej  finely  muricate. 
Muirii,   John  Muir,   geologist,  naturalist 

and  author,  Alhambra  Valley,  Solano 

County. 

Mutica,  Mutilum,  cut  short. 
Myriantha,  mauy-ilowered. 
Myrinsites,  an  old  name. 
Myrtifolia,  myrtle-leaved. 
Myrtilloides.  myrtle-like. 
Myrtillus,  generic  name. 

Nana  (2),  pigmy,  dwarf. 
Namatoides,  nama-like. 
Nasutus,  large-nosed. 
Neniaclada,  thread-branched. 
Nemoralis,  sylvan,  grove. 
Nemorosa  (2),  leafy. 
Nevadense  (5),  Sierra  Nevaea,  Nevada. 
Neviniana,    Rev.    J.     C.    Nevin,     Los 

Angeles. 

Nervosa,  nerved. 
Newberryi,  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry. 
Nigellaeformis,  nigella-shaped. 
Niger,  (nigra)  (3),  black. 
Nigrescens,  blackening,  becoming  black. 
Nitens,  Nitida  (3),  shining. 
Nivalis,  Nivea,  snowy. 


Node,  place  on  the  stem  where  a  leaf,  a 
pair  of  leaves,  or  a  whorl  of  leaves 
grow. 

Nodlnora,  node-flower  (the  peduncles 
from  the  nodes). 

Nothofulvus,  falsely-tawney  (soon  fad- 
ing. 

Nubigena,  cloud-born. 

Nuda,  Nudata  (2),  naked. 

Nudicaule,  naked-stemmed. 

Nudiflorus,  naked-flowered. 

Nummularia,  money-wort. 

Nutans,  nodding. 

Nuttaliana,  Nuttallii  (6),  Thos.  Nut- 
tall,  an  eminent  ornithologist  and 
botanist,  1835. 

Nutkanus  (2),  Nutka  or  Nootka. 

Ob,  the  reverse  ;  e..g., 

Obcordate,  cordate  (leaf,  petal,  etc.)  with 
the  stem  at  the  acute  or  rounded  end 
of  the  blade,  not  in  the  sinus. 

Obcordatus,  obcordate. 

Obispoensis,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Obicularis,  under  Psoralea  is  a  mis- 
print for  orbicularis. 

Oblong,  two  or  three  times  as  long  as 
broad,  with  parallel  edges. 

Oblonga,  oblong. 

Oblongifolia,  oblong-leaved. 

Obtuse,  rounded  at  the  end. 

Obtusa,  Obtusata,  obtuse. 

Obtusiflorum,  obtuse-flowered.      , 

Occidentalis  (22),  occidental,  western. 

Ocellata,  eyed  (i.  e.,  a  pair  of  spots), 
spotted. 

Ochroleuca,  Ochroleucous,  yellowish- 
white. 

Oculata,  eyed. 

Odorata,  Odoratissima,  sweet-scented 
and  very  sweet-scented. 

Officinale  (8),  medicinal. 

Oleracea,  edible  (the  whole  plant). 

Oligosperma,  few-seeded. 

Oliganthum.  few-flowered. 

Olivaceum,  olive-green. 

Onustus,  loaded,  burdened. 

Oocarpus,  egg-pod. 

Opulifolia,  maple-leaved. 

Opulus,  maple. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      201 


Oppositifolia,  opposite-leaved. 
Orbicularis,  Orbicuar,  circular. 
Orcuttiana,  Orcuttii,  C.  R.  Orcutt, 

naturalist,  San  Diego. 
Oregana  (11),  Oregonense  (2)  Oregon. 
Oreophylla,  oreon-leaf. 
Origanifolia,  origanus-leaved. 
Ornata  (2),  Ornatissima,   ornate,   most 

ornate. 

Ornithorhynca,  bird-beak. 
Orthorhyncus,  straight-beak. 
Ovalifolia,  oval-leaved. 
Ovary,    the   part    of    a    pistil    containing 

ovules. 
Ovata   (5),    Ovate,    egg-shaped   (used    to 

describe  flat  organs.     See  Ovoid). 
Ovatifolia,  ovate-leaved. 
Ovoid,    egg-shaped,     said    of    solids,    (see 

Ovate). 

Oxy,  in  composition  means  sharp  or  sour. 
Oxycanthoides,  like  oxycanthus. 
Oxycarpum,  sharp-pod. 
Oxycarya,  sharp-nut. 
Oxycoccus,  sour-berry. 
Oxynotus,  markedly-sharp. 
Oxypysus,  sharp-bladder. 

Pachylobus,  thick-lobed. 

Pachystachyus,  thick-spiked. 

Pacifica,  Pacific  Coast. 

Palida,  pale. 

Palmata,  Palmate,  leaflets  or  lobes 
pointing  away  from  the  end  of  the 
petiole. 

Palmer!  (7),  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  a 
noted  collector  of  plants  throughout 
the  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

Palustre  (9),  s-vamp  or  marsh. 

Panicle,  a  raceme  of  racemes  or  spikes. 

Paniculata  (2),  Paniculate,  bearing  pan- 
icles. 

Papillosus,  papillose. 

Papilionaceous,  butterfly-like,  like  the  flow- 
er of  a  pea. 

Pardalinum,  leopard. 

Parishii,  S.  B.  Parish,  San  Bernardino. 

Parted,  cut  almost  to  the  base  or  midrib. 

Parryi  (10),  C.  C.  Parry,  a  noted  field 
botanist  and  student  of  western 
plants. 


Parviflora  (19),  small-flowered. 

Parvifolia  (7),  small-leaved. 

Parvula  (2),  very  puny,  small. 

Parvum  (2),  small. 

Pastoris,  shepherd's. 

Patagonica,  Patagonia. 

Patula,  spreading,  broad. 

Pauciflora  (4),  few-flowered. 

Paucisecta,  few-lobed. 

Pectinata,  Pectinate,  comb-like. 

Pedata,  Pedate,  foot-like. 

Pedicel,  the  stem  of  a  small  flower  or  a 
flower  in  a  cluster. 

Pedicellata,  Pedicellate,  flowers  on  ped- 
icels. 

Peduncularis    (3),    Pedunculata    (2). 

Pedunculate,  having  a 

Peduncle,  stem  of  a  flower. 

Peltata  (2),  Peltate,  shield-like. 

Penduliflora,  hanging-flowered. 

Penicillata,  Penidllatc,  having  a  brush- 
like  appendage  or  tail. 

Pentapetaloides,  apparently  five-pet- 
aled. 

Peramaenus,  very-pleasing. 

Peregrina,  exotic,  foreign. 

Perenne  (2),  Perennial,  having  a  root- 
stock. 

Perfoliata  (3),  Perfoliate,  the  bases  of 
opposite  leaves  united. 

Perigynous,  around  the  pistil  on  the 
receptacle. 

Persistent,  remaining  longer  than  is 
common. 

Pef.aloid,  petal-like. 

Petiolata,  petioled,  having  a 

Petiole,  the  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolule,  a  little  petiole. 

Pharnaceoides,  pharnaceon-like,  like 
ginseng. 

Physodes,  bladder-like  (the  calyx). 

Pickeringii,  Dr.  Chas.  Pickering,  Sur- 
geon, VVilkes'  Expedition,  1841. 

Picta  (2),  painted,  stained. 

Pilosa  (6)  Pilose,  covered  with  long 
distinct  hairs. 

Pilosissima,  densely-pilose. 

Pinetorum,  of  the  pines,  in  pine  forests. 

Pinnata  (2),  Pinnate,  leaflets  on  the  sides 
of  a  common  petiole  (rachis). 


202      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Pinnatifida,  Pinnatifid,  deeply  lobed  in  a 

pinnate  manner. 
Piperita,  pepper-like. 
Pisocarpa,  pea-pod. 
Placenta,  the  place  where  ovules  grow. 
Plantago,  generic  name. 
Plattensis,  Platt  River. 
Platycarpa,  broad-podded. 
Platycaule,  broad -stemmed. 
Platyloba,  broad-lobed. 
Platyphylla.  broad-leaved. 
Platysperma  (2),  broad-seeded. 
Plebeia,  low. 
Plummerae,    Mrs.    J.   G.   Lemmon  (nee 

Plummer),  an  accomplished  botanist. 
Plumosa,  Plumose,  plume-like. 
Pluriflora,  many-flowered. 
Portulacastrum,  generic  name. 
Polycarpum  (2),  many-podded. 
Polygaloides,  polygala-like. 
Polyphyllus  (2),  many-leaved. 
Polysepalum,  many-sepaled. 
Polystachya  (2);  many-spiked. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple. 
Pomeridianum,  afternoon. 
Porrifolia,  leek-leaved. 
Posterior,    away    from    the    observer  and 

next  to  the  stem,  upper. 
Prsemorsa,  bitten  into,  eaten  off. 
Prenanthoides    prenanthus-like. 
Primuloides,  primula-like. 
Prinrjlei  (2),  C.  G.  Pringle. 
Procera  (2),  tall. 
Procumbens,    Procumbent,    trailing     on 

the  ground. 
Prolifera  (2),  Proliferous,  new  branches  or 

cl  u  sters  of  flowers  arising  from  old  ones. 
Prostrata  (4),  Prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the 

ground 

Propinquus,  much  like  another  species. 
Pruinosus,    frost-like,     with     a     white 

powder. 

Pseudo-Capsicum,  false-pepper. 
Pubens,  juicy,  rapid  growing. 
Puberulus,     Puberuient,     covered     with 

very  fine  short  hairs. 
Pubescent,  covered  with  soft  rather  short 

hairs. 
Pubescens  (3),  pubescent,  becoming  soft 

hairy. 


Pudica,  modest. 

Pulchella  (5),  beautiful. 

Pulegium,  generic  name. 

Pulsiferae  (2),  .Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames. 

Pulverulenta,  dusty,  powdery. 

Pumilla  (6),  diminutive,  little. 

Punctata,  Punctate,  dotted. 

Pungens  (3),  Pungent,  sharp. 

Purpurascens  (6),  purple-growing. 

Purpurea  (4),  purple. 

Purshiana,   Purshii,    Frederick   Pursh, 

(1800-20). 

Pusilla  (7)  very  small. 
Pycnostachya,  close-spiked. 
Pycnanth.a,  close-flowered. 
Pygmaea  (2),  pygmy,  dwarf. 
Pyrolsefolia,  pyrola-leaved. 

Quadrangularis,  four-angled. 
Quadripetalum,  four-petaled. 
Quadrivales,  four-valved. 
Q,uadrivulnera,  four-wounds  ;  i.  e.,  with 

four  red  spots. 
Quercetorum,  of  the  oaks,  growing  among 

oaks. 
Q,uercifolia,  oak-leaved. 

Raceme,  a  cluster    of    pedicillate   flowers 

born  along  the  main  peduncle. 
Racemosa    (8),     Racemose,      flowers     in 

racemes. 
Rachi*,  the  axis  of  a  raceme  or  spike  ;  or 

of  a  pinnate  leaf. 

Radians,    Radiata,    radiating,    radiate. 
Radical,  growing  from  a  rootstock. 
Ramosior,  very  Ramose,  full  of  branches. 
Ramosissimus  (4),  most  ramose. 
Ranunculifolia,  ranunculus-leaved. 
Raphanistrum,  old  generic  name. 
Rartflorum,  rarely -flowering,  few  flowers. 
Rattani  (6),  the  compiler  of  this  book. 
Rawsoniana,    Mrs.    L.    A.    Peckenpah 

(nee  Rawson). 
Receptacle,  the  end  of  the  peduncle  upon 

which  the  organs  of  the  flower  grow. 
Recurva,  recurved. 
Rediviva,     living    again,   reviving   after 

apparent  death. 
Reflexa,  reflexed. 
Reniformis,  Reniform,  kidney-shaped. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      203 


Bepanda.  Repand,  wavy-margined. 
Bepens  (2),  Beptans,  creeping. 
Reticulated,  netted-veined. 
Betrorsa,    Retrorse,    bending     back     or 

point   to   the   base    as    the   lobes    of 

some  leaves. 

Retuse,  the  apex  slightly  indented. 
Revolute,  rolled  backward. 
Rh.od.iola,  generic  name. 
Bhombipetala.  rhombus-petaled. 
Bhomboides,  rhombus- like. 
Bichardsoni 
Bigida  (7),  rigid,  stiff. 
Bivale,    brookside,    growing  along  small 

streams. 
Bivularis   (3),    rivulet-side,    growing  by 

rills. 
Boezli. 
Bomanzoffiana,      Bomanzovii,      (see 

Index). 

Bombifolia  (2),  rhombus-leaved. 
Rootstock,  the  base  of  a  perennial  herb. 
Bosaceus,  rose-colored,  rose-like. 
Boscidum,  dewy,  moist. 
Bosea  (5),  rose-colored. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped. 

Bothrockii,  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock,  Univer- 
sity of  Penn. 

Botundifolia  (8),  round-leaved. 
Bubellus  (3),  reddish. 
Bubescens  (2),  reddening  (with  age). 
Bubicuuda,    Buber   (Rubra,    Rubrum), 

red. 

Bufescens,  slightly  reddening  in  age. 
Rugose,  wrinkled. 
Runcinate,    leaves     have    coarse    teeth    or 

lobes  pointing  toward  the  base. 

Sabinii. 

Saccata,    Saccate,    having     a     sack-like 

cavity. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped. 
Sambucifolia,  elder-leaved. 
Sanbournii. 
Sanfordj. 

Sanguinea  (3),  blood-red. 
Santalanoides,  santalanus-like. 
Sarmentosa     (2),     Sarmentose,    bearing 

slender    twigs     which     coil      around 

objects. 


Sativa  (3),  cultivated. 

Scabrella  (2),  Scabrous,  rough,  harsh. 

Scape,    a     peduncle     arising  '  from      the 

ground. 

Scarious,  dry  and  membranous. 
Sceptrum,  scepter  or  staff. 
Scobarium,  scurfy. 
Scoi'pioid,  coiled  like  a  scorpion's  tail. 
Sqouleri  (5),  Prof.  Scouler,  M.  D.,    who 

collected  before  1840. 

Scripta,  lined,   scratched,   written   upon. 
Scutellata,  saucer-shaped. 
Secunda  (2),  Secund,    one-sided,    bearing 

organs  on  one  side. 
Secundiflora,  secuiid-flowering. 
Semibarbata,  half-bearded. 
Sepium,  of  the  hedges. 
Septicidal    dehiscence   is   the    splitting   of 

pods  between  the  carpels. 
Sericata  (2),  Sericea  (3),  Serice.us,  silky. 
Serpyllifolia,  thyme-leaved. 
Serpylloides,  thyme-like. 
Serrata,  Serrate,  with  sharp  teeth  point- 
ing toward  the  apex. 
Serrulata  (2),  Serrulate,  finely  serrate. 
Sessilis,  Sessile,  stemless. 
Sessilifolia  (2),  sessile-leaved. 
Setaceous,  bearing  bristles. 
Setosa,  bristly. 
Shallon,  an  Indian  name  first  applied  to 

a  genus. 

Shastensis,  Shasta. 
Sheltonii  (2),  Rev.  Shelton. 
Siberica,  Siberian. 
Simplex  (2),  simple,  plain. 
Sinapistrum,  generic  name. 
Sinuata,  Sinuate. 
Sinus,  space  between  lobes. 
Sitchensis  (2),  Sitka. 
Smithii,  B.  H.  Smith  (?). 
Soldanella.  generic  name. 
Sonomense  (3),  Sonoma. 
Sorediatus,  granular,  with  rough  spots. 
Spadix,  a  fleshy  spike  of  small  flowers. 
Sparsiflora  (5)  few-flowered. 
Sparsifolium,  few-leaved. 
Spathe,  the  leaf  enclosing  a  spadix. 
Spathulifolium,  spatulate -leaved. 
Spathulata    (2),     Spathulate,    Spatulate, 

near  oblanceolate,  with  rounded  apex 


204      GLOSSARY    OP    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


and  blade  abruptly  narrowing  below 
the  center. 

Spauldingii. 

Speciosa  (4),  showy,  beautiful. 

Spectabilis  (3),  notable,  remarkable. 

Specularioid.es,  specularia-like. 

Spergulinum,  spergu.a-like. 

Spicata  (5),  Spicate,  flowers  in  a 

Spike,  a  raceme  with  sessile  or  short-ped- 
iceled  flowers. 

Spinosus,  spiny. 

Spinulose,  thorny. 

Spiralis.  coiling. 

Spithamia  (2),  span-high. 

Splendens  (2),  Splendidum,  brilliant, 
shining. 

Sp^lr,  a  projecting  appendage. 

Spurium,  bastard. 

Squarrosa  (2),  Squarrose,  spreading 
widely  from  the  axis  (leaves). 

Stachyoides,  stachys-like. 

Staminea,  thready,  full  of  fibers. 

Staminndia,  stamens  which  have  no  an- 
thers. 

Standard,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilion- 
aceous flower. 

Stanfordiana,  Lei  and  Stanford  Jr. 

Stellaris,  Stellate,  star-like. 

Stenantha,  short-flowered. 

Stenocarpum,  short-podded. 

Stenoloba,  short-lobed. 

Stipe,  stem  of  a  pistil  or  of  a  pod  above  the 
receptacle. 

Stipitata  (2),  Stipitate,  having  a  stipe. 

Stipels,  the  stipules  of  a  leaflet. 

Stipularis,  Stipulate,  bearing. 

Stipules,  a  pair  of  appendages  at  the  base 
of  a  petiole. 

Stiveri,  Dr.  Chas.  Stivers,  San  Francisco. 

Stolonifera,  Stoloniferousl  bearing. 

Stolons,  branches  which  bending  down 
take  root. 

Stramonium,  generic  name. 

Striata,  Striate,  marked  with  grooves  or 
channels. 

Stricta  (4),  Strict,  straight  and  nar- 
row. 

Strigosa,  Strigose,  beset  with  rigid  scale- 
like  appressed  hairs. 

Strigulosa,  Strigulosa,  finely  strigose. 


Strobiliacea,  Strobilina,  cone-like,  like 

the  cone  of  a  pine. 
Suaveolens,  sweet-scented. 
Subacaulis,  nearly  acaulescent. 
Subcordata  (2),  nearly  cordate. 
Subglochidiata    (4),    somewhat    glochi- 

diate. 

Subinclusa,  partly  included. 
Subpinnata,  nearly  pinnate. 
Subpinnatifida,  nearly  pinnatifid. 
Subspicata,  somewhat  spicate. 
Subulata,  Subulate,  awl-bearing. 
Subvestitum,  partly  covered. 
Succulent,  fleshy,  juicy. 
Suffrutescens,  (2),  Snffrutescent,  shrubby 

at  the  base. 

Suffruticosa,  Suffruticose,  shrubby. 
Suksdorfii  (2),  Win.  Suksdorf. 
Sulphurous,  sulphur-colored. 
Sylvatica    (2),   Sylvester,    Silvestris, 

forest,  of  the  woods. 
Systyla,  close-stemmed. 

Tagitina,    tagites-like,    like   the  French 

marigold. 

Tanacetifolia,  tansy -leaved. 
Taraxacifolia,  dandelion- leaved. 
Tatula,  generic  name. 
Tenax  (2),  tenaceous,  tough. 
Tenella  (7),  Tener,  tender,  delicate. 
Tenuiloba  (2),  narrow-lobed. 
Tenuiflora  (3),  slender-flowered. 
Tenuifolia,  narrow-leaved. 
Teuuis  (2),  slender. 
Tenuissimus,  very  slender. 
Terete,  rounded  cylindrically. 
Ternata,  Ternate,  in  threes. 
Terrestris,  low,  on  the  ground. 
Tessellata,  tessellated,  marked  in  squares 

(the  nutlets). 

Tetraphyllum  (2),  four-leaved. 
Tetragona,  four-sided. 
Texana,  Texas. 
Thapsus,  generic  name. 
Theophrasti,  Theophrastus. 
Thurberi,    Dr.     Geo.     Thurber,      whose 

special  work  was  upon  grasses. 
Thyrse,  a  dense  compound  raceme. 
Thyrsiflorus  (3),  thyrse-flowering. 
Tinctoria,  color-giving. 


GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL    TERMS.      205 


Tolmiei  (2),  Dr.  Wm.  F.  Tolmie,  Vic- 
toria, who  came  to  the  N.  W.  Coast 
in  Ib33. 

Tomentella,  woolly  with  fine  matted 
hairs. 

Tomentosa  (5),  Tomentose,  covered  with 
matted,  woolly  hairs. 

Tortuo'sus,  twisted. 

Torulose,  swollen  at  intervals. 

Torus,  an  enlarged  or  broadened  receptacle. 

Torreyana,  Torreyi  (7),  Dr.  John 
Torrey,  a  chemist  and  the  greatest 
American  botanist  of  his  time. 

Trachyandra,  rough-anther. 

Trachycarpa,   rough- pod  or  other  fruit. 

Tremuloides,  quaking. 

Tribracteum,  three-bracted. 

Trichantha,  hairy-dowered. 

Trichocalyx,  hairy-calyx. 

Trichocarpa,  hairy-fruited. 

Trichopodus,  hairy-stemmed  (the  pe- 
duncle). 

Tricolor  (2),  three-colored. 

Tridentata  (2),  trident,  three-toothed. 

Trifida  (4),  three-cleft. 

Triflorum,  three-flowered. 

Trifoliata,  Trifoliate,  Trifoliolate,  bear- 
ing three  leaflets. 

Trilliifolia  (2),  trillium-leaved. 

Triloba,  three-iobed, 

Triphylla  (3),  three-leaved. 

Trixago,  generic  name. 

Trolliifolium,  trollius-leaved  (one  "i" 
omitted  in  text). 

Truncata  (3),  Truncate,  ending  abruptly 
as  though  cut  off. 

Tuberosa  (2),  tuber- bearing. 

Turbinate,  top -shaped. 

Ulignosa  (2),  juicy. 

Umbel,    a  cluster   of    flowers   having    the 

pedicels  all  growing  from  the  top  of 

the  peduncle. 

Umbellata  (6),  umbel-bearing, 
tfnalaskensis  (2),  Unalaska. 
Undulata,  undulate. 
Unguiculata,  clawed. 
Uniflora  (6),  one-flowered. 
Unifolia.Unifoliata,  one-leaved. 
Unilateralis,  one-sided. 


Ursinus  (2),  bear. 
Urticifolius,  nettle-leaved. 
Usatissimum,  most-useful. 
Utahensis,  Utah. 

Uva-ursi,  generic    name    meaning    bear- 
berrv. 


Vaccaria  (2),  generic  name. 
Vagans,  wandering. 
Valerandi. 
Validum,  stout. 
Variegata,  variegated. 
Variabilis,  variable. 
Variicolor,  variously-colored. 
Veitchianus,     Veitch,  an    English    gar- 
dener. 

Velutina  (3),  velvety,  fleecy. 
Venenosus,  poisonous. 
Venusta  (3),  beautiful. 
Verecunda,  modest. 
Verna  (3),  spring,  early. 
Versicolor,  variable-colored. 
Verticillaris,  Verticillata,  Verticillate, 

whorled. 

Vernicosa,  varnished. 
Vesca,  weak. 
Vestita  (3),  clothed. 
Victoris,  Victor  K.  Chestnut. 
Villosa    (4),     Villoiis,   clothed  with    Ion- 

hairs. 
Viminea,    willow-like,    full    of    slender, 

osier-like  branches. 
Violacea,  violet. 
Virescens,  green -growing,  vigorous. 
Virga,  Virgata  (3),    Virgate,  made  up  of 

slender  shoots. 
Virginiana  (2),  Virginica  (3),  Virgin- 

iansis,  Virginia. 
Viride  (2),  green. 
Viridescens,*  green-growing, 
Viscida,    Viscidula,    Viscosum,    Vis- 

cosissimum,     viscid,    viscous,     very 

sticky. 

Vitifoliiis,  grape- leaved. 
Volubis,  twining. 
Vulgaris  (3),  Vulgatum,  common. 

Wallace!,  Win.  A.  Wallace. 
Washingtonianum,  Lady  Washington, 


20G      GLOSSARY    OF    SPECIFIC    NAMES    AND    BOTANICAL   TERMS. 

Watsoni  (2),    Sereno    Watson,    author  of  Wings,  the  side  petals   of    papelionaceous 

"Botany  of    the    King    Exploration,"  flowers. 

"  Botany  of  the  California  Geological  Wormskjoldii. 

Survey, "etc.  Wran gelianus,  Bar-;-  roa  Wrangel,  Gov. 

Webberi    (2),    Dr.     D.     G.     Webber     of  of  Russian  possessions,  lived  at  Bodega, 

Sierra  Co.  1829. 

Weedii.  Wrightii,  Chas.  Wright. 
Wheeleri,  Lieut.  Geo.  Wheeler,  1871-5. 

Whipplei.  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  1853.  Xanti,     Xantiana,    L.    J.    Xantus     de 

Whitlavia,  a  generic  name.  Vesey,  1857-59. 
Willis. msoni,  Lieut.    R.   S.    Williamson, 

Ib53.  Ziziphoroides,   zizipus-like,  like  jujube. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY  OF  GENERIC  NAMES. 


#%  Names  given  in  honor  of  men  are  followed  by  the  names  of  the  individuals  thus 
honored.  Local  names  are  in  italics.  When  such  a  name  is  not  given  in  the 
text,  the  number  or  numbers  of  the  species,  or  of  the  section,  are  given  with  the 
generic  name  in  parentheses.  Baby  Eyes,  for  example,  is  a  local  name  applied  to  the 
second  and  third  species  of  Nemophila ;  and  all  the  species  in  Section  Two  of 
Calochortus  are  called  Butterfly  Lilies. 

The  last  page  number  refers  to  the  Key  to  Genera  and  Species;  the  other  number  or 
numbers  to  the  Key  to  Orders,  where  new  species  and  corrections  are  found: 

Abronia,  delicate 69 

Acsena 118 

Acanth.ominth.a,  spiny-mint 172 

Acer,  sharp  or  strong 30,   104 

Achlys 82 

Aconite,  Aconitum,  the  ancient  Greek  name 82 

Actaea,  elder-like.. 82 

Adenostoma,  glandular  stoma  (leaf  openings) 117 

Adolphia J02 

.ffisculus 39,  104 

Agrimonia,  prize  of  the  field 118 

Agrostemma, crown  of  the  field 25 

Alchemilla.  the  Arabic  name 117 

Alder 71 

Alfalfa  (Medicago,  1) 108 

Alfilaria  (Erodium) 101 

Algaroba 32 

Ailionia. 

ALISMACE.E,  Alisma,  water 72,   174 

Allium,  hot  or  burning 74,   180 

Allocarya,  all  the  nuts  (maturing) 58 

Allotropa,  turning  all  ways  (the  flowers) 139 

Aluus,  near  the  river 71 

Alsin.anth.ern.urn,  grove  flow er ' 50 

Alsine,  Alsinella,  grove 25 

Alyssum,  allaying  anger 86 

Amelanchier,  the  French  name 118 

Ammannia,  John  Ammann,  Russian  (Misspelled  in  the  text) 38,    1  '24 

Amorpha,  formless 35,  110 

Ampelopsis,  resembling  a  grape  vine 29 

C207) 


208  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES. 

Amsinckia,  Wm.  Amsinck,  Hamburg 57,  153 

AN  ACARDIACE.E , 30,  104 

Anagallis,  cheering 142 

Androsace,  a  shield ' 50 

Anemone,  wind 17,  79 

Anemopsis,  anemone-like 71 

Antirrhinum,  snout-like , 159 

Aphyllon,  leafless 169 

Aplectrum,  spurles* 176 

APOCYNACE^E,  Apocyxmm,  dog-bane 50,  142 

Aquilegia,  eagle  (petals  like  eagle's  claws) 81 

Arabis,  Arabian 87 

Aralia . 44 

ARALIACE^E 43 

Arbutus,  the  Latin  name 137 

Arctostaphylos,  bear-berry 48,  137 

Arenaria.  sand-plant " 95 

Argemone,  eye-cure 20,  83 

ARISTOLOCHIACE.E,  Aristolochia 68 

Armeria,  Latin  name  of  a  similar  plant .  140 

Aruncus 115 

Asarum 68 

ASCLEPIADACE^E,  Asclepias,  JEscubipius,  the  Father  of  Medicine ^ ...  51.  142 

Ash .' 71 

Astragalus 31,111 

Athysanus,  without  a  fringe  (otherwise  like  Thysanocarpus) 90 

Audibertia,  Audibert,  a  Frenchman 66,  1 73 

Azalea  (Rhododendron,  1,  2) 49,  139 

Baby  Eyes  (Nemophila,  2,  3) ......  150 

Baneberry  ( Actsea) 82 

Barbarea,  St.  Barbara '. 88 

Barberry  (Berberis) 82 

Bayberry 71 

Bed«traw  (Galium) 46,  133 

Behria,  Dr.  Behr  (see  note  under  Triteleia) 182 

Bellardia 64 

BERBERIDACE^E '. 18,  82 

Berberis -. 82 

Bermudiana „ 73 

Bergia 98 

BETULACE^E 71 

Billberry  ( Vaccinium,  1  to  7) 137 

Birjroot  (Megarrhiza) 1 29 

Bindweed  (Convolvulus,  6) 156 

Birch 71 

Blackberry 115 

Bladderwort , 169 

Bleedinq-lieart..  (Dicentra,  ] ) 84 

Bloomeria,  H.  G.  Bloomer... 181 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES.  209 

Blue-curls  (Trichostema) 171 

Bine-eyed  Grass  (Sisyrinchium,  1 ) 178 

Blue-weed  (Heliotropium) 153 

Boisduvalia,  J.  H.  Bois  Duval,  a  noted  French  naturalist  of  the  19th  century,  39,  42,  128 

Bolandra,  Henry  N.  Bolander,  a  successful  teacher  and  a  noted  botanist 120 

Bolelia 47 

BORRAGINACE^E 57,  152 

Borrago 57 

Boscimiakia,  Boschniaki,  a  Russian 169 

Box-Elder 71 

Boykinia,  Dr.  Boykin  of  Georgia 37,  120 

Brasenia ~ 18,  83 

Brassica,  Brassic,  the  Celtic  name 88 

Brevoortia,  J.  C.  Brevoort  of  New  York 183 

Brodieea,  Jas.  Brodie,  a  Scotch  botanist 74,  181 

Brossaea 49 

Brunella,  from  the  German  name  of  a  disease  for  which  this  plant  was  a  remedy.  173 

Bryan  thus,  moss-flower  (growing  in  mossy  places) 138 

Buckbean  (Menyanthes) 105 

Buckeye,  ^Esculus 104 

Buda 25 

Bur-clover 108 

Burning-bush  (Euonymus) 102 

Butneria 36 

Buttercup  (Ranunculus)   80 

Butterfly  Lily  (Calochortus,  §  2) , 186 

Button-bush 133 

CACTACE^  (Cactus) 43.  129 

Calamintha,  beautiful  mint 172 

Calandrinia,  J.  L.  Calandrini,  an  Italian 26,  96 

Calochortus,  beautiful  grass . .  76,  186 

Caltha,  cup 81 

CALYCANTHACE^E,  Calycauthus,  calyx-flower 36,  1 18 

Calypso,  the  nymph  Calypso 176 

Calyptridium 26,  97 

Camassia,  the  Indian  name  Camass « 183 

CAMPANULACE^E,  Campanula,  a  bell 48,  135 

Canalgre  (Rumex) 70 

Capnorchis 20 

CAPPARIDACE.E 23,  90 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E,  Caprifolium,  goat  leaf 45,  131 

Capsella,  a  little  box 21  (figured),  23,  89 

Cardamine,  heart  cure. 21  (figured),  86 

Carpenteria,  Prof.  Carpenter  of  Louisiana 121 

Carpet-weed  (Mollugo) 130 

CARYOPHYLLACE^E 24,  92 

Cascara  Sagrada,  sacred  bark 29 

Cassiope,  the  goddess  of  that  name 13S 

Castilleia,  D.  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist 64,  16o 


210  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES. 

Catchfly  (Sileue) 92 

Caulanthus,  stem-flower  (petals  stem-like) '.*.".'  "23  88 

Ceauotlius,  old  Latin  name '  102 

CELASTRACE^E ;....- 29°  102 

Centunculus,  unknown  meaning J42 

Cephalanthera  (the  single  anther,  like  a  head,  surpasses  the  stigma) '.'.  177 

Cephalanthus,  head-flower , '.'.'.'.'.  133 

Cerastium,  horn  plant  (the  pods  like  horns) ........  94 

Cerasus,  name  of  the  city  in  Western  Asia  from  which  cultivated  varieties  of 

cherries  were  first  sent  to  Europe 35 

Cercis,  shuttle  (the  pods  like  a  weaver's  shuttle) 35,  1 13 

Cercocarpus,  tail-pod  (see  Fig.  79  in  Exercises) 115 

Cereus,  wax  or  wax-like 130 

Chamaebatia,  Chamaebatiaria,  from  the  Greek  signifying  near  or  on  the 

ground  (low  or  dwarf  plants) 115 

Ckamisal,  Chamise  ( Adenostoma) 117 

Cheiranthus,  hand-flower  (?) 23,  88 

Chelone,  a  tortoise  or  turtle  (the  flower  resembling  a  turtle's  head) 161 

Cherry  (Cerasus,  p.  35,  Prunus,  2,  3,  4,  5) 114 

Chia  ('Salvia,  2) '""• 173 

Chickweed  (Stellaria,  7) 94 

Chimaphila,  wiuter-lover 139 

Chlorogalum,  green  milk  (greenish  white  juice) 183 

Chorizanthe 70 

Chrysosplenium,  golden  spleen 121 

Circaea,  Circe  the  enchantress 128 

CISTACE^E. 23,  91 

Cladothamnus,  branching-bush 139 

Clarkia,  Gen.  Wm.  Clarke,  who  crossed  the  Rocky  Mts.  in  1803  with  Meri wether 

Lewis,  39  (figured) 42,  128 

Claytonia,  Dr.  John  Clayton,  an  early  botanist  of  Virginia.  (In  the  figure,  p. 

26,  a  is  O.  exigua;  b,  C.  perfoliata) ,  26,  97 

Cleavers  (Galium) 46,  133 

Clematis,  vine 79 

Cleome 90 

Clintonia,  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton  of  New  York 188 

Clover  (Trifolium) v 31,  33,  107 

Cneoridium 101 

Coffee  Tree  (Rhamnus)  . : 29 

Colliusia,  Zaccheus  Collins,  a  botanist  of  Philadelphia 62,  160 

Colloxnia,  glue  or  gluten  (seeds  mucilaginous) 53 

Columbine  ( Aquilegia) 81 

Comandra,  hairy  stamens  (in  the  key) 15 

COMPOSITE 46 

CONVOLVULACE^,  Convolvulus,  the  old  Latin  name  meaning  a  twiner. 64,  156 

Coptis,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  cut  (leaves  finely  cut) 18,  81 

Corallorhiza,  coral-root > 176 

Cordylanthus,  club-flower 168 

CORNACE.E,  Cornus,  horn  (wood  horn-like) 44,  131 

Corn-spurry  (Spergula) 95 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES.  211 

Corydalis,  the  old  Greek  name 84 

Cotton 27 

Cottonwood v 71 

Cotyledon,  the  old  Greek  name 123 

Crab-apple  (Pirus) 118 

Cranesbill  (Geranium) 28,  101 

CRASSULACE^E  38,  122 

Crataegus,  strength 118 

Cream-cups  (Platystemon) 19  (figure),  20,  83 

Cranberry  (Vaccinium,  9) 137 

Cressa,  Cretan  woman 156 

CRUCIFER.E 21,  84 

Cryptanthe,  hidden  flower , . . . .  59 

CUCURBITACE^:,  Cucurbita,  Latin  for  gourd,  the  type  of  the  order .  .43,  129 

Currant  (smooth-stemmed  species  of  Ribes) 37,  122 

Cuscuta,  the  Arabic  name  changed 156 

Cypridium,  Venus'  Slipper '. 177 

Cycladenia,  circle  gland  (a  ring  of  glands  around  the  pistil) 142 

Cynoglossum,  dog's  tongue 155 

Damasonium 175 

Darlingtonia,  Dr.  Win.  Darlington,  a  noted  botanist  of  Pennsylvania 83 

DATISCACE^,  Datisca 43,  129 

Datura,  the  Arabic  name  modified , 157 

Death-Camass  (Zygadenus,  2) , 188 

Delphinium,  dolphin  (shape  of  flower) 17,  18,  81 

Dendromecon,  tree-poppy 84 

Dentaria,  tooth  (the  tubers  toothed) 86 

Dicentra,  two  spurs 20,  84 

Dichelostemma 74 

Dichondra,  double  mass  (fruit  double) 64 

Digitalis,  from  the  Latin  for  a  thimble  (the  corolla  fits  the  finger) 166 

DIPSACACE.E,  Dipsacus 46,  134 

Dirca  (in  the  Key) 16 

Disporum 45 

Distigia  (Lonicera)  two  cloaks  (the  pair  of  bracts) 75 

Dodecatheon,  twelve  gods 50,  141 

Dodder  (Cuscuta) 156 

Dogwood  (Cornus,  1) 131 

Downingia,  A.  J.  Downing,  author  of  several  works  on  horticulture 47,  135 

Draba,  acrid  (leaves) 86 

Draperia,  John  W.  Draper,  historian '. 150 

DROSER  ACE^E,  Drosera,  dewy  (the  leaves  exude  liquid) 38,  123 

Echinocactus,  hedge-hog  cactus 1-jO 

Echinospermum,  hedge-hog  seed 58,  155 

ELATINACE.E,  Elatine,  Greek  name  of  the  fir  tree ". 26,  98 

Elderberry  (Sambucus) 45,  132 

Ellisia,  John  Ellis,  an  English  botanist 54,  150 

Emmenanthe,  persistent  flower 152 


212  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES. 

Epilobium,  violet  on  a  pod 39  (figured),  40,  125 

Epipactis,  the  Greek  name 177 

EKICACE^ , 48,  136 

Eriodictyon,  woolly  and  veiny  (the  leaves) 56,  152 

Eriogonum,  woolly  joints 70 

Eriogynia,  woolly  pistil 115 

Erodium,  heron  (the  fruit  like  a  heron's  bill) 29,  101 

Erysimum,  a  cure-all 23,     88 

Erythraea,  red » , .     144 

Erythronium,  red  (inappropriate) 76,   185 

Eschscholtzia,  J.  F.  Eschscholtz,  a  German  naturalist,  who  visited  San  Fran- 
cisco, San  Jose,  and  Monterey  in  October,  1816 19  (figured),  20,     84 

Eucharidium 42,  128 

Eulobus,  truly  a  pod  (pod  3  or  4  inches  long) 41,  126 

Eunanus,  very  charming 63 

Euonynms,  good  name 102 

Evening  Primrose,  (CEnothera,  1) 126 

Fatsia 44 

FICOIDE^ 43,  130 

Filaria  or  Filaree  (Erodium) 101 

Flax,  (Linum) 100 

Floerkia,  Floerke,  a  German  botanist 29 

Forgetmenot,  (Myosotis) 153 

Foxglove 166 

Fragaria,  fragrant  (the  fruit) 116 

FRANKENIACE.E,  Frankenia 29,  92 

Frasera,  John  Fraser,  an  English  botanist 144 

Fraxinus , , 142 

Fremontia,  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont 28,  100 

Fringe-pod  (Thysanocarpus) 21  (figured),     90 

Fritillaria,  checkered 75,   185 

FUMARIACE^ 20,     84 

Galium..  ..46,     133 

Garrya 131 

Gaultheria  (Gaulthier),  a  French  physician  at  Quebec 138 

Gayophytum ". 40,  126 

GENTIANACE.E,  Gentiana 51,  143,  144 

GERANIACE.E,  Geranium*  crane  (fruit  like  the  bill  of  a  crane) 28,  101 

Geum,  good  tasting 116 

Gilia,  Philip  Gil  or  Gilio,  a  Spanish  botanist 52,   145 

Githopsis,  like  Githago 48,  135 

Glaux,  sea-green 141 

Glycyrrhiza,  sweet  root 110 

Godetia,  39  (figured) 42,   127 

Goldthread  (Coptis) 18,  81 

Gomphocarpus,  club  fruit  of  peg-pod 51,  143 

Goodyeara,  John  Goodyear 177 

Gooseberry  (the  prickly  Ribes) 37,  122 

Goosefoot  (Potentilla,  2) 116 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY  OF    GENERIC    NAMES.  213 

Grape 29.  102 

Gratiola,  herb  of  grace 166 

Ground  Cherry,  (Physalis) 138 

Habenaria,  thong  (the  spur) 72,  1 76 

HALORAGE.E , 38,  124 

Hastingsia,  Judge  C.  Hastings  of  San  Francisco,  who  assisted  in  the  publication 

of  the  State  Botanical  Survey  Report  of  Cal 183 

Helianthemum,  sun  flower 91 

Heliotropium,  sun-turning 153 

Hemitotes  (N,ewberrya) 49 

Hernaria . 25 

Herpestis,  a  creeper 366 

Hesperochiron,  the  western  Chiron 152 

Hesperoscordum 75 

Heterodraba,  other  or  false  Draba 90 

Heterocodon, bells  (flowers)  differing 136 

Heterogaura,  other  or  false  Gaura 128 

Heteromeles 118 

Heuchera,  Dr.  fl.  Heucher , 121 

Hibiscus 1 00 

Hippocastenum,  horse-chestnut 30 

Hippuris,  mare's  tail 124 

Holodiscus,  all  disk  (the  flower) .35,  115 

Honeysuckle  (Lonicera) 45,  132 

Hooker  a,  Sir  Josoph  Hooker,  a  noted  English  botanist 74,  182 

fforehound 173 

Horkelia 35,  117 

Hosackia,  Dr.  David  Hosack,  a  Philadelphia  botanist 31  (figured),  34,  108 

Howellia,  Joseph  and  Thos.  T.  Howell,  Oregon,  botanists 48 

Huckleberry  (Vaccinium,  8) 1 36 

HYDROPHYLLACE.E,  Hvdroph.yllum,  water  leaf. . . 54,  149 

HYPERICACE.E,  Hypericum 25,  98 

ILLECEBRACE.E ' 25,  96 

Ilysanth.es,  mud  flower ^  166 

Indian  Lettuce  (Claytonia  perfoliata) •, 97 

IRIDACE^,  Iris,  Iris,  goddess  of  the  rainbow 73,  178 

Isomeris,  equal  parts 90 

Isopyrum,  equal  wheat 81 

Ivesia 35,  117 

Jussiaea,  A.  J.  Jussieu,  a  noted  French  botanist 39,  125 

Kalmia,  Peter  Kalm,  a  Swede 138 

Kelloggia,  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg,  of  San  Francisco,  who  was  a  lifelong  student  of 

bur  Western  plants 1^3 

Knotgrass ^  ^ 

Koelia 66 


214  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    NAMES. 

Krameria,  Kramer  (two  German  brothers) 92 

Xrynitzkia,  Prof.  J.  Kryuitzki  of  Cracow 58,  154 

LABIATE 65,  1 70 

Lace-pod  (Thysanocarpus,  1) 21  (figured),     90 

Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium) ' 177 

Larkspur  (Delphinium) 81 

Lathyrus , 112 

LAURACE.E  (Laurel) , 71 

Laurentia,  M.  A.  Laurenti  of  Bologna  (18th  Century) 135 

Lavatera,  Lavater  (two  brothers,  Zurich) , 99 

Leduni,  the  old  German  name 139 

LEGUMINOS^E 30,  1 04 

Liemmonia,  Prof.  J.  G.  Lemmon,  a  noted  botanist,  author  of  a  work  on  West 

Coast  Conif erse,  etc 56 

LENNOACE.E 49,  140 

LENTIBTJLARIAC&.E 65,  169 

Lepidium,  a  little  scale  (pods) 21,     90 

Lepigonum,  scaly  joint 25,     95 

Lesquerella,  Leo  Lesquereux,  a  noted  bryologist 25 

Leucocrinum,  white  lily 183 

Leu.coth.oe,  a  mythical  goddess  (see  Lucothoe) 138 

Lewisia,  Capt.  Lewis  who  crossed  the  continent  with  Clarke  in  1803-6  98 

LILIACE.E , 73,  178 

Lilium,  Lily 184 

Limnanth.es,  marsh  or  mud  flower 29,  101 

Limodorum,  mud  lover 73 

Limonium,  marsh-wort 49 

Limosella,  little  mud  plant 166 

LINAGES 28,  100 

Linanthus,  flax-flower  (like  flax) 52 

Linaria,  flax-like 61,  159 

Linnaea,  Carl  von  Linnaeus,  a  Swede,  the  first  great  systematic  naturalist 132 

Linum,  thread  (used  to  make  thread) 28,   100 

Lippia,  Aug.  Lippe,  a  Frenchman 60,  170 

Liguorice,  (Glycyrrhiza) , , 109 

Listera,  Dr.  Martin  Lister,  an  Englishman 177 

Lithospermum,  stone-seed 57,  153 

LOASACE^E - 42,  128 

LOBELIACE^E,  Lobelia,  Mathew  Lobel,  physician  to  James  1 41,  134 

Lceflingia,  Lcefling,  a  botanist  of  the  18th  Century 96 

Lonicera,  Adam  Lonicer,  a  German 45,  132 

Lophanthus,  crest-flower 173 

Lotus,  Latin  name  for  one  of  its  species 34 

Lucern  (Medicago,  1) 108 

Lucothoe,  a  misprint  for  Leucothre 138 

Ludwigia,  Prof.  C.  D.  Ludwig,  Leipsic 39,   125 

Lupinus,  Lupine,  wolf 32,  105 

Lychnis,  a  lamp 25,  94 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY    OF   GENERIC    NAMES.  215 

Lycium,  the  Greek  name 157 

Lycopus,  wolf-foot 171 

Lysimachia,  peacemaker .....!.!.     141 

LYTHRACE^E,  Ly thrum 38?  124 

Madrona,  the  Mexican  name  of  our  Arbutus 137 

Maianthemum,  May-flower 75,   184 

Mallows,  (Malva) 27,  99 

Malus,  the  Latin  name  for  apple 35 

MALVACEAE,  Malva,  soft 27,  98,  99 

Malvastrum,  like  mallows 27,  99 

Malveopsis,  mallows-like 28 

Mammillaria 130 

Manzanita,  little  apple 137 

Maple,  (Acer) 104 

Marrubium,  bitter-juice , <     173 

Marsh-mallow 27 

Meadia 50 

Meconopsis,  poppy -like,  19  (figured) 20,  84 

Megarrhiza,  big-root 129 

Melilotus,  honey  lotus 108 

Melissa,  bee  plant 66 

Mentha,  Minthe,  a  mythical  personage 65,   171 

Mentzelia,  C.  Mentzel  of  Brandenburg 42,  128 

Menyanth.es,  moon-flower 145 

Menziesia,  Archibald  Menzies,  who  with  Vancouver  visited  the  Pacific  Coast  iu 

1791-5 138 

Mertensia,  F.  C.  Mertens  of  Bremen 153 

Mesembryanthemum,  mid-day  flower 130 

Mesquit,  the  Mexican  name 32 

Micrampelis,  small  vine 129 

Microcala,  a  little  beauty 143 

Micromeria,  small 66,  172 

Mimetanthe,  monkey  flower 63 

MIMOS^E,  mimic 30 

Mimulus,  ape ...63,  163 

Mirabilis,  wonderful 69 

Mitella,  little  miter  (the  fruit) 37,  121 

Modiola,  little  cup 28 

Mohavea,  Mohave > 160 

Mollugo 130 

Monardella,  little  Monarda,  Dr.  N.  Monardes 65,  171 

Moneses,  only  one  (flower) 139 

Monk'*  Hood • 82 

Monotropa,  turned  to  one  side 140 

Montia 26,     97 

Morning  Glory  (Convolvulus) 155 

Mountain  Balm  (Eriodictyon) 150 

Muilla,  anagram  of  Allium • 181 

Mullein  (Verbascum) - 158 


216  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF  GENERIC    NAMES. 

Mustard,  Brassica 87 

Myosotis,  mouse  ear 153 

Myosurus,  mouse  tail 80 

MYRICACE^S 71 

Myrica,  flowing  (grows  by  rivers) 70 

Myriophyllum,  a  thousand  leaves 124 

Nama,  a  spring  of  water 56,  152 

Narthecium,  rod  or  wand 189 

Nasturtium,  nose  twister  (pungent  odor) 23,  89 

Navarritia , 52 

Negundo oO,  104 

Nemacladus,  thread  branches 134 

Nemophila,  grove  lover ....    t 54,  1 50 

Nepeta,  Nepet,  a  Tuscan  town 60 

Newberrya,  Prof.  J.  S.  Newberry,  a  noted  geologist  and  student  of   extinct 

_   plants 49,  140 

Nicotiana,  John  Nicot,  who  introduced  tobacco  into  France. 158 

Nine'  Bark,  Physocarpus 35,  115 

Nuphar,  Arabic  name  of  Water  Lily 18,  83 

Nuttallia,  Thos.  Nuttall,  ornithologist  and  botanist 35,  114 

NYCTAGIN  ACV.JE 69 

NYMPH^ACEJE,  Nymphae,  water  nymph 18,  82 

Oak 71 

OBnothera.  thirst  maker. 41,  126 

Odontostomum,  toothed  mouth 184 

OLEACE^E 50,  142 

Omphalodes,  navel-like 155 

ONAGRACE^E 39,  124 

Onion  (Allium) 180 

Opulaster 35 

Opuntia,  Opuntii,  a  region  in  Greece ,  1 30 

Orchiastrum 73 

ORCHIDACE^E 72,  175 

Oregon  Crab  Apple  (Pirns) 1 18 

Oregon  Grape  (Berberis,  2) 82 

OROBANCHACE^E 05,  169 

Orthocarpus,  straight  pod 64,  167 

Osmaronia *. 35 

Oso-Berry  (Nuttallia) 114 

Oxalis,  acid 29,  101 

Oxys.  acid 29 

Oxytheca,  sharp  anther 70 

Pachystima 102 

Pseonia,  Dr.  Paeon 82 

Palmerella,  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  a  field  botanist,  who  has  collected  extensively 

in  the  United  States  and  Mexico 135 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF  GENERIC    NAMES.  217 

.  (Viola) 91 

PAPAVERACEJE,  papaver,  thick  milk 19,  20,  83 

Parnassia,  Mt.  Parnassus .' .  121 

Paronychia 25 

Pectocarya,  comb-nut 156 

Pedicularis,  a  louse 168 

Pentacaena 96 

Pentstemon,  five  stamens 62,  161 

Peony,  Pseouia 82 

Petunia,  from  Petun,  the  Brazilian  name  for  tobacco,  a  similar  plant 158 

Phacelia,  a  bundle  (flowers) * ,55,  150 

Phaenicaulis,  exposed  stems 88 

Philadelphia,  a  friendly  brotherhood  (of  the  stamens  ?) 121 

Philbertia,  J.  C.  Philbert,  a  French  teacher  of  botany 143 

Phlox,  a  flame  (the  flowers) , 53,  145 

Pholisma,  scale  (scaly  stem) 140 

Photinia  (Heteromeles,  Toyori) 118 

Physalis,  bladder  (the  inflated  fruiting  calyx) 138 

Physocarpus,  bladder  pod 115 

Pickeringia,  Dr.  Chas.  Pickering,  who  botanized  from  the  Columbia  by  way  of 

Sacramento  Valley  to  San  Francisco  in  1841 35,  105 

Pin-clover  (Erodium) 101 

Pimpernel  (Anagallis) 142 

PIPIRACE^: 71 

Pipe  Vine  ( Aristolochia) < 68 

Pipsisseiva  (Chimaphila) 139 

Pirus,  old  name  of  the  pear 118 

Plagiobothrys,  side  cavity  (not  appropriate) 15  ) 

PLANTAGINACE^E,  Plantago,  sole  of  the  foot  (the  common  species  growing  on 

tramped  ground 67,  1 74 

Plantain  (Plantago) 174 

Platanus,  broad  or  ample  (leaves  and  branches) 71 

Platyspermum,  flat  seed 86 

Platystemon,  flat  stamen 19  (figured),  20,  83 

Platystigma,  flat  stigma 19  (figured),  20,  83 

Plectritis  (Valerianella.  Suksdorf  puts  the  plants  of  this  genus  in  four  genera, 

and  makes  several  new  species) ,  134 

Pleuricospora,  seed  at  the  side  (of  the  pod) 140 

Plum  (Prunus,  1) .  1 14 

PLUMBAGINACE^E 49,  140 

Pogogyne,  bearded  pistil  (style) 172 

Poison  Oak  (Rhus,  1) 30,  104 

PoLEMONIACE^E 51,  1 

Polemonium,  the  old  Greek  name 149 

Polycarpon,  many  pods ;  •  •  • 25)  ^ 

Poly  gala,  much  milk  (stimulating  secretion  of  in  animals) .J2 

POLYGALACE.E 24,  91 

POLYGONACE^E,  Poly gonum,  many  joints 69,  70 

Poplar  (Populus,  tree  of  the  people) 71 

Poppy  (Papaver) '  20 


218  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF  GENERIC    NAMES. 

PORTTTLACACE^],  Portulaca,  juice  bearer 26,  96 

Potentilla,  potent  (in  disease) 35,  169 

Poterium,  cup 118 

Prickly  Poppy  ( Argemone) 19  (figured),  83 

PRIMULACE.E,  Primula,  first  (to  bloom) 49,  141 

Prince's  Pine  (Chimaphila) 139 

Prosartes,  to  suspend  (flowers  pendulous) 75,  187 

Prosopis 32 

Prunus,  Latin  name  of  plum 35,  114 

Psoralea,  scurfy,  glandular 110 

Pterospora,  winged  seed 140 

Putty-root  ( Aplectrum) „ 176 

Pycnanthemum,  dense  flowered 66,  171 

Pyrola,  pirus,  a  pear  (leaves  like) 139 

Qualcing  Ash , 71 

Radish  (Raphanus) 21  (figured),  90 

Ramona : . .  66 

RANUNCULACE^E,  Ranunculus,  little  frog 17,  79,  80 

Raphanus,  quick  coming  (coming  up  early) 90 

Raspberry  (Rubus,  2) 115 

Rattle-weed  (Astragalus,  the  species  with  bladder-iike  pods,  7  to  19) Ill 

RHAMNACE^:,  Rhamnus 29,  102 

Rhododendron,  rose  tree 49,  139 

Rhus,  red  (the  fruit  of  some  species) 30,  104 

Ribes 37,  122 

Romanzoffia,  Nicholas  Romanzoff,  a  Russian  nobleman  who  early  in  the  19th 
century  sent   Kotzebue    to  this   coast,    accompanied   by   the   naturalists 

Chamisso  and  Eschscholtz ]  52 

Romneya 83 

Roripa , , 23 

ROSACES,  Rosa,  Rose,  red 35,  36,  113,  118 

Rotala. 38,  124 

RUBIACELE .45,  133 

Rubus,  red  (the  fruit  of  some  species) 115 

Rumex 70 

RUTACK-E 29,  101 

Sacealine 70 

Sage  ( Audibertia.     Garden  sage  is  a  Salvia) 173 

Sagina,  fatness 95 

Sagittaria,  arrow  bearer  (the  leaf) 175 

Salal  (Gaultheria,  1) 138 

SALICACE^E 71 

Salmon  Berry  (Rubus,  3) 115 

Salvia,  saving,  preserving 66,  173 

Sarnbucus,  name  of  musical  instrument  made  of  elder . . 45,  132 

Samolus,  pig's  food 142 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OP  GENERIC    NAMES.  219 

Sand-Spurry  (Lepigonum) , 95 

Sand  Verbena  (Abronia) . . , 69 

Sandwort  (Arenaria) „ 95 

SAPINDACE^E .  .......30,  103 

Saponaria,  soap 25,  94 

SAKACENIACE.E 19,  83 

Sarcodes,   flesh-like 140 

SAXIFRAGACE^E,  Saxifraga,  Saxifrage,  stone  breaker .! ...  36,  37,  119 

Scniznotus,  cleft-back  (the  hoods  of  the  flower  split  down  the  back) 51,  143 

Scoliopus,  .worm-stem  (the  scapes) , 124 

Screw-pod  Mesquit , 32 

SCROPHULARIACE^E 60,    158 

Scrophularia,  scrofula  cure 161 

Scutellaria,  little  helmet 173 

Sedum,  sitting  (habit  of  the  plant) 123 

Self-heal  (Brunella) 173 

Senebiera,  C.  D.  Senebier,  Geneva 901 

Service-berry  ( Amelanchier) 118 

Sesuvium 130 

Sheep-sorrel  (Rumex  acetosella) 70 

Shepherd's  purse  (Capsella,  2) 21  (figured).  89 

Sherardia 46 

Shooting  Star  (Dodecatheon) 50,  141 

Sibaldia,  Robt.  Sibald,  Edinburgh 35,  117 

Sida 100 

Sidalcea 27,  99 

Silene,  saliva  (exudation  from  some  species)  „ 24,  92 

Silkweed  ( Asclepiadacese,  all  our  species) 142 

Sisymbrium , 89 

Sisyrinchium,  pig's  snout  (the  spathe) 73,  178 

Skullcap  (Scutellaria) ._.  173 

Skunk-weed  (G-ilia,  the  fetid  species) 52,  145 

Smilacina,  like  Smilax  (but"  not  the  so  called  Smilax  of  our  gardens 75,  184 

Smilax,  a  rare  woody  climber  with  small  green  flowers  in  umbels  (inadvertently 

omitted) 

Snow-berry  (Syrnphoricarpos) 45,  132 

Snow-plant  (Sarcodes) 140 

Soap-root  (Chlorogalum 183 

SOLANACE.E,  Solanum,  the  Latin  name 60,  157 

Solonoa,  Solano  Co 51 

Sorrel,  (Oxalis) 101 

Specularia,  mirror 1 35 

Spergula,  scatter 95 

Sphacele,  Greek  name  of  garden  Sage 172 

Spikenard , 44 

Spinach 43 

Spiraea,  to  wind  (in  wreaths) 

Spirauthes,  spiral  of  flowers. .    73,  177 

Spraguea  (Calyptridium)   Sprague,    a   botanical   artist,  who   illustrated   Gray's 

Botanies) 26,  97 


220  INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF  GENERIC    NAMES. 

Stachys,  a  spike  (the  flowers  in) 66,  172 

Stanfordia,  Gov.  Leland  Stanford 89 

Stanleya 88 

Staphylea,  cluster 104 

Star-Flower  (Trientalis) • 141 

Statice,  astringent 49,  140 

Stellaria,  star-like 94 

Stenanthium,  narrow-flower 189 

STERCUDIACE^E,  bad  odor,  fetid 28,  100 

Stonecrop  (Sedum) 123 

Stramonium  ( Datura) 167 

Strawberry  (Fragaria). 166 

Streptanthus,  twisted  flower  (the  petals) .22,  87 

Streptopus,  twisted  stalk 187 

Stropholirion,  (Brodigea  1),  twining  lily 181 

STYRACACE^E,  Styrax 50,  142 

Subularia,  owl  (pods  owl-like) 89 

Suksdorfia,  Win.  Suksdorf,  State  of  Washington 120 

Sulivantia,  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,  a  noted  American  bryologist  (student  of  Mosses)..  120 

Sundial  (Lupinus) ,. 105 

Sweet-clover  (Melilotus) 108 

Sweet-scented  Shrub  (Calycanthus) 118 

Sycamore 71 

Symphoricarpos,  fruit  accumulator 45,  132 

Synthyris 166 

Tare  (Vicia  sativa) 112 

Tellima,  anagram  of  Mitella 37,  120 

Tetragonia,  four-angled 43 

Thalictrum,  green-growing 17,  80 

Thelypodium , 22,  88 

Thermopsis,  Lupine-like 105 

Thimble-berry  (Rubus,  l) 115 

Thistle  Sage  (Salvia,  1) , 173 

Thlaspi. 89 

Thrift  ( Armeria) 140 

Thysanocarpus,  fringe-pod 21.  90 

Tiarella 

Tiger  Lily  (Lilium  pardalinum,  which  means  Leopard  Lily,  a  better  name) 184 

Tillsea,  M.  A.  Tilli,  art  Italian 38,  122 

Tissa 

Toad  Flax  (Linnaria) 159 

Tolfieldia ]&> 

Tolmiea 

Tonella.  probably  meaningless   62,  1 58 

Toy  on  (Heteromeles),  pronounce  both  o's  long 117 

Trautvetteria,  named  for  a  German  botanist 80 

Trichostema,  hair  stamens , • «  171 

Trientalis,  three  inches  high 50,  141 

Trifolium,  three-leaf 31,  33,  107 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY    OF   GENEEIC    NAMES.  2^1 

Trillium,  parts  in  threes 188 

Triodanis 48- 

Triteleia ! 74,  182 

Tropidocarpum 21  (figured),  22,  89 

Twayblade  (Listera) 177 

UMBELLIFER^; 44 

Umbellularia 71 

Unifolium.  one  leaf 75 

Utricularia,  little  bladders 169 

Vaccaria 25 

Vaccinium 137 

Vagnera 75 

VALERIANACE^E,  Valeriana,  Valerianella,  Valerian,  King  Valerius 46,  133,   134 

Vancouveria,  Capt.  Geo.  Vancouver,  who  explored  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1792-5. .  18,  82 

Veratrum,  true  black 188 

Verbascum,  beard , 159 

VERBENACE^E,  Verbena,  old  Celtic  name  modified 67,   170 

Veronica,  St.  Veronica  (?) 166 

Vesicaria,  blister  (pods  inflated) 23.  89 

Vibernum,  tie  (used  to  make  withes) 132 

Vicia,  bind 34,  112 

Vine-Maple  (Acer,  2) 104 

VIOLACEJE,  Viola,   Violet,  the  old  Latin  name 23,  91 

Virgins  Bower  (Clematis) 79 

VITACE.E,  Vitis,  the  best 29,   103 

Wale-Robin  (Trillium) 188 

Wall-flower  (Cheiranthus 23,   88 

Walnut 7J 

Water-  Plantain  ( Alisma) 1 75 

Water-Lily  (Nuphar) 18,   83 

Water-Shield  (Brasenia) 18,  83 

Whipplea,  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  who  was  in  command  of  a  Government  Survey 

Party,  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1853-54 121 

Willow 72 

Willow-h<>r!>  (Epilobium) 125 

Wood  A  nemone  (Anemone,  3) 79 

Xylothermia 35 

Xerophyllum,  dry  leaf 189 

Yerba  Buena  (Micromeria,  1) 172 

Yerba  Mansa  ( Anemopsis) 71 

Yerba  Santa  (Eriodictyon) 56,  152 

Yucca 184 

Zauschneria,  M.  Zauschner,  a  Bohemian  botanist 39,   125 

Zizyphus 

Zygadenus,  yoked  glands  (on  the  petals) 188 


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